Index to Volume LXXViII—1994 Compe oy tan Bates, WS SB Fasures Ear How to Use This Index tas ae lets accrcng othe eu (oie dr cn ey apne er Sera cesioes nem, fhe nans fhe tore) appeus I perenese, okowed ipa colon en he Save sa page nae Esamae een ton ‘Sonera Iriret and under uate Save. ‘Some toms nave ana ubec ‘kata ater het, sure ao Won.otrn Senate ce Somer wa enetrectnnes a uaeceraercnntcs% erate eee icne SER ETE Bae er seer in. viene ga eee oane serra RET aa won re eee an io Part Dc, 1a? Shoat Gaver ay ‘Conierence: Rov, 08 Eero aie SSMS Tam tg ere aero i Aurea sersas Borie aie Selig ce ee Sian cn ees eee Pia Bese ey ome dlln ae ma ata Taos zie ESR BEL tne lame ete Setters tay ‘CONTESTS AND OPERATING ‘eTVITES ‘Contest Announcementalu 1904 Handy Roirence" Section: an, 87 202 Ost seen arr tn spmnamesesae. as. ieee caarreee tO” sipgrenm aan) Ee i cee rae creas an pees MENSEI ner ee one acetone petits Randy pees sry a aS Rw ncreane PE ao nin es.118 ‘ule, 1994 ARAL UME Conte ane Fue, 1986 Noves Reuncp: Jen 125, Fuss, 1095 ARAL Ilemabonl OX Cortese Den 122 fle, ARAL 16 etn Corts: Now, use Ann feat Cott ov, 121 Fle, ARR inemabenal EE ‘Corpo: Sep, (28 ules, une VHF G80 Party May. 198 Pls: Saptemor VHF QB Part ‘eat si Perfomance, The [SET] ual et 8 contest Results 1998 Simsatd Eeroncy Test (SE, “Ress (eld Sen. 98 (eu, 58) fay tt & Scan: esi th ARU HF Word Chanoionstio. (Lint sSuncomez) Ee, 106 pei, 198 ARAN Cet Cortat (Lint Stanewory dt? aut, 10s ARAL overt Serepnes trong Ln Regul, 1998 AREL Septombec VF O80 ary (ut & Starker oan 19 egal. 1994 ARAL npmatonal OX “Conti art & Sarto) 5108 egal, 1908 AARL Jarry VHP “Seven tnt Sars tui #994 ARR. dane VHF QS0 Paty “ln a Stanlceneny Bo. 112 sult, 1994 ARPL ATTY Roun lant “Teco i, salt, 1034 Novos Roundup (Lent 8 ‘Staleniee) un 26 eats, 1984 Scho Sue Roundup iach sep. 128 ea AA Cat Care "Saou Ape 17 Rests Egth ARB 10-GHe Curwiawe ‘onion 8 Starkowes) ar 17 Regul, Sovetoonh ARAL flomatona "EME Compatton int 8 Stank we: yt ‘tai Kay Noe 1049 (Bogton: ‘hen 28 ‘eat l Perfomance, The (SET) (Ewa): on Top ofp fr Us Seal Hay: "oe ContestinglOperating Apatey Sete Frequencies: Ase, 110 ‘Soregrate Oporio’s Froquney Que “The day tot enaantod Sueeptses Gxpecion, An ergot a3! sorte on he A 1956 (Bolac vuslor ARAL Operating Evnis and ‘Convene 194" den, 102 siclitr Spectrum, The a, 63 tie Patpaton Ps: uh 118 US aan dance ar Sn 04 ‘VHF Gans a tbe Aroage Guy (het Dee 14 iF Baripatcn Pins: Au, 100 x Century Club Awerds (Kenna): an 81; Fb, 8, Mar, 8 A, 1: 0, os ol, 88 Ag, 78 Sp. Ts Ga Now 101: D8, ‘DXCC Honor Roll (Kennamer} 4,98 \HETUME Century Club Award (Wuce) (sapke}: Feb, 7; Bp, 10; Jun, 104: Ag, 36: et, ‘Geet ‘CORRESPONDENCE ‘App Was (Carina) Sep. 97 [APY Gomme (Fara Wor, 8 Bears or Soveragoe (Marsa ‘ale Late Than Nover(MeFadsen 15g Ser and Aneteur Had Johrson Sa 08, ‘ilar Rado Treks of a Trade ‘turner ss 58 Code Convoversy chat Ju, 100 estos Koo (aril, 6. Sa Back Anne, Ye cat pos eran (rt) at 3 rat Card Sort Tuck: Now 0 Sit eG Sue “en 00 CHS pve Por Sn! ‘a alert Abou Khon Sik eth oo 103 Realy Nd an Amott? Melba} vhs Loomaste St. Brea, A Absohay ‘ie, rsa Hedges) Ju. 108 at gy amerean Lah Ouse Ema Comoe Clean, An Tan Feb, 92 Frat amin Space, The (Puna Ge 9 Flat ora er a es yng tig on 8 tar (sr! by, 6 Fehon oF oar ao Foracsst The? You Dont Wanna Know. "Sonera can 88 nal Feces (Sioctet): Aug, 50, sandy Remnder A ttrpery O55 Fra Cyors, Wi Love (esa04 Cotas tom Bussls Vekns Sep, $7Gogh's Pardox Proved "AF Gata Go ‘Somenmort (arc: Jan, 60 gerd ba oo "se Good Copa Fats: Sep, 97 Hoty Pom a Penaae all Ape 62 Hom Hongor (riod) Oc 56 HMB oir Felon Des. 08 amet): Nov. 80 Intemational Beacon ORM (Rood: oc, 88 Ie Abodt the Bonet of te Deut (Sal) ‘eo, 92 Wee 0 Hama Cameaon (eam) a Iron: et or Naw Hane Aor. ey 08 alg WARS Prmecin Clar, lasa ‘Crador: Ove be {abe ay Chon, A Wen Fo, 92 {Bs rn adr in aay Fa 2 {Es esp Sash Voce ut ot raion: none et Bryon Kao About Or Good Dede ‘conta a3 Lute rat He Sos! Ko: Ape, 62 {w'PowerOmoslont towel Ap. 62 Aide Plone Sony Way io sn, ‘ren Pacomairs (Pot Nov, 60 eter foo am fhuey Sen 3 Ney hres asl a 9 ‘ate Gases an As Bo ing Vout xa: toga, An irda ‘tie Bt Geen {Gnedan) Au. 50 Sor aro: fe (toy O68 ‘Spon Farm Recaro Ar. 6, Cetra ita Ga bo, Pre: Cal ih Moute of Babes (Chanborn “in ale Soren ATY nee: 08. 57 Pita tp Tate Sop (leben an 08 ee Pressey 101 Lata Fo Sekine sfou Pe Soran ela te Bren, Pass (Stay) ‘a 88 “ratios” About Ham Rao (Calan ed Romefibecng Note (Culcll) Se. 97 Boses fr rahe (eed: Ot. 58 “aii Rovetoa (Big! Jan, £0 Safer ofthe Araves (Sure Sen 9 ‘Srl se: At Pam (Ln) Aog Sour ol Our Sosoes [ae ay 60. Spit of Ha bay, The (um) 58 Stamp Thoracy Ghali! £8 Stoo Menageret (Horna: Nov. 30 Seat Fars. aught (ater Aug, £0 Sines fo nis Doctor (ular: AB 52 Thanta Godel: Aug, 60 ‘hey Shela Rave Krown Bete? (Aur To BP r Notte RP? (Weer Dee, ‘Taner Vue Help, A (Gor Sep. 9 ‘Trg fe Oa Noighberrooa, A (Toba: ‘ay ‘Two Beonde of Arater Radio ‘hacer te 68 Ug tor Lowe ft aobson, Bact ay, 63 tags Cuca, & Soe): Mar, 53 ‘Warm Than fo“ Cold Season’ (He ii. 50 Wout ess? (unde) Au, 80 We Salariy “ee Hearty (ayo) ‘an 8 sung Ham Speaks Up. A (Guy So. 97 ‘Your ote ation (Ca AB AT EXAM INFO—Column (Janke) [ARAL Sponsor Two Nationa Exam Daye note Feb, 100 Cre for Paneng Your Ceainton “hn. 108 SC Mom Eorm 610, Th: Mar, 108, atonal VEE Gontorence 94 Artal Wong Hight Aug. 03 New FOC Form 0: Fab 13 {Goosen Poole -Upcate: Ar 11 Spas Croute ane tecnrguen Ved to ‘mnie Examination’ Sep. 72 vient You Leerse ExpKe Aap, 89 FEATURE ARTICLES General Interest “Wu Mle Spi E (Poco: 07 493) tho Yau Rovew May, 73, 1833 Stnulatod Emergency Tet (SET) ‘ects (al) Sop. 33 (oe Jal 58) sNgpr The Pee na 109s Oxpeaton (Sechiooe) Nou 7 Ackontng Bare land on CME Z08SXW “Weta, 19 AMIRATaB Space Sos ot nate Fad Dkecton Finding a China Bal Mat 28. anit fo 6 othe 1983 Boy "Sout Jabores Wellgerg Pe 55 ‘Amaisr Hae Postage Stamps (Wes) -oaley fa 30-GHz Record (Swecbion & oe) ar 8 -Aanouneng te Ham Bey Maun #25 ‘itncay Celebration (Stic) ug. Adve ntetrenge Preble: Yat ‘ho Manufactures Say ete) Sap 5 eck ta he Fur: Pit You" Own Cal “Son? (ain) Fab ‘ego Hutig fe Noes “enna! (aver Now 30 Besroore er Beverages? (Car): Oc, St Bote Spare McEvoy) Jan 7 Batng an Elmer (Young Ma 44 Bega Prop for 210-280 Mi Pei calterna’sBuring Pay: Feb, 23 (eral Trot 33 Damancl Fd, 29 (Caelar als ante aco” Arciour stone) an 50 oh Cer (Ste): Dae, 5 tba: Weak t Ramer orgy Bee. 38 Digit Sorel ecossing: The Fra Pronbor Iocan) A. 5 9 ter Ra and ous a Faroe Naroot Aer 21 arf fo olerter Pan ug. 21 Egle tigmatPa Fo Expiring he rtemot—Par 2 (Fo Sant sg tm biome —Part 9 ve poring te ores 4 (En) Beat rage ene rig career cate on, Teese ee Las Sapte ste WEOLER LET cma nicer MeO eh Helio, Zak—Ths st Ray (Rushing): Sap, 48 Heer Eee, BARE seca SEES sco CE reat ts: oi Ue peter ren afieer gtes! art eer (Ty cS. isedamaess at eesti BEE orang rae Siti wo rt scot utente Serene ea Fe amp sar a at ogg ona ree tee ont ct sn tot seat tensa ~oeritsar nt as ee piers eee See eee Scene iwe Sa Jot Sy Oa tan tt Se, 1 Pai ovat Archibat): Sun, 28 Stange Sugai rom he and of bee ‘ing Gan i ep restl Berean, SEN (ma ‘Tepstng Resnsive Zong Ordinances nen th Towa Salty Tp (Coot: Aug, 0 Updated Orel Fists Day Reon Form {Palm Abt 60 tor Examiner rk 2 Decade of Servs cespar suet Iherman) iz 36 Aly en le: Pact t Go Kearman Walyand uo: Way Meas the ntemet {Kerman son tis QE? tiand: Oo, 46, ‘inecing Trough Feta ay wih Cleve Lecla, N7DG tyes): Nov, 48 rea the Novus Lagu Members Respond Rtorachmi an, 3 December 1994 233,Woy ke ld ony cet) Jn, $5 {ie Antone, re (Sere Nov 85. ‘Wired for Wore: Tea Rapbapr, HONE, ‘and He Vise (C20) we rain Oxo, Fe 0H] (an Banding From an XVL's Perspective (Geo) he ‘kor Bking win Fa (Reisenaves “a 28 Tee ee gem mtn ne omen meee ea cere Cena ain sae ES eh oem fae et a ercivaee ee BES oto mane eae x oie Ce a tle attestation SEER Sh haran mares me ping tomoduaton Distortion RF ‘Seicing ana Tuning Dedoe {Thompeon bea 28 Fuheton Geers Frequency Galeria Besa & por ed erfe'Srew Loop Turing Capacitor, A “Gress Non 309 oP legge lence Fits eo): Incxpssive STV Sys, An Vee Inept S61 Sytem Sonne to ican (en bane Ingodusag AAA Palo Bester: New ‘atte or Chat Srvaon sn deahels Newboh See sat Eauph edo the 3-750 Sper “incr (Agar or 23 seri ie ht eho 0 Component or Recor BosigrsPar ese Way. 20 Key Carponant of osern Fever Becta (Rede un 27 Key Ctponera of ose Hoover BesirePart (Roel va se Koy Componenten Récaver owe & Secon Look (non) Dea Lead Beery Charger, A (Sancey Wan 28 tho! Nate's Rado (Sener Jan, 40 Neary Porc Ate, fe ens eats Batvos 9 Anataur cio Apptcalons (koe) Sop 3. 26 use ‘wut Steer Rested, The (Mone) (0 Corer Fes uribens Diss (Barone "a Bovinnay har ‘vertiage Patera ler AC Genestars (Paces tun, «3 Pree ie tig Stu, he Spat Ste, Taling More Code Pracce “Gomputer, (State bl 28, (SOc The Heyer) Foy (GS Proust Rave: A Liok Behn tho ‘Scones (Guten et 28 uck Povertauee, The Aer: Doe, 39 Fado GarctVsienen owe Fegisitin ofthe Caron AF Impedance ‘Bhage, A (Car: Son 28 fang i rer ni Fingrasoc Fig Docder. The (Rumbo ie ‘Simple Dury Aatean oe ATV "anamate Tong, A (Shore: Nov 27 ‘inpl,Stestvo eiritoa Ground Mane Rate sea Jun. 48 ‘Simple taipment or HF Fx unig iar Hag tameney Aug, 30 sgl Sone Fuge A Anon (Speen Dea 6 ‘SiiglBoaréSupemot ORP Transcaver easiaer ies A uaa Non 37 mart Charge Wek aamn BenanoerA (rah: Sep 20. ‘Sorina wf ARE Aeon “Boo? {stew Sep, 20 ‘tactng {rbandare A Suse Snor— ‘Sar (Saw 8 opegarer: Fb, 58 SHR Detector Aud Aap An "Spence. 24 ‘Temes Homer fo QRP "Ranerstre (Sere Sop 3 Tose New G5! Pepaaton Sar (Ha "igor HE Boom, (Bird Aor, 92 ‘Tg He ats Yap Dipl Baton: "hon 28 nel Alto Use Key (Ubing: Urge Hoo: apace Gergwon rere Hood Incr (Bergeron ar Under te Hoos V: Sot State Device (Gorgon Mey. 26 under Han: Las, der ond usta Mote ar Bake Pach, “aftnent (urna) Mi, 32 ‘yea Car Buse A Compa 299 for 30 ‘rough 12 Maer (Capon hay, 33 "es sini Era Ta ED, Sec ar SS se Ey ann’ fest ascs Tine tere a, Crean hbo) 98 (oe, 20) ade neal a Sy, 2 camps Sted eta ta Teeter) 7 ile Geta wi a Sa So neta Sean. Sars catareey sexe SE pe. es Beslan ee Bea Coe hg, 70, ard So cote PaTAREE LE? mim uczen er wane eee Soe CI eee seers ae ses at cxoa ee = seB von ne era mae tok eae ECS OER ies eae ss WEARER icant FUk—Column (Batis) ATY: Not Easy ob Lois, Bt St Fun ‘eer ona ‘essen at Linked Rapes: Tale Foterat n ErargnceeFart Sealand an ed Repeater: Th okra n Emergencies Pat 2 (ingress 008 tote ot Artour Ra os Hs Feiow “ae {Gnreroea) Aug 98 Pele ane oe 1a Sante Ham: A Gta Remanbor (Fok Ove, 03 yub Soot den, 9 Wigemose VE at Potct A Alsup: Fab ‘Widaraes VEE FU Pitot, A: Your Gommanarer fpr 108 \Widoraee Vee Fl rte A: Your ‘Commense-Pet My. ice iia Ute br of Peming: A Hob Speed ‘980 tee) Ne, se ‘Your Dram fig? Her’ Wat You Sa. vou Broa Fig Maz, 10 HAPPENINGS—Wows (Cen) 222 hr Noveas Get or; Weak Signal ‘Sera Ohaye art 1995 GST Coe Paoue Arar Winer Named Feo. 08 1996 Bayon Haonton Nama Aver nel ay 3 clon Ure oat Sn Seton ‘Ais Black Bob Goverment ld eer 8 ‘ana Sa ile Hangin Botanco as ToS Gongs Near as En v.60 Ait de Rssaton Co at seri Rado Sow ow tora popes Gout Sides with anes ‘nate Arona Very Perions Fecal Decent AMSATSUA Rea beng Baws 2400 rae Owe. 6 ‘A8TC and FOC Aes to New Cooperate "aroma yt ARE Congr ters Raman “Spun Se 6 nth Lamba ABE Aga, av ir ‘Salonen Bae so ABR Morbo it how Board ooroseratran: an 89 agat Smoadean Beal, 67tea EEE eoucmans aa ana a Sr a ar eer Ae ote nie ae Bees OEE peneeoruen nt sei carmen we Sears eae Sie tra fare ee eee eS eee Meters Whee, i Stleaes eee Ee ane EE cman oa Cue yn man near ost neem gies matin. Only Pretosn Cb Cal Sn Pn: Og Enusiets Saetew Teohiqus: ee Fe’ Aete on Tne Amatou Radio Potions ul £6 Gane Feu, 82 FSG Gatos Aton on teesage Rely fan. 72 hoot FC taboos Non bteratonal Bree Des, 8° Sia connen Peed very se ea emesis Coote arsne 3 ee So ae eB ES Rade ht ane Ps EEN ‘Alon Some Aisonaie Contac aug. 71 cP on comm FCG Propoton 1 Change RF Autorzaion fac haa Sct cla 8 rca tas blast stat Leos Antes cE Re ton Wns Sooner FE tr cel ats Seton te cB a Sarl cto uc oe. 67 Fg Eas Some On cE Beta et one rng ras fess nance Eta ecb es ae case eat al nota Say Teepe leetecn Seo oe ne auer FOC Views ARAL-VEC Fito un, 82 Feder Soot New Stp ar WY Toner "Casosbeo, 96 ee lr Kg Moun Rad egg ears Gu Hane th ie Bin ut To Veer igi od Ct Rave Govermant Stuy Eyes 2500 Me: Ap, 90 aetna: Grodte Amateur Rai esc ay 90 ape, Suis Fret tag tin En Petar Bost a: Herre, Joe, NSEA, 6 May 3 Ideas ota ir ARAL None Reunaop Jt Resokon Makes Gril Propose in 10 Sep 60 age hiry Comite Meters: aor opgue Seeks Tighter Cub License ‘Slander! un 8° League See Sand on Proteed Cat Sane aun 8 cata hn orb VE Exam ‘waglabpe Hams Respand o February eo ‘Som: agree a ‘Maile Oregon iar Hepe Thvat cupesed meen Ag Fevigrors: Fe, oe NASA Neos Setontut Haro Top Post ust: Mey, 92 ABR Satie rk oon Lacing Nyy Hanshie Antennas gt Property Tax Tele aes anaes Porey qr sorey Sook o giles and Tax AF “Soucoe: Fab, 80. Non Wessapeonraicing Pues Bog he, 8 “st Nou Yor Seas Aetum to Ham Ucenee enema F062 ewan i Losrare, W2SKE, e Dose at "78 Bos, 7 Nrtnens Soup for ARP, Board ot ‘restore hor Aug 73 Nga, Kata RB Sant Kay st To 7,62 note Your Gaskyare? (GER): Fob, 82 Sppatten i "etat Users lan ‘Brows hoe. 08 QOWA's S569): Foe, 22 Fine Roman Staton: Jn. 5 Pedy So oF Avg, posi rion Fe: vats Outcome Oo Aopeal an 25 Report ees Amateurs on 2300 MH rds en wie ete tenet or ree eee ore SEE ro. erie SIS onan J, 87 + 5A ais ato imate Sans ane te ee cee ie aaa a ‘tgs Lunch wt HorAtronaut a epee "ee eet rear MESES eee Ol trate ter see's tesa hese attr eee oie vas Roney HINTS AND KINKS—Cotumn (Wenning) ‘ing a Bypace Sule to the Ten-Teo 291 Arona Tune! (Saye): ‘dng. Nols Fier Gan Se ree Than Ho Pc at (Seba) A 2 *S{G0M Ie 2288 Nore edt ci eyo Suros Rada icon) hog, 88 rt inp otc for Transco ‘ah as ec Fo Choma tte regiment for Meters and LCDs "veri Os 8 el Sine To Clea and Exercie Plug and ‘cenraiors (Halle: Fab, 75 cepa aes oye Hoke Pact ‘bane Aanetin fr Suction Cup Wouted eer inst Sag ST ‘ah ea Kewood 15-0008 Taner (Pabeemie sun, 79 . ‘cles ror Capac, A (Rowe) on. ‘cargo Hear Koop Poator caren ene er oh Ts eaning Ue te Seep Tore m he Toi-Toe met Tracer (ea ac ‘comeing Tapenade Aut te enwoo TH27 Hane tit! Trnacaver (Gionetaw Fe. 75, ce as ily Oe Tine ‘Thomason Ne cheng Chin Cbet (an ‘oa cont Your 60-203 Cones (eto) ‘Get Getoway ‘coating Ba crap for ha WoIOID “oA (Augen, 75 ‘ug Giten nthe NONPA Loose Frouoray Courter (gsr: Fe 75 ‘cu itemise! tear Operation ne Telex Tassos TX Rotor (Ocher) ion 82 tg Nis ng Puree Stop “ight Ley Ae cui» Bota vor econ (Car ob, 75 ‘eg FF tho Comet-Dbler Rotator Canto (Syne ct, 77 Coun "Wong VEG" ne Yaesu ‘Tove tenn Deas 8og ht he Deterninng inductance o Cepactance Sin scnanc ney Dummy-Load GRP Wattmeter. A fete men Fete Shieks-Gurrent Chokes Cure Stay secteur cane ae Ce eT me BLS es ore moe "EE EE, ee PES Sees tart Sereecrasey ieeeaairinaiie Sera ET mane Keeping You OST Binders in Shape ‘Bacon ian. 78 Kini ie Surg Cpe Wr Fos aun Surg San Store OST ‘Seer an 78 "CIOS Supe" Revo I vogel dn. 70 traning othe Yaadd TRO, “ranarover ce) aa 70 okie alo Cu (Corin: Aue, 67 yc ote (eng) 78 Mere ant tent ie Bis eu 1 on mn scare FEE onc is OE re ec on crv 4 cope EE nce sia eae rR Sere EEE sro Saale na Learn on aan Beams Sega trea Beers ramen corre eee “oy ceria Ea ee cena Eat Seaaocmar ts Spc iv en a one sted eee etc Sere Seen, Saree oEEE Esra Sat ae 236 Os Set ett ae Tie on rating end Connecting to ecu Roe (Edwards). un 72 ‘Tostioaeh Gane» Cuson Ciarieg ‘Becton allorsne) Ot, 7 (Cvtoncn ep, 9 Teanamsson’en unt for VF ranscovrs (Whey Oc. 77 eben et se Goan Srald ab Ground Suap “Legge Aus. 88 ig Eee a Comactrs (oer: cg Comper Graphic for Equiprent ‘Contin an Ropar Wa ower ap a3 Wit Pea ft Keyooard Operators (Seuion tov ge HOW'S DX?—column (Kennamer) ‘YOPE:The Book 85 Sater Paso he San: Jun, 91 Branson, Jari KABW?, SK: Aug 77 (Gamersin Bee ot (Gemacts andthe Oxer Feb. 67 (Series st Theo: Boe. 21 aoe arn ln ee 03 htenoas:Sletng the Height: Sop, 98 Dk Operate ana GSLg Goastnes New. 98 ORCC Yasboce Apr, 99 rir, 98 Ector DXCO, The: Ap 30 Errata Sep, 90 (ves 4) Fein Secure a DXor: Sep. 09 Hm ado: Prosgeenelen 1008: Oe 87 Hone-Bronng Ave sd Wot hn SVS New Gb Ofsers UDA Jun 01 New Bxpeatening Soot Ase. 88 New ia mat es Aug’?? New ik Frequendes onthe @0Meter ‘Bang, 08 New tone he Und Arab Eaton ‘inn 95 PERG a Stren Fercacn Petr alae Jan 08 on to OX Covet Sstons, A: May, 98 Ftn roe: May, 88 Solr Cyee 23 May Bogen Earty 1096 eho oust sme Spray omertrances: Da, St Seca Rutan Cal Signs tay. 67 Slay oa Cameco Ham, The Wan): soe ‘Thana rater aco bok Mov, 98 ‘They Do artvo~-Evenualy Ma, 98 NUCH The Congo an CW: Nov, 8 Upcoming OX Converts May 38 PatiPA "os aa" Supe, The Par 2 (Sephora) AB 20 tat ce Gly? sl 84 ere on Each Tonga: A ‘iy re These Rocka Ea INFORMATION 1994 ‘Hany Retecones” Secon: Jan, 97 soi Satie egcaces ht 0 IRAAL aon OS. Butea Adsteto ‘AFBL ncering OS. Bureau Syto: “an 98 AFIAL Ouigang OSL Sarco. The: Jen, $9 Beko na Fur: Pk Your Oom Cah Sint (Pam Fo 84 “oniderate Operators Froquncy Guce, FOC Emgan Types: Ju 64 ieaountor oma Adesso: ct 45 ing pra Execsee Coos fo, ‘wap AAPL Oparing Events end (QR Cbs ans Organanions Ot 40 ‘Shep the ARAL Elta: Ot 45 ‘Sehr Spam, he a, 88, US Arai Bane ichart den, 104 “ons ee WASHINGTON MAILBOX—Column ennessee) Eade Tyee, anguish, pater and pum Teel Sana eat Nw Sues Mas vl, rece 1008S rome) Ste eee ce ioe IES Alben sn ne aS aarcere Scone Tee rR veins LAB NOTES—column (Ford) Lgurng Prtecton—Par rey Se, LigeringPrtecon-~Par 2 Trays Bee 25 ‘Seting up fo Fel Day Lau tn, 78 ALENT we CRI ea ‘ere am 9 (oer) Ap [NEW BOOKS [Author] (Reviewer) “Aras Race Ey cepeda fo] ata an onaBui Your Our Shortwave Antanas ‘Nose Kase Oxt 7 ‘cide als the: rau co CO” ‘Spain (ls) a5 cocde Boot Ine lres Cod necten “ara st (Bates) 7a Ccomiurieatons Rees, Te Vac "Tube Era ose 981 sol (enscahy Os. 78 205" Dum Cookin Bates J $1 ay Tage al se) Now 38 Emeroerey Rac Serer aes): Sense Entec of Electron Cit (ref Sheet] ae a, 1 yc Contain a Wanna ‘go Nar Arras hes ‘Conan pr as Barcus (atloy 2h shh Tom Nad ean Convinced Tha Tas tones tere Noma He Took Hor {anaes five) eaten): 48 om Power Conmmuneatone Votan 2 “Advanced QAP Operating i} (Keema: un. 42 UUans: Calg Boia “Te Wee tom Vena (Sepa) (Kear): Now 12 vasioing Fao omary Crate rou Project and Expenmente (Cat an) bea, 57 ee Mile 2ay Rio Commanictons West ates seny 00 uate At Cures Dade MeCarty (Cain et 22 anal Rado Cub a Radio Lop IGratarn| Wienashmit Seg 48 ‘noir acs) (Sating Ma 16? (C32 tor Gumiseamvone| at) att ie Up! [Stem Sates, «7 essing. (ar Kearny Gt be ‘king fe waves wh Ala and Zuko [Abou (Stlons en. 37 ‘stm ana Erin Go oo Hato Wa (Gatos 108, ‘Seite Comaneatons and DBS ia (Fort: ey "epee Same na op tox Sae coe : (Wik or Dummies Lovie & Young] (Gatos da $1 WHEBS Hb fe New Hams Delaw) Fora Se, 68 ha oo Ne ag esa (oe indo oy Durie Ratbone] (Batley J at NEW HAM COMPANION 10 eator is Not Dost (aes Ags, 68 Bieter FF Oxing (Far Sep, 0 ‘mate Bad Tot (upton) Tt ‘Alte Tene For) don t2 Bagigeckng, Teop 404 Sv ow 32,60 Boa Sone Yard PRD Kat) Jun, 94 Buia 120 dincton Sox (Capon) un 54 Bus Ono at Tranemorin «Kodak ‘im Box (spon) Ot “Gabon Ose 2 futang thd hating Tvs Doi ‘Arias (Ear) fe 78 tuting You Onn Staion Vocescries Bt Hon Oot Use faze ay. hap Way toa Tana, "ford 25, Ciao Asi of he Dayton Hamenton- A Paesnan er 08 _genavecna ne Cage Boho ty 6 Beal Your Om Protogranne OS Ce ‘ileamony Seo: 03 bol needs Liner Amplter? (art “Aas 1 YSU Nea an Anta Taner? (Fors og wh 2a Packet Ma (St) Fab, 68 0 Du Band VHEIUMF Anon, An ‘eynnte Sp, 61 ex isle Cnt fiers): Aug, 83 Fishing Yackle Satan 0 Gl A (Caper): Now. 67 flGortawtng Tey outain ‘aries: Bes, 1 ca Mita 28, (exe iio cant Conse sets Yor Repos to Your OW Cale ogden Jue 8 ating Stared othe Magic Bard (Wetec har, 6 36 Dita osc Sp, 7 Fre Us Kids Ne (Boca) ow, 6 Imponanee f Zoreasing, The (Shae ‘28 Indesit Dip oe 10 Meters, At (Goes): Aor a7 Intron vere (Fredo): May, 65 Nae aut Motte ioe Posie THendelsohn ay, 82 voged tard dona, A Gro NAVIEX and Your Maiads TNC For oa. 82 Nig ior Forgas, A. Or Does? ooh. ent th Vinge of & DOVE (Ford): Sap StacheBas st A a ve aya Doth Top (eon: PAGSATS tom an Aparna (Sevan art aciot Wout Computer (Wot: A, 64 Shoppers ude A fo ‘nach a), 68 up ine PasTOR (Go ee, 7 (OSE Gand Bator You it That ‘Check (Gomis) oo, 64 oSLig Tveugh & Manager le: "hg 58 epsie Eater, Tho (Muy): Now. 74 Se Worna A Saas (raha ‘On, Biehl Spactum, te ar, 63 Sch a Deak can Jay 73 ‘WA Obseasan th (Fe Ape, 70 Seat Say (Bowes ln, 62 “Tray hinges Tg ove: 70 Ungareanaing Signal Strength (son cimvers VHF “Une” VAPISE Aeterna er Sone iow iam Above, Th Fa: Dec. 6 Woes yar Prono, 6? Worked Al aim Beach (Pan ar, 60 ‘epg Sie RS 2 inate sae Prmar (Capon Fe, 98, \ou Never Forget ne Fa Tns ‘MacBenal Jun 56 Doctor Ist, The—Column: Jan, 64 Fo, 5 art Aa, 6 May, 72 Mk "a6 Ag 8°81 3 5 Nov. 08 Des 87 dio Tips ‘Band Gacigctr Speci Aner fee Gand Plan, The: Apr, 68 ‘aeonatodPacas Spi Cleary, AN (For Feb 8, ctty Nght won: Mar, 63 tng on re Packt Notes For ne inigrnatonal Mhig-Pey Tetle—Procees “Wat Caution: bao, Joie GPP Craze lenscha: Way, 68 ogi ose I nse an, 72 Peshot Shoop ileinsri) Jan 69 Seloaie Canng For Nov. 73 {Togo Veracie Hand lls (Pos: Jn, 68 Ti Hann fa Eveyore lech ay 3, Az ang ilrowave Zaurmont (Hoty ‘ug 60 ave Ales For) ug, 57 Ware D8e (rd May 1 Worn ne OX Picups IF): Oct, NEw PRODUCTS {00/ 20079600 bale TNC: No, 48 ‘850 Co Fam Calendars ton’ 128 fans for aves F1A0D0 uy 28 ‘fade Ful nto Recon Ks ‘AUTORIPacTOR Stare: ay, 108 ‘Rnuitr Fea has rca Clog Thompson or 8 stig Cade Pracice Sowa: Jn, 42 ATV Scan Conroe, THC: S093 Base or Mand ete Figs da 23 Boom tikatoaceat Aor #2 Booster Spear san Cote eye: Sep 38 aged rota Repent Conta etoile NC Reprints: Ao, 80 ‘Smpuiarias to Corrie Sep, 20 rReytoard tab Oct 4 Gr reybaad Ferplaes Er vernon 028, ‘Bas Arta Nt Aug, 47 apy ny Bue Cases Taras, "The Foe 3 Fg Arta Stare (The Antenna ‘Socials Apr $2 Geting Stared n Contesting (00) "Starkewis Oct tr il eo FSU omey eb cecenner ieee Sabie iene nEBOR SEC ams teins 8 SERIE Bove svekiigniss December 1994 257upter Supanat: Jan 8t Giana Pars RASIOKTY Mr, 40 (app Po Protector: Mar 170, Nace tov, 62 pale gre TNE No, 4 ihr Spon US be, raxSence: ‘ug. 78 earn [aaa ee ee ean oe, Eee eS ‘SSoscatt inten Hee ne rails Gora ‘Cleanerfenhancer Propagation Prediction Software serge sh Bessie Power Tube Nv, 104 Sti Magee alate ost gnc Eapone ie: un, 46 Shot Verh: Roan o 1, 0, 40 and “oahaonoConenise* ORP Tangier ‘as Bee ec kis Ju 38 Tower Hat Acoso Bou: Mow. 58 YAP Power Ampere 36 VAPUSE fmeina: Non, 08 VAPUSE Antennas Sp, 98 NOx Gon tas My. 28 Wat Gate Now S30 tet Comers: S Weare: ane ata Mono eromont: Way ee ‘yaessF-890 Convo Sofware: Ji, 25 tn the Bagitng (Chatham): Nov, 108 ‘te ena) aug 30 ‘Stina Gal Comer i ‘ORGANIZATIONAL 1963.QS7 Gaver Plague Award Winns Named: Fe, 3 SRE RE Rent Coneion, The gn ye Anau the Thi Aus! iHecan Momoral Sher Anon Aware: Fen. 103 ABEL Auda! brag Ma, 812 IARRL Membore Pe New ora eproceiatves: Jan, 62 ‘xsd SARL Paral Stamens ay 78 sage ep fr 219.220 he Pa: ‘Gude ts ARAL Sonone dan 7 esdguare irtemetfavssen Ot 45 Inigy’Ohis NEA: Out Sapa Atomey ‘Chins Abe aa 238 OF Leggue Adusry Commitee Members: Mao ARAL Operating vents end paste Samige anata ‘hep ne ABR electrons Ox 43 Simson a osy Fh Son a A the FoundationColum Cari) An rauneaton Push Prser. IRD Beacen Network to Bena From New Cub- Sponsored New Scholarsp to Honor 8 Tall Texan: "tbe roundson (Cael Na, 1388 Remendering Stent Kye: 2 (tub Spectrum—Column (Ewald) ‘rate Rain Eaie at New Yor Sas Anateu Fda Welconas Traveler tiaron Oe, 108 ata hy Cooking ay Calbe Geare Worshep Program (Duce a. 103 ‘pao Gant 1 Glates You 2 New Finds" On he Ae (stenfuret 6 Foard da 11 cpa Rag of 1984, To MPR Boe, 18 ‘uinnot ARS ono Move ow, 118 ama atthe Cova Fa Ap 9,82 Hem ii Goos to Camp: Jan, 118 Foun Chun Recnvos Govemr’ Aare ‘Sep 110 sre Fostbal Tino Agi! (Usa Ot, 103 ami Bxence, A ara rH pay ane espe Phy Ox RESPOND tote Rasoue (Montgomen shot Ham Rago Staton Daseted (Gopa) cunt eli Voce on Candle ATV: Sep, 118 ‘STARS Begone Future! Sep 18 Sep. 18 ‘Tame’ Ral, WETN, Honored Nv, 199. Nominese Sought fox AL Bod ot ‘restr: Sogo epet Nomining Suir: Jn, 35 Foo) SF Aug 74. slr ean ete fn rn oats Nee een Elan ABB: Jo, BS: Ar, 82: “ina : ‘Seton Manage Chosen: Os, 88 Moved & Seconded. an 6; Mar, 86; Jur, 86: Sp, 87 PACKET PERSPECTIVE—colurnn ‘Worzepa) {2USEES (Baton: Sap. 84 609 ite ot th oe: Fo Resay: Ox 108 i Bomiteto Byiensa: hug, 67 Bish e cr Ma, tb DS Big Pay Sst FOP dS CHE Pag Pay: Ox 100 OG Changes NaseageFometang Rls: Fram, nay NOCoE, SK Danson: Wey 30 Fria ef "Pca peat, 10m Heian or HF ete cimeunci Sco: 7 fpr heres, Core Ap, 18 08 eb: ox, 00 Hoty Greig: oe. 09 tht ToBI Paes. o7 agit ite Poin Calter ‘Go: ey. 0. Packt hasnt Dg. 29 Ae he Bad Nows, Scr 110 Pacer orton Brokat Coe raf or Poke Nose Proje, na (Sean: Oa. 99 Fanalverson ois: Oo Strmerine a tr Facet Aon 87 ‘ano rnd o Ave: Ret tne Packt Soe fon 8 PRODUCT REVIEW (utlaon) REA EW- 121 Anon Ayo: ont S88 ns cABUaNY HF Propaenton- Protos Sears ke BES 70 Aha 88 Lirear Paver Amp (Garter ul 78 teh Pe Set Hesdaet ion Jn. 72 Seer Eee een ae ig can hen Prodi ay, 9) ogg boas 1a Tama weeGonmunsatens HAP? a NF-50 [BSE Rae Sher et abt JB Soft bse Fer Sow Son TV ‘loam 78 ree [at Bo tmoge TNC win ‘B08 (orn 7 epoos 15505 Seley Atos “Meester tice) So 88 agro Cor nutri Rett iar ad sans aes we gh a Loop emai 012 "So Mi [Rsirachrih hg, 62 ust leer Vora dteona ‘Gant how ae UES 0 Shserave Rageerin eenor Te ese 76 a An ea 28F ea: ager bs Ou TCE aft Exeter Dal Sond Handa FM Tracaeer ea hay, gf Eenprer S36 Econ eK 3005 ens bow am trove Sht2800 24 GH Sate Bouncers (org Fab 69 og Roast Hao Lost enn be Shana (une Or 38FL brake s0 Genea-Coversge ‘Recaer(arnanGt ado Shek Gay opiate Nowe sip S81 Exot er 80 SS Engooing Ace OV One Troneouer ost. 83 se Sterng Rt Gra Ae, 70 ‘ee Boots Hava Cal Benton Sten see i been womens atic "Recater. The Naw Jan. 13 ‘Yaga Fe#s0 MFM Tansotion Ford: Way 80 Solicitation for Product Review Equipment Bide: Jan, 7. Feb, 7: May, 65; A, 8 ‘an 73 Pustic senvice 1639 Simulated Emergency Tet (SET) ‘esl (ald Sep, 99 00 Ju. 54) Calfra's Sung (Pain Feo, 28 Estos fom no Epeoior Pay og, 21 ‘oat ofPenarmanse, The [SET (ems) e49 Public Service—Column (Palm) ARES Sig Apt Stat) On, 97 ‘Bind te ahora ee! New stern ‘etasheae Secon trager Con ‘Song. WES (Pam Fab conde Res Kid Suppo ‘Daring Papal Viet items Ot Diagn Burgin Fol Aug. 51 Det turer Han Thang, ena ew ‘gato an Norter Fors Turton Nar tog 1 mde maaneaet ag eR cn eee EELS snag ieee oe er a 9 EO es ae secre tetra" western rae tae eT ag oleae SESE ong ube Sen Arar Por on, 08 Fagard Sona Ha, fh Pena ae. ATER Rag akan Ay (oa a re ‘Seah Anata Presented May, 95 See ieee tast thecaln: Su 38 ors Up, TS? (Pal: Sp, 00 ‘ora Usiorty Gamoe (WE Apr, 9 sTaays cet IO Vt Sep 117 Salstcuae et bp eircidnes: ben ie Re ig ug Bei Soares he fem bow Jan, oie Eke ites mon i A rent: 10 Die Trsugy GSO (errr Hag 15 rw overt (as Sep 7 Era Case Cups May, 118 Fat Coe n Fone un ‘Hla Hart Hone (leony eo, 38 ing Win ad Wino Wings (Bean Helaeters WOK Wine) Sep, 112 Fanta lam GRIM? J, 6 Ketan Avra 198 ‘Segue Anmorsary Pie: Sep. 121 itor Caale Rabo ans eae sy 208 GNA See at Sar ora: Qo Karine me ery) O24 ‘Gee Watpeer ene a, 83 ‘estan ‘TECHNICAL CORRESPONDENCE Column (Page| Automate Arana Tacs or Wee ‘Briones (olay at 84 sgirct Boo Revtd (Levene: Cie es eno Loge So ‘Basle Anema Em Oc capes Sta ison uals a alpaEmanoed HF Propageton (Lov ‘evtiogRadals Word Gowen}: Dos, 06 HF Ming: Ma Murs ana Grounding cep ya ee) CE el ae oa ir UMEE Bo KS Py Ec ieeey Ea orsign Sale Tips Guan Doe NSW, Shade tushy at 33 = Preicl Compact tian Tare {oop Aero 0 ato, on set 5 (utr: Jn, 78 ea eta Ft Ben out Lecco (rb 8 ni Smet Lae Not rotten) Ars sound Spent veneer, The oe) hop 8. vs (Sandon Ju, 2 ‘rns (Sores) Ce 70 ‘Temiaigd Feed Date (oss ‘opts Gae car coe (ainoai ‘esa SETVIFAXOOFax Systom Pee Re nT tees Ca Be eng atm st hr th hota sees et a on setae, Shae ee Sees 8 BE SEs ea no Senate Sati bh eee ere a Ee Eerie Sith ae jerwave Staidge on. 107 ‘Gra Yoo ana Coutng an, 105 Reteesin oe Mtcoree Sere parade Mapping: Ms Shang Cones nfo Cayr Gop. 09 ‘nggpaee Bul Brak tec Boe Ean UNE in Cube: Fe, 97 ‘Wea arse Uodat: Nov 107 wraw scHeoULE: in, 101 Fo, 8 ae, £08 Ape iy eh 144 J, 3 op Ge ea Nw 18; 0, Te vets -cxan an) eaten 0 2 Re Rr wernt semana camrrt sian ea erry a he sei noame ay SE ohittaag 2 December 1994 299ae January 194 sco devoted entirely to Amateur Radio’ Collecting adio StampsGST a peers Genego niguacas dae ‘our cover ‘The atl by Bul Welsh, WSDDB, on pane 23tala you ho io art your enn spiocion {St armataut Resta postage stomps, The Gover pote ana thaee accompanying Bis Stile show a compete colton of ‘Amateur Ras stamps and othe postal ims trom around me wore, The eoleton shown hes boon conatos to he ARAL DY Scutrwestern Dion Ditto Frid Hey, ‘WABWZO. and hs wife Sane, WACWZN, forasepiay at HO. photo by Kok Kreiner NTA2) CONTENTS 02200 ose ‘reCHNIe AL ____________. 27 Aninaxpansive SSTV System Ben Vest, KIB 430 TheNeary Perec Ampier” Aetard ensres, GOK 438 Computer Controle Elctone Test Equpmart—Pa”!2 Ron Pomugl 42 Unce abor's Usgue Koyer Sem Ung MUAL 1% Under the Hood ie Capactre Ban Segeron NUNC $2 Product Rovcw: The Yaesu FRO-AO0 GensralCoverage Recover NEWS AND FEATURES ————_—— 9 Seems 1 Us..: natant Leeneng 22 Amateur Race Posiage Stamps,” AM Wesh WEDS 4 Motor Nature's Ratio Das Sommer abece 52 Whore are tne Novices: League Member Respond Ku Misct NTOZ 58 Do amateur Radio (ana Voutsat) a Favor Mek Palm RICE 7 Belore Spark Gi Nay. VEIPRD £2 Happenings AREL. Members Pick Now Board Represoratves 7 {98 Handy Aeterenoe Section 115 AMSAT-NA Space Synposiam Stove Fou WBBIY NEW HAM COMPANION. 162 Test Day "Chater 5 Bowie, AATEX 4 The Oodor iin 18 Achospay to Hun Teangmitos Glen cars KTM 70 Doves Need'an Antenna Tuner?” Sirs For WBAMY OPERATING —————-______ 116. Rests, 1299 ARAL September VHF GSO Pany ely Lum, AR. ond 124 Club Compstiton Rules and Contest Disqualification Crtera 125 flee, 1084 Nowen Pourdp 1326 Eighth Annual Sohool Cu Rouneup > DEPARTMENTS am ou | teeta iTS ees vost | Hated ss s |An Inexpensive SSTV System ST ICUS ecu Rest eee eRe UNneNe R with an SSTV system capable of excellent results! Sc oa Lausner's great atte on ‘alo hetranscever stave Slow-Seen TV" realy wot ny in handie without overeat ort John' stseren be BRAY ine Wie my transceiver, 1 Sore to"use' an cute eystal- , stentdirety oe phone pais Cntlled ing source ay sth an RX talee of 9 kh temp! to ose notware ting "ve pot included any low Toop doomed flare majunt 7 pus hitring fs the aio fine roomeenf achllengetoignore! istwecn the computer capt 29 TPE made wom respecte 6 sear lor (gry shade) weather fat aehects with many staionsreveal feveiring spsenie> forthe 2D coddional externa itsng ie (Commodore and IBM compu ire when sing SSB trnamiters fr using simple interface BaF capped vith mechanical or crystal Semeer hereceversnlcun Fier Ifyou intend oo sre pote. I sient appear tht ssthas Aor pssing-ype SSB gr Uciogulating an SSTV signa! would be = ste VHPIUHE FM cansmiver) audio that mach pre dieu. Waat | wound up ‘tering seated io po. vit eu color SSTIPARSPOweatherfox tide the regres spec Syatem for BM PCsandcompatbietnat purty An ellipse = ecoilly $94: vofewat! And this sytem past ler seh ade trons, oo! hearty recomend tht ened. by. Campoell Youreat o's arte to line gaps ad 7 Should be adequate for Tet something abou the wchnigus and H ost of these sats, bat | hinery of SST¥. : ave aot. speifclly ‘My works aimed athe experimently dressed this, Inclined 30 af you've sat Laila with Cet component a BASIC programing. be prepared to fea eg ate ened! or i litle Shout i you want to maximize the cites physial eo The wit ofthis sytem, z ‘rucloa. Do we sock forthe (C. PC board i ‘lable from FAR Cir uit but petocard con Station eel sor lardare Fig (nex peg) shows asimpecirelt ese forrecervng an tanuiting. Connect the output of T2 tothe phone pick inet (often labeled UNE INPUT) of yout Patch you can linia 72 ne nee the ie ciety tothe paths phonesi termions All patches now of employ. tans former ssoation, bat = sinpechmmeer check il ‘erly that le re of your patch (avoid using. the Tasseivec mike input be ‘Sos of the pouty of RE feedback problems) RX ik ‘hoses to Set the proper level forthe mio ping sn he anion ter, We're using 100% duty eyle gna soyou mux sethe aos The Computer Picse of hardaze the compte hold Bave am A028 for beter miero= Ho machine vualog at 16 ial gives beter sls, "Younced s VGA color montorthateaa Provide a. 640" 480, 3S6-coler oninteriaced ipiayanda VGA ast ly idesufied a 'SVGA) video ‘apercornat fer 3640 480% Sb-clor meds." The software ‘Common SVGA chip pet at ten incledes a VESA standard hoje Il your vdeo ater can oes match oré of he si, you I eed 3 ESA. iver for your specifica IF 908 have trouble Mnaieg 8 ives, ty some January 1994 27fe Serena oft ul SOY eave nc ear Sic. Tn creat gases g's)" ara ae Rests Shack 275-080 auslnovpu!Vansiormers We oa sven jeombinabon lo Res Shack 272090 Tosir SV eno savas pars nba aubthares. Sen fx fo ot RX Unless ofteraige species, rater are, Betoerance carton somponan 9 tn ls Asoptara pans fa ean Se ured Satan tne op so compu ielineitre acre ne one ea namo n prance 9 computer BBSet I'm fold thatthe Steve ters wth even a limited knowledge of Rimmer BBS el416-729-4609)hasmany BASIC progrmming to mele rodiice video ves Sons tit edd other modes ee I deler= ner oafew ofsry ends who compiined Sottware ‘Shout learning sy BASIC, {he ncladed ‘As with my caler weatherfan pro: npstemconfigarton stn he programs rans. ve used GHBASIC se the por THe program wses this Tit fo determine ‘Haming tot Although the pus of the which POKEs fo make, This syste Is Program sre sostined in ascmbly late scl keyboard contolied. The ore [Ruagecode ASM ilen hove evacuees a unig technue to get wider color ibe tothe program (and you) tough deltian thay orally salable ith BASIC Aloftne modiieatonstothecore 4 2Sbcoior video card, The pictures in Programe (ASM ies) tht adap them to thn ule orate eecivencar! Tetmulutede of SSTU/EAX moses ar ‘Smplisted usigg BASIC POKES. ‘Thin allows experimen: PAXAgO tatuenee Ralph Tuszar, WESDOT, itndaced is PARC mode while wes i the mice ff developing this progia. With the exe fly of my sltware structure. way ble tortdd FARARO capability othe alae Podesta coupe of hou. Sace my Processing wast ep forotshades ol pay. Tepe che mode, Some Program Detail ‘One ofthe comme SSTV practices is to cetransmit a pitare you just received so tbe SSTVers aot copying he eignating Suion can eetheimage Thiseapabliy Incl RESUS i the ceceive and etensmit proram, On receive. you simply choose {he onde from 2 meng. and wit for the prsttetranumussontncomplete, Aco ths Mnting, Robot 36 and 72 modes e285 {le sitter synchronous or 8 Tne ‘yneed mode, Other modes (all synch Sows) ae Soot I ad 2 ain T and 2 AVTOO, AV TOS, Wease 96, FAXGBO and ‘weather ‘When receiving. you fl to get she mode sclestion made la tme to etch the frame syne, you can go crecty 1 copying by pressing the Keyboards spacebar. On tlbutthe AVT made. the ext nevi picked up and stars he picture. The AVT Innes copy oto wyne. Besaaye te aoe rim lows you to tro horizontally Scots the RGB color Hanes. you cal Fesyne afer the tare in been eecivex, ‘New imayes I've coped ave somtand- Sideolorvegittioso also lneluded ne Shity to adjust colo relation ater he picture i rected You als ca sve the ppcture—asally ater you have stolled {he pear no the CRT sere eames Jost, {he party want to Kep. FRIBAS fe ond tor transmuiting ey picture le, When quale, Youprovide be Irode an the fle mame at aera et ose wiul he plcure fonds. press Gre) fovtastmit To avo adlllonal sites ing complenty, VOX vansmiter ‘atti sweYUBA allows yout view splere has the sae sontent avalible 7-845. Ove feature aplisebe ol othe Robot mer! ete ait "ett the Pictorial creme a you view Tscolr balan SLIDESHO.A4S gives you the vehicle tp isla a bunch of pines 2 ade show Place SLIDESHO HASinaaistory Ie aled ap fom anya TIECONY pas converts 0 %880, 24. bit ole, TEE pictures int orm tha an be trsnsmited by ay ofthe spor SSTV modes excep Ron ny experts ence, TIFFs themntcommon rout ocd to wansfer hghereoltion pictures Be- tween programe axe ts program withhe Computer yew nd Soha Systems Consling? ame prsbers. The Dict eae fom the progam eon be Siew with YUBAS ana uf uur, LABEL BAS liows outa aca signs andotherteniothe SST pares Henkes Sy blakeandewite TIPE Ge. fb) ile [rd eres ama cutout where the 1k You ca superimpo atover STV picture citer inany color you wat Crtansfera cutout of any backgroud Me Sou dnd iterating, Te leters wil hen ino ke they were cutout a the back round picture Obviossy, you can me ares nr itl in aldo Yo font 0 ster piece onefieonto another one Tse wceap Rand scaer to caput. ‘ating fone I find. You can gt limensonal elle by parsing = ca rou fhe mas then moving the maka {ou piel and rerunning the data through TEABEL wih «background fie or suber olor Or, ram several differen masks rent colores potters om diferent et Semanary Here then is pie description of fundamental elor SSTVIEARABD weshe ox spate comuctd most entirely oF soltare (stl working These ‘rare ree not copy protected and ca heobiated fromthe ARRL HBS| 2.66 1578). Have fun—you've gt los (0 eX "tne," nn Ten gana ‘ner a fa po oe 2 Votr “ane Coneepodence, G37, ar 198 een SSPE asleep erent tie age ign igea pp S040 Soe aso Fosdbeck, “ran chaste, 8 lect Drdn cha neeeaacr at "guar eee teas to. Tepe ues wane as bu ea 8 secrete (SR nt ef pl Same may remember his aie, “Surplus i ec es nar eg a Bren fe ma ent Fe etn Ei a Gr iatThe Nearly Perfect Amplifier Have you ever bought a car and thought that everything about it was perfect? Or do you always wish it had a few other nifty or safety features? It's the same with ham power amplifiers. Here are some modifications that will add some nifty and safety features—to the amplifiers, not the cars. By Richard Measures, AGEK Semis, CA 2088 fer the anole “Cire Improve teens orth Heath S820 Amp Fee" ws pblisned i he Novo. er and December 190 ates of UST. I oganto receive eters andpbone calls ‘pata Radio operators ao wee coe lating buyiog a HF amplier. They Wwatied ee uy a8 spl fat weeds Unpier What follows i dicasion of ‘om design fears hata opinion ‘wok Be presen im pense. or mex Cathode Considerations Ina dee aeated eatnodeadltungsten ‘with ubout 134 thorium) filament wire Uitscletons. nancy nested ca ‘oleytbe mee he heater eats kel ‘Spader dari ented with stron xie anal, hut bly crnesive ‘Biungsten eaten commonly make ty Beatin taapten on ap simoaphere 3 [veya (Cy) ga, Carbon women the fas bea ther bonde with ydogen atoms ne ond wile tongs atoms 10 Torm Auageten carbide one setae he the uaderying mite dangsten cable tapers vty durable, Dating tne te poe ferarenerich Diente eabide wad loses ntbon and changes back tnasten Exim hear exponentliy acelerses thie proces. The cute morn out when he toon is monty wed sp. ‘er el cathodes te orn ot fg cextsna-anode anlar res ate co moni. earn ah epee, Sores fulemision, Although posible io ecarburiet 33002 doing ure ant ahiypeofeahode has advantages and disadvantages, Ansheleyinderbia ach fess nductance nun tungsten wire. Dr fect feted cathodes se vlaiely poor prrlormest shove tie low VHF range, Whereas tome indirectly Hest cathodes 20 Osh an petra aici at 2500 Mt. & iety heated cathode pally warts op {ness thanone secon whiefew indy eae cetodes can warm up suey ino ‘tow, However, the major Savatage of Ince heated cate apie bes ost emma of dlls pet wa, hey a noch more cst than 3-007 (Cathodes deserve respect Filanent ol Fig 1—Stop sant cet or ampere al (BQ840'). inet e brig expector {ortre crouse hgrvotaga te 2 rlay rol vorage S| Suut ‘tame 722 eecond wi be rough ava thevalay's de col ronarce, age ee lament nas cst te areas of ‘pecilcoreem itameat Vote For optimum hf trom dsly tested cath tho fle voltage shold ot ‘Shove the vole whare PEP cutpet elas re ecrease, Ave cathode es amen Toile neds to he narensed erally t0 estore fll ouput Using thir echaigue, Simsmerialbrondcatrs peal ates i operting Ite wf 22000 hours trom Sinpier abes with cucty pete cat oe Nccondngo Bimac’sCoreand Feeding of Power Grid Tubes, eters BF tse “Ghee heated cntnode ameot voltage ‘ests nw 50% decree fn lie se f tron lowe, cach atonal 3 nae ‘lament wage Sereaes he hie Wy al Epresed rmthematiealy.cuhoue he proportional w [EE ]% whee, isthe owen lane soliye at whieh bor PED outpo i ealizd wal Fs thei ‘etel flmeat valiage, Tcessytome the amen voltage luxe when ne ilamert x powered ye ‘Gwntenefoeme Ala’ necdeds sal theowatin ses wih primary. Por dan toltge dualprcnarytralermer doa, anged eben equa. Whea he i: iment is poered by a winding one high Cite raters, mating te arent ‘stage ajusbleinoe ctcertine te ‘hemvste nut econaeted othe om rte ‘ge secondary winding dea, ganged fc, 3064 rosa ae oto be found In your en Rado Shack Sh indiectly netted cathode can te pecmaaenily damaged by being operated ‘acu amen roles ‘attodequekly bo of esse mate ‘amc ennie maternal bad neve when Ilan the gid. For manu ethoe Iie in HP service, an tnarety heated ‘tho should be erat at the rated ‘stom filament voltage. hit a be ‘complished best with tegulte Se upWy. Serie once and forget about actus ‘ons in the elec mai voltage, ‘Filament tnrash Current Directly heated eathode Carmen ue commonly ta vertical shine Relies {coll of ungren wire that ae suspensod by ther ends tsee September 1990 OS, ge 5), The eondoetae of tungsten ai Foor trent ie about $3 times the Constance te norm operating t= erate, Ths, the sutup creat for TSeampee amen canbe 125 aperes. Ta higharpiiation abe such ste 5-500, he amet heles cent he pd cage by aaisane of nly afew toasts ‘tas inch. If be ponton ofthe lament hungensto-Hament sho may rsa ‘Therefore. 8 prdent to lait amet Inrusheuteat in oder inser and mages ives, For many of I Smaller avecty heted vaiboge amp tubersoch atthe 4002 and 33002 igs recouuends that isnt rach ‘eaten be lined to more than Joab the sem curen. Since egrid-to-athodeclearaneinan Indiety heed cabote st afte by Movement of the tener igide the reid ‘kel lider, indiety heated eats: fr ot afected by iru cure, ‘Measurements "ested the lament ina ceceat ia popula factor bul MEME ample vi Lirof }S00zs,Sace each be wpe inp lnc caren 167 Ae tah fcasirad 30 A Of ors erent po ilo: ‘Bent Sinae rte fe ment woage a 275° minim io 5.25 ¥ maxlnum bt {efilament vole measured 3.31 V. With {5 Vigsiesdo $31 ¥, tho une ie ofthe 53S0uzs would be boat en tne longer ‘messes the filament eg ne atoy bultsingle 35002 amplifier The Silamect voltage Was over3.7 V7. Attis ota, he arhode would proly be wer ot 400 ous of epecton and tis oe “The 8877 awa ilamen voage ria of 495V oinmum to 828 V maxima: for HP communications service the opto {lagest voltage is 4.75-V" One popular commeeil apie operates 8877 ‘mont at about 808 V when the angles fpesated at the UStandard (20720 V. (Opeatng an #877 at lament volge 595'V ie recommended for tose ple ‘eho have moce money thas bes A Simple ae Voltmeter For measuring 2c flament votase, Vincary atthe low end ofthe meter see ‘So important Wit it ing an se linet movement [s teh einer than would ‘thease Bethe ae, ha needed te i hattwave recier ong a Sehotky (ie, a capacitor and afew resistors. The seereanbetheamglife'smulsimete. All thatthe operator needs two tacks one baler tsle-one for minimum soltage CoP ctor te Fg 2Fow o mensare the a6 Hemant ‘hae wits 2ratorCalsrte th (tstahera voter sannocted sha {amen re ibe net 00 ‘aren enoee. 78 and the ote for maximum voltage. Grid Protection {have performed aopsies on to many Aaput amplsier tober that shed sn HP Snplfien Some of hee uber had dm sued gride—bul be dumase was ue unigue ‘soe hat scausedby VHF or UF cure have never founda gi tht was damaged by excessive HF gd curea. Pertaps this ort so stages Fe sue is posse to roast eg eaag up key-down for 3 ouple of minutes on 10 mers wit the Toad caactor set for 40 meer comes 0 ‘ind. Tas would revue inbigh ei earent nd aimest no RF cup. However since ‘Rost people-—aysel! eluded—tune roundos-end ample for maximum ‘Re—ata maximam RE italy cose ‘ith poral gra curent—ver few peop trelielyoaverears ena Thus complex ‘lecronie gae-protection ckeuls eo becesay. A major disadvantage of elec- tome grt-protetdoncircus isthe) ae Effective apeast the major source of grid ftumape--sidde. large Borst of VEF oF Un prideareatAmeretoolpoot method ‘of protecting he grid fase o foe resin to Cat restr mae god ‘Guten Protection DDurog a rao lth the anode plate) corent mee enbjeced tes eument sure isthe HV fier capesiors deharge. Soh Seueetis type evorlbundred pes ‘npees-—po exaclycoareous eames fea I-A mete, However te peas curt Wilde asa higher ia eirmod Tella the abort iu erent hoa 96 {elvered bythe HW fer supers: Te ‘erent Siting cessor pace i artes ‘he postive utp he iter capa fork A TDL (OW wine wound reir is ‘Megute for upto EV and I A. Since the ures lig ress wil bo ripting many tlowats ducing & major gltch, 1 should be a raged ls-coted (,wite= (4s) ype Ia pias eae reir open rectangular ceramic-essed resistor often does Tie postive high volte beet aes to chase grovnbecause of lat & tiny Insect as intrtient VHF praise a9 cra! heeikeneptive high-voltage ‘eit willy fo spike to several ie ‘oeenegative to tetea wl hs type oF ich is aot an uncommon occorenee, ‘Anything that gets nthe way ofthe eye tive pte may be amazed Stoce the gi ‘cutest meter is normaly coaected be- Iwetochasssproundndthenepaivehiah age crcl te meer an be sxpate 6 Ulovots at hundreds of amperes 1 beard soutone grid current meer a omebrew ewpifie ihatexplnded crtags gh. THe ‘ls fm the moter anced the 0% “Theeatet wus tora acuren eter Issa connect aicon rectifier dose sere itorscrore te saat easton, Usullys aly ‘ue diode cooaecied wit tweathode ban tothe meters negative tena needed. in paral witha meter Teinay aks more thus one diode to pro tectametr Shunt eit sen dee elas to conduct at formar volage of out 8 V-Tosyold afesing eters ‘acy, he uperntine soe per potesion Ainveshoalgnotencoodo SV foretsa: iishuat tors reading ot TA fllseale, das 1 V irons it Tha, two profeston ios would be needed fo preserve meter fccurcy. IE the shostteistor for Tra fllsese meters 1 2 ibre dies sre eee Prtetion diodes should not be pit, Big. way diodes wih peak curse rang of 300 Aor more are est have sce Smaller dioderand the meter thy were ‘pps oe protecting itera ows 20) bya altch:Afersome biter exper= nce with fener codes | Depa ang the INSIOT. Ia small quariies the TNS4O1 ost about 20 cents cache taed at 500 8 for 8.3 ms, 3 As, and 100 PV. Otter diodes fom ine INSUOD Tani wl Store aswell Deringan extremely bighou feot sure, a gtet-protection dinde may Shoreoutsd, by sodaig. sl pees precious parts, Replacing t shored po fection diode festead of @ Blown teri ‘noe fo, "bile high-voltage dashover cn ‘camage un ingietly heated cathode tbe Here'show: fa many ampiir onesie of the Mimeaueuter ts gounded. The oth ‘de Isconneted io shenezative HV cut. the negative HV spikes to sever! slo: ‘oli the cathode wil eet the growed Flament. Ate musi. ths bresks down the issation hetween he este an the ‘aloe. Sometimes the ester ite Burns ‘outa somecimas the cathe ss the _Hounded grid, Either way hetube is kaput ‘Therchavebecaimany 877s ander inde rely heute cathode amplifier tber ths Alibi wny—alf for tk of 0 cents word of gtet-protecton diodes. So why don't manufacurers of such samplers oes he oepative HV crit Irom spikes? "The ase isan eectole January 199431Ceteh22. Even though ts Kiely that 99 Simpler manofatrerhas ever eas that was damaged by HE grid erent they tutti Tel that eletooie vercument Protection loc the ged portant. How. rer elesrone ersten speoection™ es for rie ze compat le wl things at it he vllape om the esa tive HV ete to cams grown. Thon tatempttopotctthe splat om fe pervived role designers ese the {ube vlnerabe to aniston om com. “Toprevent ie aepaie HV cient from spiking tosevea Koval coanect tng OF 200-A for siete lich-rotection ‘les rom the eaative terminal onthe ighvotage ite: capacitortochasss Exc Sigg wil it the voage across sel 0 about 1.3 Ve Typ. tee odes ae ‘eadedo-tbs firing he spike to about ASV. Thedioepniantyswatnhecamose bandtowarstheneptve igh otape, With ‘oe simple wires chap, te same sing (of dloden cap aio roe! the et-caret ‘eter andthe spode-cument mete, Power Supples Troneormers ‘Virwally all wansforers use gape 10 separate abd Ssulate eat layer of wind ‘age and paper tygrosopie— aborts ‘nates vapor rom the ur The presence of “hater reduces te nslaing ay 0 he piper. In me. inulmion brekown Ts [ely The aon 20 ore windings: plane resne ae beat for ptngs aid Ducleus arte neatbet. Since ping ils phe aiespces inte wiingean tis oor heat eonductor—peting improves estan, trey sedacing teal perature and decreming tbe lelinood of Fle Potng sds ver It the tal ‘Couto atenformes dane wets tly from he engi cot by inert the tanforner= hens Bites ‘Capacitor Fikeredpowersopplisarethe ayia Asatew Hao aspliers, bcause ‘tbe ight weight relative ease of obtaae ‘ing high Ge potentials. gd tanten en vllagerepalation must forSSB), “il eon. Since choke and singing choke fikerecangothandetonsetcurentoads, {he oly alent for SSB une vse funceboe iter, which asa antges ad leads A resoanchoke Her icky to toe, easy and expensive. aor ‘oles och higer bleed core haha Sipueor iter egeres. However, feoe natteshoke fier demands ony about one- sithan ach peak power fom the electric tou as a capaci fier demands TW Ineans that for 120-V opration where ower much roe tamed thaw BOL operation, esonac-ehoke iter is lel the bee chore. ecifiers Thermos eques allure mode Forhighs Or soitage power apply rectifiers too much Tevet cures, This problemcanbe vint= iiyeiminatedintull-vavesecatersreuts by ntkng sore atthe taal peak inverse valle ineach sing of diode exceeds the peak secondary voltage ofthe hihevolage Hrosfonner by 4 snectable magi: SOS Sounds comfortable me ‘loser slcesate seer we made ferent tha hey were 30 years ago. In ‘hose sacent days. tes aid not have ior eapataee Tab slept ep fquallze the peak reverse cures in ‘Srey connoutd rece parallel ele ‘or and capacitor sea conmestad 0.e4c0 tects twas fet that sping 500 1 pf vith 10,000 9 (001 HEY would este erate, i dt wort 100 nel ‘ince the tolerance of the capstone wed ‘vestypecally 20910 #805. Aaotherprob- Tem tat the estes that were pels ied (470 a, U5 W) were ated 3 250'V meta maxima, Itt Harly taf io uae ‘ne of these resstoce wih 8 TDD-PIV fecufer Asset “equaling” aid more Snegolizig tha ying ele Ben er ‘ecttiertecrology improve, people bung ‘onthe olgbabtat uring pale onto Sad espacio, “Theres aw inthe ogi behind sing rece equalization In ay sere sea, ttecureetsioalortheclemensareetscl) ‘eal Thon when ricer ar ins, ‘he revene curent burden fs excy the ‘me foreach resin Now is ttt some hing thas alec exact equal aed to be cuaied? I should 20 nithou saving tat tevescomneted veers sbould ae ways eof the same type Mixing resis With iferent junction eapactaness con hube a proble. “Thee Is une insance where equaling resistors and capacitors we 4 good Wes Yoitge spits come oto favoes pos five ans weg fier esti ire five and negate voltage spac 6 sp) ‘eves area stored othe iter ‘SpactonHlomeverinahall verter ‘teu oly one platy sextet ge spe ote thee pony’ cant Be ‘sorbed the filer expacitor. sted. the Potealallydestuetve spike appeasac0st the reife Placing 4 eapaciorseroet "ch ecg els to iit eves spies Neterasutiontoconnetsmtal-onde ‘aratorarom eachballowaveecenr {otae a ullewsve sect cea lotrotee Capacitor Egualiing Realtors A resstor'svoiage rating cakes rece dence ver se power ral One at ‘arn competion reine havea ak ‘namsotape ring of 350° For example, ‘ines 469 Vo dlsspae TW ine 22048 ‘ealtor (EH1PR)09, lathe pas ome ae ler engineers decided that 22044, 197 nfonccompontion restore would make [on and cheap wntage equaling rel {ors for480-V elecuoiccapeliors on. ‘eeable overselige fr To pats! Whes + curboncumposton resistor is operates hove omatimamvltogerating changes fesiunceecarty what you dont wantin lage vider Capacitor fale a liely ‘asin ofeqativatseclectolytcespae tone connected in were when the olapes cs the capacitors atte sae. Even ‘thon key se operated wit hei veiage ‘ating carbon componlonresiarschenge Fesistnce with age. Tus. 2-W carbone npotiios resistors. which ae tated a SOO stent theamtwer Metaloxde- {MOF restsore are fe speror to carbon: ‘podtion sists ASW. 10K MOF fessor mes an encelen euler esi {or for 450 capoitrs. Lower vaes of esiuace cee etrabest-ometlng at ‘Sesralyi sapsiors oot oleate wal lasing “The operating as to ose asplies sotaijestatle single Zener dade typ ally ed The esting eo-al ance ‘ten he aling corte ie eon ont tour Adjustable bas would be aie. The Solution bts the wpeating fs tome Series scing of forward Based reeset Aioes By switehing the aumber of diodes inand out wt actry siete Bay ean ‘pe changed in prone DIY nee ‘Atte te ht cold be ingeoved inthe method of iat suiting Between receive and eranamt In this modern age there eno rearon Yous 8 pokey, aoity mechanical relay fo switeh es. An opto. Iovate coupled oa waassor sete can “his jopbeuerandeheaper. Anelectoic bias snnihtmoethan fan coos o Keep upwin medem niphsreed RF rely, Elcetroote bus watches thi ue RE setuated rete to ecblens. Ie ap fee tbe switees betecn linea bis ad ontnesr bis daring sty spoken sae Bes of speceh.cwusiag choppy soundiog to and splaien Teves polos art "Himiated whee the eecroaie Nas atch ‘s conlled by the cueeat tat passer throu the Resa’ cl High-Speed Relays The switching time of 2 coneeational relay 15028 msnwkchiag ia some- ‘shat stentrtn mansee. Sc relay Bae Uadiionally heen seed for RP ond blae Sitehing in AF amples. This, wat scceptblewhen transceivers alsousedcoe ‘iol relays. Cactenly masalaeared Urasceversare designed or AMTOR, QS (Ciandreasonaly quiet SSB-VOX opera: tion Suoh tnnselvers ste gach and {uly Japenese uanscevvers een Use 2 Manette (Panasonic) NR-HD-12V reed relay toate RF oup. Provided that {he SWR rent rigteolowy, te relay cat ‘ependaiy ste 130 of RE Te works ‘ret ak HE alte when ii ef ‘ich the input RF sige TRS relay 6 aisle in te US ae pare pat for ‘Renwood and Yaes acon. ‘Atboueh Matsushita ests 1 sells wHDAIZY vlay to US Amaiee Radiofeo $009 F130 ay a] oon Fi &_Adjustsieelocvonc extod ins ston for cathode cures up 129A 1-0. tosi-v rane: vtiage CICNPN. £00 100.104 IP 036, -RY Kovac HC-1 a Jennings RUA ‘ipprosat (Dar Koy pat (Re callecseiocemier "(7 Armaxmum a 3 wee) ERSGICRNG ort, Dit ke's v2" itaventa F-HO-12V re relay ie sicabesy (ietenwoos part number cidaden, Masurie’o| | oerincuccee i oaneeertabey_hancnge ar ovAugue BiG dlodes making up D2 may have to be ‘peal the deg on recetve 24 The urepectled dk Ace gre Inevaead Income arr Vc nad cniy enim hea ‘VeW Neaos.INEAOT. el gp Giichrcostion dod (1NS4D4 or nt, 200-8 peak or grout pclae nuary 1994 39squipmen! maostaterers, 4 US ree flay ‘manufacturer could profsbly come wp with similar relay, Hf tere were enough eran: leanings and Kilovaeaneactre ighapcedcelay that wllstenbloute ‘OCRE, The Jennings relay the RU-1AG Kovac the HC-I-l have Been tag ‘hes two ays for may seas to switch ‘ewutpstie my amples. When ousted ‘wih lone abe, hey are aly gue When used with speedep cient ether relaycanswteh gander 2s Luscespecd “pssequencing tell thr prevents thea. Mom being hotswitched and ve nt had ‘ela al nib sti Te maker Hite seve toe warrenty futling—er baying ampli that Shits fe 28 soe 4m apie ‘ise witha mrdern ao ould Be the cally more comer say "hoeulebes ib Bas HE Stabitty (On page 72, the 1926 edition of the ARRL's Te Radio Auateur's Manabi Toldus how bail u nproved VHF pa Ste-appremsor--one tat prosides bette ‘VHE stably han orsay acai sup. presse, The lope was emery. A sp pressor is saposed to dampen a circu Since low (it syzonymeus with high dampening build xauppeasr wit ow Q. Instat of ising a comdactor wi high Q 21 VRS at copper tsar hadector with fow Ost VHF-restance trite, The 1926 Hanabok sad “The cone Binstion ofboth restace aad inet Isveryelecuve ili para of fale tos negigble value of cure ‘Met 1939, srpeone forgot inlode tnvormation nthe lank, knoe ‘ays the ove probably det et ‘ety meh lasron wes generally Bad poor mpisestion st VRF, su VHF ines: By wap nt macho an ate, Doing the ncuog decades, Asuteus Radio upeators Std ampier manulactares got io the abi of using parasite suppeesoom made from ‘coppersor. e¥ea. worse (Plated copper. Tis wevancay habit gt Ino: copper abd silver can be soldered sy and cheap. Meaowbile. he VF Smplfication of ciestton tubes Kep int ring. Modera bes eed 1926-reage fansite soppresors with low Qat VAP! "VHP parse ovcilaon can cause bundssattarcag ning sopacior arin, in a are pulse of gcaren. The pase fF gd cure 3 urge that power ‘uaguac fore i exerted between the aid nd Hament Ip 4 380 tis force ‘pale of Bending the ho tungsten fil ‘Rent helices andeausing seater Shor OFsoure, tere fev tades to uing ‘ppressos with «lose (at VHF. On the IMbmeter band they reduce amplifier oat put by roby 0.05 dB. Ths sould come sn suprise anything thal dampens VHF ‘esonanee fs bouns to hve se eft 29 Mill. A\VHE suppres that des nt {eth oo 10 meters et ding oh. 4 oer ven sougn much nas bes pubisted ahoat VHF pata oellaion anpitier Ses bem built without the bene fippressrs ith a ow at VHE. Some mpiier matutactres presently tke & view ofustegsachoupocenn vent su have signs paresis seh as Ir intent bandsiteh weg, they wl vid the watt if You femave thelr suppres Soe 'with he Qt NH ap tls ‘placement witha owe at VHF tepStart Lange pone: supplies need soetbingto soften the sock of ur-up. A 10-4 DPST (araaly open 10-A DPDT relay =a vo 25-4, 10. eer are us sou 3 That's needed t ad.2 good step start. ‘cuito ie average L3O0-W ample The ‘epestat cient belong in series wit the rmamoses ocicut rears Ths the ‘lumens wil aso enjoy the bert of ene sit, 1s More Gain Always Better? “Toy, te nore or les stand intans- sexier oupat 10 W. There are amplier Tubes that eaa easly be ruielby 100 W of dine. A goad example isthe 3CXB00A7 Using (00 W of drive wl eventually sp Makes off dhe eat "The Makes cin be. ime loge teen te cathode 30 the rd cagecreating» short. ven pa Sr 8CHEOOATs Is eary verdes by {00 W. Doing so eat we Hake th ica eae soles slater ie comet Testor ich SCXHUOAT cabode, These (cathove RF negative feedback) resistor seduce gaa. As aol thea lle wot be dein above is asolte fatima atigsandintonoaloeanty— fy 100 trascene Catode RF rosaiveleedback resistors ao bate thas having amtshed prof SCXMOUATS—the eafbosesurrente A. ‘tially ejulizetemecves. And une AIIALC cir, cathode feedback se tows work astantancuslyetiminating [ALC gener isw—leainge ela ‘988, (Ampliiectosrarsetver ALC ‘oly works properly en modes with eo San spa feel, sich as RPTY and FM) When asingie $-3002 fs driven by 10 W. {also Spates. Although the ate eves swoon 35 W, marufacarers of amples ‘thang $3002 vere ween Sing ew apie was anode cree tf up te 350 mans fet hat reuies wing "Shoat TO Wf drive. On SSB, this po Stoces distortion and spat. Bete ates ‘eanodeeurenc st 0 mh abseate wus Imam Wakes s 2543 catbone foedbachr- Sabet ake» :S002 Sapp wth 10 ‘Wf deve The fessor ges series with the ‘athode coupling capactoe Te would be nice apitiers were de. sigued toe compat with 100 W of ee Agjustabe Tunes tapats Moder MBIAF tamceivers with = solldstite vatput stage sae ab entned pup RF ott stage Inder to mest FCC rouitemeats on spurious emis, passband LC ites ste uses Soom ie Intodece inte and eapative reset tance at varios frequencies within tele Upham oe ts the outa Pedence oa nodeentroncever seldom 450: /OW2 This mocanhequene nls Son happen one doing one np aa founded unpliier. ints ene, the ier eeactancettract with he eatanes ‘the apot capacitor the peaetWore funedinput Theleagtsel the coes tetecs Thelilersndthe tines npt attest he way the resctinesitevae. Ab esl the put SWRcanauer the SW soo {he ianscelver wil atomatcally at Back ieee tended Q of 2. approimatey 200 9 ot (oput capactaace fs aceed Tor tuned is er han a ate rae SUE apt eapactor may produce tbe best SWR with putcwlar ‘ode anesiver and apatites of Sok A diferent model amocives o 8 "erent eng of enna ay require aie Fereneralve np capacitor Ttwould be ice fan ample’ ing spucitor onthe tired pate sould Be readily adsted Summary ere ist fhe vaio Fetes = arsed nti ticle ad te sprouts Sto eluiag the at ample Ses + Adjntable fument voltage and simple lament voltmeter sing the exat- Tools $1010 $20 “Septal creat $7, {Adsl electronic bas switch, 2. Higtspeed RE relay, $90. 1 Parssitesapresuce with a low Q HE, ‘Separate Ngh-voliage and fament transormers—preerbly pomtes, meta ‘tice ils equalzaune restr fr ele tel eapactos no soealled equalizers ‘om high-voltage eciien 860. “stake the amphi compatible with 100 W of dive, Sr * Ghtholeton diodes fr the mete sireits andthe negative hig-volage ret 30 ents. Sn 10,10. glasecouted eso in series withthe postive lead of te Nghe ‘tage power sippy, 6 cen, ‘Aajstble tpul capuitocs on the tuned ings, 36. ‘Obviously hee ae ther importante ‘meats consider i apliedesgn The ‘lemons aacussed above re ons tat se frequently verookss. If soa have any ‘questonsorcommens, lessecall My te {elephoe numbers MOSSS8653734, BSComputer-Controlled Electronic Test Equipment Part 2'— This month, we build the motherboard and power supply—the physical foundation for all the test-equipment projects to come. As promised, the first of those projects is an L-C meter, also in this installment. We've got lots to do! Par we lithe wowndwor or number fees Tin Stare aed test garment wort tt econ poet te tee he srmpter Th strech ‘Noie nig he mccedd expen Sheba ating he PC power focal fs testequipmen lca tn capping the con fat ine talent nel ove wo projet he 27 Incocompuer materoudlpowerapply combination stan indataneeeapeance U0) etc £28671 Microcomputer Motherboard and Power Sopply Connecting components » moroprcessor is requemy 3 ore involving x tess of wires, cables, power nappies ahd ‘Smyrna efor to almost eliminate these inconve inch PC preect bands 2nd Incindes one : P12 for busexpanson ‘inno the otberboard sre tee power tupgtien: #9 V © 25:A varepited, und reglsted $15 0 @ O85 A; ce Fig 3.8 Ist provi Si-pnbeaders Spin vocket oad fem electae component supplies wach Moar an Direkey 1 isan aujustable etching regulator, Input voltage ab round asteouyneto Ot on pins ano 3, espectvely, ind the of 72,2200 thes 5:V outa: The +15:¥ ouipot eds voltage divider RS ‘md RS, string po tht comests to Ut fo Pies Sie V DO ABU! aust thesapitade o the = ‘nuts, RD ane C4 aire Ul Ui hay bait heralsbutlown and current tiniting pro tection Switching replant don spate uch poe ‘When rete the circuit with 0380 load tached Yo oth 1S outpate witha ine apet however, UI"seswe got atl fe simple U-shaped et snk keeps col ‘Sir power-con staio-rliet holes ae provided un the PC tothe holes povided then fe inte third ow ose a hoes Yor altace. Two boes marked POWER ITCH nace he a inet ront-panel poster sith. Holes labeled "Notas appear on page LED» sad LED~ provige for eanscton of 2, the POWER ON tab, silty and strength the motherboards size demands opted una chasss or Frame, Plexus lumina o¢ Jand-nave a nation ont panel tts oon. ag dd arons the toe 3 he panels als ay, Fig 2—A ae sat shown ener he power suply section on te January 1998 _ 95Fig 3—Scheratc of he power supivinctneroard cet. Ulass oternve species essa re We @ctocrance ‘arbor composton or im unt Th Spin male headers {DRC54¢ Yaron onan camer ae ted grounds maug dea ae poe forcing ech Pe ead te ‘rasan numberesis or eat Dimov, ABE et. Bs baninsece Paes 18.¥ tse ‘Pat? {im Mal 0-n Peader (Santee TS150-144). ‘SPraatemale s0-9n gona (Garvoc BCS-150.-5 HE, Sarat tga sot oct sot ‘Tipowarranslomar agneek Tas part umber E16. BSLSVA SEN SDo Te pian cial bV FMS & Eek snconaaras ‘T2Dial secon aarfvoac wanstrmar.(Recrting to ‘tonal Someone malabia rom ages tres sbutes: Fano Eerie In, 60 sty Bla, Dew: Par S01 eae grea Sone pre rcpt Plo moat PO Bax 12286" San Diega, CA 82172, 619. 220 3eGn Barna P6500 Ae Mapes, out Tee St Ayelet, Fan ters par 30- plaatic angle brackets or en alaioum piste fate ae few ‘ptions If you mount the matberbeard ona etl fame dont ‘hort the bs lines! Taser page of Mylar of oe insulins ‘rater en eenany mea chesisvapoors tn therotherboaed Hy lly tye spor i coupe of seas fixed to he righe-fand wacetormer mousing “The POWER SwTEH, POWER OK LED sné the 28671 CPU ‘outd's RESET aid AUTOPPROGRAM contol ace mosnted on & small front panel This panel ea sinc wide pate ined othe Tetetton: seston ofthe motherboard The pase Yercalcimen: slondepends oe theheghtofthechrsis or fame used. An angle bracket secure between the uppet mounting hoe ofthe Z867 board andthe front panel Keeps te assembly righ and table, Power-Supply Adjustment ‘The8-V supply requires no adjustment. When you're ready to test the switcher supely, however, fst set Re fo tr masta ale 1 KCL The feedback apa pin vltageis compared to UUs 123-V reference. When Rd eet 0 1 Hf, the 218-V spells Gelveraboutsi3SV-As RG cesistnoelsdecreated, the Sutput ‘lings increase Meterthe +15 Vine and jun a for areas ingot +13 V. Then cack the13V line (ensore that voltage Isto cores, ‘The LC Meter LC meters are handy to haves Nowadeys, you can find somiersaly made L-C meter priced et ebowt S60 end mare. Uevaly the metre cont sover te full range of L-C values of Interest umateurs, Alb. there's aly the question of eb ion: How acurate isthe reading and what's the evolution of te reading? ‘Ont computer aides L-C meter hs «resolution of beter than foot significant sige over the following ranges: capacitance, Tp 10000 uF inductance, 1 yl to more chan 3H “Te metr'saccuracydependson he components used ding . Four ‘uly charged alin bern can provide nearly 8.4 Ve Seva concer tbe too close fo the S731 sbrolate masiasm, Using ony three burereyané no diode wouls power the S7CS1 ute lower edge of te supply ‘age. situation shatnight eato glitches ‘sibaey oltage falls. So, the INGOUL is 2 compeomises it voliage drop (Bout 6 Vinita the $7CSI "4 maamum spy tovaound S3°V wen four fly eaarged tkalins are ed Display Choees To permit aide feedominshoosing 4 spay tne keer hasbeen progr mmed te die igx220%2 a0 30 und ox2 dislays (jumper wise sets the 19 operate wi paeatrdspley conige. ‘oa, Uncle Alberts Umigue Keser ill ‘ev sth msn diferent LED male ferinaance, the Hise LMOSALe4 12 sisply that's quite sll. Ox the other tadstheopnex Pw 8 40% 2 iaplay sed in the keyer shown it he Pt raphe) cin show 40 charmer st tine fering yout see moe of what Sours SSoding. Vistar whocanancnpy CW? arlind more imprest!) Phomore 46 Osh APC bouts avalbe rom the autor, Sern tthe bayer '\ Common LCD-Module Pinout FS (egisa seecy Fr (aaeaeta Selec) Eleraoiinate Dor bd Data 0) Bier bBt (Dai at) alten ere int ‘ted tect used bye mur tose oe cee ‘Siren Abreas0 ce eae Gy Suga on a aio Shae um ate bow ip, Sopiy es and waver ean harctrs« module ea dpay, sn the lager he characes, the ore il Stperiist LD rmodalen, shen sfford eter uma once wer viewing anges ‘han sundard type, ee abo more expe Ne than thelr Mandar couterpars, Getting the Parts Cttng the parts for Unele Alben linigue Reyer feos The only Unele ‘bets Unique Ker parts mt sralable trom Radio. Shack we the. NTS ircrocontrater HC Boar ett ab te TCD aheplays An deted in Note tthe ‘wopramped 87C81, PC board LED and her compensa sy rom ret So wink sv hoping van So a, ‘ve hulhallormy teyersino platictoxes na hau wouble wih RE terres to "id ypasscapscors fo your Kever= ‘pot andoupat ies if ya eum te di ‘ity wh RE-indues Keyer pinches. youdecdetoshop forantCD modsle souteyu'l find that many malas iurere make LCD modules The modules Tee seen appa ig be denen in apes. 1m and pint (OF these ferent die- plays I've used, ll have worked vel ‘hough one|aPilpe LINZI 1] needed TRAP eapctor sero ts per into f= die the slcttal noise everest Stareap.) AS Table 2 shoe, be pinout of ECD chaacter splay moduler some 10 ‘estandard~ut eat forthe modsle ave: ble through tno suppliers well-known 10 fame (Digi-Key and Mouser). Between ‘ete another firms, ad bam le me ets, you should ave 9 problem eying 8 lispiay Tor Your keer Construction ‘With go Few pars, this project site simple bia. Phe LcD modules in oe {ESL ics that Reale al the manipslcone lavolved with diving the 5x7 dot marie Alsplays~al you dos hook hem up and dds few other pars, Then all you need to tio is power up the kever and adjas the Te Agius” wiih Riu xeing tht ‘ill depend on your vlewing angle Then sou'eready to presets RESET buon et Sour keying speed and get onthe a ith Uncle Albers Uniguefejer! ORS)Under the Hood Ill: Capacitors In this, the third in a series of articles aimed at providing a glimpse of the many components that go into our communications gear, we examine capacitors —how their construction and characteristics influence selection, use and circuit design. By Byan Bergeron, NUH Enis Str eee ‘rrece Erma bergeron@ time mt. eso me es eee tia ase cay me a OD Stine wa caries ip pha en toa el ue dtc wed ean, Cason toate verve feee= (i connum= 26 ub Mls Sesipalacnutharscvoan tect JB PP HE SGI Capac Cateation tallow te nergy to pe whe circ that en apa i: dvide stapes a cure “apsctor grouped acoeding tnd arin ering a nto Ue Capuron idee type noe pay meermnue doveirjotwcrow'an chorus angst Tsved from distant stars to te metl+ anaheim sles le mio fellagencumea and feyoecies at Melting might of iterate power prs Whueriiey as Ieels caging fo that of rat imple" Lie revo. captions canbe ced. Sf-lupacos av ry idly pied oy arabe inva. ths Under the Hows Til enver nome othe fined ond vartble Capusitor type tse in Amateur Radio A ]_ semmueicttn yo don't intentionally eve the spuceletwevn scape plates, ofilit Capacior ties In simplest fem. seapacitoreonsns of wo cnnduetrs, often peneically cll plate, neparated hy an slate gee Ciily known aswel: The capacitor rons, and the chrseerisiee of the “ite Ulcer, ‘deere the capacitors “apaetoner it abiity os east) — In haste vat of which fy the fared (Fi, ‘uted tee Michel Farag. Lom pte ee a 3 | iGnenferapes thsce des Boi apatorsan inate ia sacra conning nomic aa = aly compute sade pa 319 Hy (2 apactance cording telecon clos wo polsyroes hen, apes ort a wo, January 1904 45ith, Maid oF tat capacitor ‘lle a setelete type. Mostar ‘eeine cpacten are torablee although feed we capactore are somenmes ned in bigh-power traning apes os nd “aie oily bull hy experimenter Ceram capaitorshvelong beens tur RE tuning and bypass apliion. parthecone ct their ow sere nba Popator ceramicxapactr types Ince ‘ines monolithic an layer Diss ‘evamlc capac esis ecopzeds he igure thin ah untstped come fen common wn mane PC bog sre Formed by two tia she etmek, orem metal tht fe sopra hy a biamaionae or aotter ceramic ile. ‘The resalng suodvieh nether eesne 1 in sel of seramis or dpe ae Feta p0x9 or protection aust Me my. Muilyer ceramic espacitrs und ser facesmount ceramic ship eapaclors are Forma by suniwchig layers etal lokomceramle sectodes. Monolithic rams have the highest eapaltance pe Ua volume, sp put becese Yale hit ‘elect fom the urd of 13 jm hick or "T6-¥ caption, Ceramic caputors ate valle with vollage ratings uf Nevers ows Hectic Amina elec apace v0 raed Because (a they are ade uf two aluminum coadectors pated by 4 id ‘raaltelacolytertby iy sean elcto- Fytelly deposed electri. iin eer eve te delete costs o abit Sayer sig atuminam out on he eet ‘ewido be the anode. Hash fi shee ‘estocemiclly ovehened fr nceased Sartace area which equates to greater = bavtance. Amun electayte expe {orsare comm in power-supply keg Fetersape coupling sa bypassing apple Because their slaminun-oxide site tee sates oly guint cent fo ie ‘ie ection. stindardstmnem cles: Seana tear amarmtera ecotneats 46 Sh tly aces te plaice, and her leads are arsed + sod” securing ‘ithouphappiying wt with ehe ere poly ca eaute volt a! peat ‘Rimage tenia ele. mont Dave he sbiley to eal themselves follow: Ing minor damage. Speciel denies. re Feral tan pater ai fine sleieotes. ave avalable Tor atioon in whic high lesan ‘ness flow trough he eae pn Tlraurinam eleetolyucsaredengned or Snplictions in bic port reversal forsee cic which hore Ha otageeappeaacton the capacitor. Tivatim electrolytic capacor se tantalum aod, manganese ule ele Ineand rapiteand leer pat cathode “The poplar tardop-hape slid tantt= lum lctolyin are eneapsslated tn 2 Hlame-retarcant epoxy cating That pro= ‘es urtorm lea spacing ead protection sim mechanical damage sn stare ‘ike alaminum electayte capacitor, tantalum electrolytes are polarved and designed to ork i elatiels ow ‘Sayecrents Although ontalam apart tors ten tobe expensive. their compat on Low de eakaze an igh capacitance have mae them The most pope = Face-mun capacitors vim Fiimcapacorsuse a placie-im com monly, polypeopyiee. polyester, oly Crbonate, plysvrene and potysaone) Aitacne” Fim eapacios are commas! inode by wind aluminum in ut whet Inet tgetier wits plate bow nt = © a 2 Se fg aay a casio pee re [Nilaup nutaccnoun comigustors {he suacosmount capt types show ‘hse atom fp tom ome ch "Sri, lumina aco, sr ‘Bnonlon corer e an ri ‘Saoiyiesuface nour Sapectors are ‘Sethe dor of 0193 mm on on plindicl form, Atenatively. meta Finca be racuain-deposited oo the Plisie. Metatized polypropylene cana Store, usetal in timing spolicaions he- ‘sun of ete sal adn eae, te ‘Smart inthnway Fil eapacitersare ‘elie inexpensive a provi apa ‘ances up afew miro at Olape ‘tings upto sever andre ots, es The popular sifver-mica capacitors, sed excenively in BE tpt ie are composed of lab of mice sandwiched eran two conducting plates Me's high eect strength and low dielectric Tons makes such wapuctrs suitable Tor hiphvallageund RF appieatons, Parte ‘Skamp mies, sugared because oT sae 4nd shape of tel laste packages were Sonor It RF twins, coupling wn By pevineapplcsions before the arpearence Staineceramis Sore Types Available, More on the Wa ‘The capacitor types Ive mentioned so tar re those mont common in Amatear Radio equipment ive the ungoingevo- leon capacior technology peshaps est thik of those pes any 2 gh tides of what x glen eapactor pe cas Sh Hybride of, and expansions, the major eapactor vps ate commen net Fates and nev ays of applying estab sted macs spear Fortmsance Fig) shows Pow fou capacitor ype ave beer saapied for stave novo Ciner capaltr tyes Suu may hear shot nade Osis tre capacitors. stil eed highsvatagepomer supe to iter set ‘Popersieerrie capacitors. wally tse om esimpresnaed pope, were ommon in audo coupling and REF Srpliie-hypaing applieons 18 e- ‘World-War i mam sod breesst rece cysebutarenow used mam indeand ine. Fequeney aaplieations because ot thee relatively high intone: ‘Hemonsback copacitrs stailable Salen up to several ora er Mca eapactors:Ywo lrg arming Unie fetch aug lent ae well ae veloc, ts pontage- ‘Smpe sadn ppod ecm testy Solow no SonaFig 2—Tho equivalent exc of el Sette ncucanes lg sees rx ig wre ead, cori erminabone, alm eee oe {ew marolradehae#tasnent esueney ‘Serneurere res 1001 ‘ves to memory-backup bateries * Peedtirouah capacitors shed c- ‘ey power or coil lines trough bil ead panet and chai we bypsing the nes o geo for KF “Vacuu capactons, tked ad a able, a bic vac serves ts the di ‘lene to posi high-voltage, lowes peveemance in eltvely smal pachase ‘Doorn capactore~iarge. «slit sical ‘cramice weed ta high vorage? Seren coping, erg ead asa 3 pistons. 1 pond long-term atin anders ing. aking am replacing cata 610 lear to appresne the eignieance of the fictional ehracteristios xed to sescribe alleapacitors Not ey wil our Jnkbox tecume more valuable to you. but you ‘mgt he able sate ew dese st sour Inca prs sore bysubstuing a cheape, het etully capable, captor design to Capacitor Charsctersties Aside Ion thir phys properties, apitorsurtunctlonlly chanced a terse thereletrontatie caps dele tre los, rated voltage. insult resis tance operating equency tage, tabi. Fetal. and pression. Some of these ‘hiractentes can be etter undestn Tefen to the funtion equvalent ofa ‘apuctr (fg 2h There jp comidershle Sverlap i he fonctions characteristic ros engactr types ‘Thebasicitofcapactonc isthe aras by bt fara no ange sonnet he aputancesvomnman in rao and elec: teomes that smaller and more practical ctofaad iF = 10 Fy and pcotaad (ohn 10"? Fy values oe standin Ten Pate apple Wllae wa oF fe: atest eapacitor's ctl vl Aegre. ap teeta spec Eatiowy may relet ths. Like reson fined wapactor te manufactured i stan tld salues for example, TH, 2? HE STF and ok ae Tolerance Depending on anutitarng tole ances temperature, applied voltage ad ‘ther Tacos capac» actual eae tance ean vary greatly From its marked “ale. Fo he most pat. oleae i hed by the captor pe. For example, Aiseeramic and metalved-polycarbon ‘tem eapaltoes are routinely alae With 5 tolerances; mie capacitors, £0 Within 31 and 23 sesypical Bie Urals expacitors and geteral-porpoxe eramios lien carry wide tolerances “Tost to #80 for example, Ose ponsine Sarlation isthe label GH guaranteed nia valve)—aspee eatin, el 8 Stayeut0to+i00% etal ebypasing nd decoupling applications ated Vetose The cated voltage she highest voltage that can be cmsinualy applied 0 copa ‘or ithina peced operas tempera ure range Capacitors may berated for sc, de sual as working voltage de TW veo bat Cootrary to ha fone, Variable Capacitors Making 8 capactor varabie Involves mung parts~moving te Plates sonecie te one capactor Bracttove este fo te pas, Sonrected othe che ceoctor Stocoe,rstorcaly. te moten fas generally Soon actieved wth fot shat ih one aot fps {the rotor atachod the shay Imovng an heater eto lalos {to ston tec. thar orame, icplstcor a vacuum soning a5 ‘he deecti. The patos ray ba Baral pies at mesh ata, oF encore ubes tat mosh sly. Wihetoverhe design, re mee iy {he plats mosh the grat the Areiicte variable capactors— -eifvarablee~ ver once tommon inrecentng ard trnemting spies: Aion. withthe sloncardanton ot RE |orcomectons at 60 ohm and be ‘Reduction of dtl requaney Syross and Sood ba, ol Slate AF empire, the need frat ‘otis hes sigiicany oe reason. Even So, mary pes of octal eapactre Exiting modern vanabie empath {ors ning ranemiterutea Tooaverinpt ana AF-matening and pases networks, resonating Fer and eciuning anaes capacitors tated for acting se hgh Nottage de typos fe isanceeboal ot [eure inactowe-linece inet roe service foetuses subjects eapactors © Invern sesse that donot eeu de quate Series Ressance (ESR) ‘often specified for electrostie capa ‘ors, BSH tus a capaci’ and es ive losse the vale a single eva Ten resistor Dissipation Factor Often specified for cera. tlm and rea capatiors dation factor rerees {less auihe atin expressed a a pereent Spe) of FSR tothe capac’ eactance (OE ta7C). Beampesst typical dei fpaion faster inst ea) KH for ‘polypropylene epactorand 1% at ie Tevaineaizegiimeapacter. Dissipation Fast is sometimes expressed on veri, Q (Quay Tost). especially for apacitrs spied Tor use toned cee ‘ts The omer this mamber.the lowers ‘pectoral Tangent of Los mele (awd) Commonly specified for electrolyte apecion. nd stother mene of ipsctors ener Ion ks capacitors power Iss divided by the seatve power Sets to roquncy. High-otage ait Sra vacuum sarabon corns 2 ing wne in Hf matching netnoie— Stone tunero™and mews ane figh-pover Samper creuey ‘epetily ere vacuum tabs Se ised Nonayninesies Srondaest teceier, and mary hem ana ‘Sterne rt seo ima ema nee Tigi, ough ner capattorverabea intended or Setand forge serviee=are he most Sonmon vara sapsctore tay ‘alae in panemeurt. tog bole-PC-board and suace-mean {oxm, they mey ue ar ear. in Simic eehcs NIH ‘January 198447present when the capacitor is netedt0 4 “irosodal voltage ata pei tewueaey The lower thi hwnber, the lower the ‘pst ae os Prequenes Ratings Although the wsefl feaveney ranges ‘of varus apesitor‘9pee sont deably ‘Svelap and capacitor packaging becomes increasingly portant as frequency rises, youmay find afew wide ener eet * Electolytes are genera aio fequeiesJowa to de "Depending sn packaging wad value, ‘eral captor we se fom det the tow VHP range pats wath wie less! oF into zhe UR range and eyond(steucee ovat aid chip pastors ‘Mien capacitor lao! postagestamp ‘types. nough) ere sed rm d= up no he lover VF range “Depending on packaying and son- viuctios. Hi capattors easel fom ‘Setothe gigahertz range, Operating Femperotare Capacitos are gerealy tated at speciicapeating emer. Inaison. “im opraing temperature ronce.epiealy OPC co s88"C for lective and 58°C 25°C for cera an iver tian ay be spvittd. Ah perl true of elecuenz components of al ype TMigher aperatingtemperives generally ‘eum shorte capacitor Expected Lifetime “The serge Ie of captors is geuer- any speed interme of femperuste sd olage. fOr exemple. 1000000 hous APSS Cong 6 V Lower femperatires nd working voltages san sgntesnly lengthen cepactors expected item Leakage Curren ‘Te executive summary i that capai- tons block debt the lng awe itt Some eapscitor. especialy elecratytien Teak some de. This characterise part les pecan ere trae and ing applications. ard) in hunter prmeted equipment Caps spsiicn one sometimes Int elated charter Pemperanare Ccficient capacitors capacitance varies with temperature Te change ae postive fineeshng feperstre tnslates to more copactanee) or negate Uineeasng eayerature wagslates tn less ‘apacitance). 8 capacitor’ temperstre ‘Soetnten eipresice how mach cisely inputs per milion) sb in which dies tom (4 os alu changes pr oni of temperature chupge tsualy tn tet of grees Cesis) Capacitor temperate 48 Osh wn} ool ig The dle-erar capactors in yout a hey carey value rk orange ta a var evatem Paatestim an tatiin ect ta expecta are ‘She Sia arent ut whoa! he temperate oem lento Aine ‘Sletotrioe, ans eoa tartar cen cary “lin ext matenge maating ther ‘an, dpreungtempersture ange ae pelt coeticeat is particular important in sles and (if applicable polarity ean he ‘eile and timing cul ak Wes nuicated In a variety ot ways, Serace Hayward deserined io December [S94 snountcapactersvteun iphuraeric code ST's “Meauring and Compensting printed on he capactor buy. Dis erm Osclmoerrequeney Dane" Capactonare wate anual muted wih alphanumeric alle a wie tange of tempersture Indes of capacitance. tltage a ‘Soeicient Inelusing temperature stale and temperate charstenstion (3p types tht change valve very ile stom showsumerystem yw'r key tenson thle tempera ses ferin some form Alpes ot clot Powerline Cupobtis thn) Slice lls cue and Powecshanling vapabilty. esally ica. A ath stupor hat may mak the wistedinvolisnipees,inrtelyan isnot negative clectode. uf slomingm lee: Shall capacitors tended Tor signal ail Wolves. the postive lecvoueat tatu bypasinpldecoupling ate. bat ray be a electrolytes and thou ola im ‘ltealincomponents ht opeutein igh captor power circu. Capacitors specifiy ne (Cndes for we in gs RPcuren service SHIMMAFY ny be labeled to Inieate their current. Now tit you've limped she wuld of TSZatngabilty vero frmpuaney Gupart: capeceace's pes false reo {oes that mysienousy fal in high power show Mow tue their iibute 10° Reciraite—intranamintnclineitar erudite look Their ibeant color hea used ade Mockingloutpu-oupling steckeoatings and rou vaviabliy unpack epacitrs in vucuretibe amplifiers for sping bring even the mos conservative PC lnstonce--msy’do so Beene of caren bord layne t ie ‘Ependenroverbeaiazevensbetogctted So ends Under the Hood’ coverage of see witin trdertog sapnctore—the ports that sore eneray ‘lecroatialy. Next in Under the Hood Capacitor Labeing ‘We llonk a eampoent that sor energy 2 capacitors capacitance, voltage magtetca See Fou tReh BRE rating. tolerance, iempeatue charterMother Nature’s Radio Despite our modern understanding of radio phenomena, the study of the Earth’s natural VLF radio emissions is hardly out of its infancy. The best part is—you can get involved! By Davie Schneier, ADCS Norther Kertucey Unversity Dapter Peis ena Geotgy ighlsnd Meigs, #1078 Te Site, Nae hl made or are oweuscan bea aso und as een of aoa Kn ee Sipable ut Hearing elecromagnetc we can't hears 10H electromagnet rounds Sealy fall Int he Very Low Fe iadiatoninseud o eed (Cadio}watewnlesitselectosialy cot: quetey {VLF) part he electomeptatic ora avhory hearing range Sertedro an nible sound hence the need Spectra, SO THeohatfoaid we Rear? As forma receivers MEcand-higher feequescies refret fot ot! We'd hear "chorus Tone sounds re absocited with dss though he lonophers allowing comm wecks." “whisers” and her cholic Grbancss" inthe Em's stmowphere. auction aver grea isances the lower sounds See tne wdebar.""The Sounds of They're inated by lghaing nd b) Te hoposphete the D layer. sbose BD het tural VLP Rad, ‘arging of the aorosphere by the Sunt shove the surface of the Earth Ths eas ‘What are ‘The reqencisthat produc thee nonoal that abot 4000 ell waves st 20 metre sounds reside. for thermos put between (4 MHZIcan ft betwect te Earth and he few here and several enérod When. lowes layer ofthe tonosphete "This road ange of frequencies iy "ATVLF, howevee-only few waves (or Inequeney rangeoftespecrumcoversthebrokendown anothre tainseyments ace a faction oft wave) cab iat space range of iequeneies ithe audios Table I). Mos ofthe ratory occuring For enample, a S-aHe VLE signal bas & THequency (sound) portion, but electro. rade effets rom lgbining have a maki: wavelengi of 6) karts barely able 0 Franeic waves travel atthe speed of Gh fin inthe 0 layer waveguide! (Tas D-layer hottie speed of round in ether worse, Notes appaar 69 pape 4 ‘waveguide, ofthe Eathonosphere wate olde, ute term that escrito the Sbskm space between the surface of te Tablet art and he botom of te Daven) Wavelength and Frequency ‘Armed with this knowledge, yoo" Desaroton ‘Abeviason Frequency Wavelength probably thik tht aataclly cccorng Estenely Lon Fequensy ELF Sith! | mame ULE radio waver travel only hort dit Veylow Femengy VLE aaoue tonto ‘ances leat by conventional propaps Low Frequeey & S090 ie 101 Km ‘Well, by moce conveational propaga ‘The Sounds of Natural VLF Radio ‘As te Earh races on ts compat path through the havens poworul and mysterous plantar force wore Thee magle The vault @ oacophoy of ala ads ‘oun U-Chorue: Chorus sounds the a Hock of ching bi! It georn most requantyn he morning Nour hence ie ‘ekname "cau chowus” nctessng tates Setwoon | and Sie seem to be mot commen, Chous is osualy soorpaied by eer ViF phenomenon Such as fis oF re. ss: Hiss sounds lust kes name. A contnuovs fncioe Geoioa VLE haw Soncgrams o hiss ‘Signals nave shown cutot raquencies engin ran? ‘Boi Hie has io bean sesolated wit enhance: ‘mentein aroral acy & "foey usualy sound pure none much tke @ ‘musta instrument. The tone sometimes 2 "STitalrs: Where tena tobe most common at ‘ight out before dawn. Thay ae also more Frequent at ata ethade: Soe ng tot for more dela | Fig Senemate showing the gneraion and propagation of rate tte, Ga tne text for mere deal. Faussoeerat January 1996 49BEERERE Fewer 0) sos sera LDC Fig 2A lghtning “spheric” olowes by a actos whiter, ion moses. VLE signals do travel rela jel abort distances ut even ea) eX perimenert proved thut VIP waver can averse large distances! In act. VLF ‘raves cam tal ort ene hembere 0 Ube ther ané back an! ‘Althoush HF ratio waves somesimes ‘evel thousands of miles om train ‘ntenna to reseving antenna, VLE radio waves an tal moc th 10.00 alee from Tibusing stoke to a recetving antenna, The secant propages thane WF waves ‘katte tore tamlar "oorphere, i the Bhs agnetonptee Plaaetaiy magnetosphere. resele magnet spate tes, bu tei? cures How i the past that exend trom the tutes fensphere ro thousands of ales ie pace. These curens, resembling the “milla Rreeshon shaped magnet lat lines es apart from solar winds that ‘och the Eat nome retain othe Fah abouts wes TX wel of information can be pines ftom the stedy of natural VLP waves. Propagation information. electron den ties the fonosphere and magnetowphere ‘dhe cation of he lighting seks hat ‘Cause pariculu VU watesarealew oftte Suds that re wader way ‘Man-made VLF signals ate cxplotedby scveal groups, especaly the US Navy “The Omega sigals ronlcat at various places around the Barth ae eds tae Fine iad aviation navigation aids. Man ‘ade VLE gevetall flea the 10-20 ee ‘age, These predictable goals can De ‘hed in conjnetion with early osc fing VLF rolelp us beser understand het ropagtion characteris Whistler VLE Theory Whistles are itecesting an itera tive natural VLE radio waver see Fig Ty. ‘Ava is VEE wae tat eigtates ‘witha lighning ike Generally tere ne Sleastwowavecvens enced sit the Iighsig pls. ‘The fst eveat ie a sot {ised wate that poppies rm the igh ring Ske th the Er ionowpete ‘waveguide tothe reelver This even Called the eimarpteri or simply sper. 50 ORR ‘The second event i he whist sel Ime whistler wave navel ptoandiheogh the ionosphere, enters the magnetosphere Sind fellows the Earths magnetic eld rough elacvly norow magnetic ‘Suet to the oppnite hemisphere Ate srising ip the voposite Hemisphere. i ‘gal travetees dhe lunospher, exits 20d Popugate inthe Earth ononpre wate: [rid tte sever, This sealed a"ove-bop”whigler: you can tee the reason for Hs ela tine Felauve {the spheric. A "iweshoo™ Shir fe one i high the beaaphere ‘there the lighnig coke orgiatd ase ‘esiveshe here tte rs sted twee fe the magaeiosphere Underthergitatmospherc conditions, this “hopping” netven hemispheres: happen many times, xometimes sever handiea! The aumbsr of hops determines the delay between the ighing stk that Drodoces the orginal spheric and the Ir event ‘cts tat diet the whaler wave 10 wow Goa med war atts veer one ere ae Heat ean Bete ee See onrete Peer sper cuscin septation’ i fe amr wate oomeama enna, tee tenet Sone nat ten ieee aie Eeasiienr Seon go nese! oie leis aaa By aeeeneietan Become Berets etn Sonera! Fig A yplcal whiter recoding and analy stu. ‘he opposite emisphere end up at aconju- fate poston the East's nage eld. A ‘Whiter the originates in the Nomen Hemisphere will be diced tothe Soutern Hemiaphere toa pat nthe Bath's age ‘et eld equal in mageite othe mae ‘et field where one. The piyseel consequence of taveling ‘housinds of ails tough mazpete dues Te hot lgher frequencies eee at The ‘receiver before the lorertequences ce Fig 2), The more hops the whiste takes, the preveritetime tween thebishe- ad losterequency anv that iy he i> peron ineresses "anoseuste messarmpent ofthe dsper- on ea lead wo a9 Undesanaing of he ‘whistles propagation oth aswell 25 the Maier’ spectral shapes in audition to Soin un toiten toa desper vadestan 3g ofthe compas ef the onesie ‘a he magnetospiere ion deny lee ‘Hon density. electron terperture, ad 50 so) canbe vealed. Whistler VL Exper ‘One way to say whiter phenomens ts to wimalteneousy record whiners at ‘les hundreds even thous of ees ‘pan This techaigue eas provide nforms- ttn a waiter propagtion by aiectly ‘marge ptr ofthe are wine ‘evundedrimulteneosly 3 tant see. For example, 2 ene-hap whiter mist trwerse the Jonosphere at eat twice ad ‘nts stone plac note Lonsphere ron the magnetosphere. By comparing. the spectra of he same whiner at eceviag tions thousends of miles arte ca Tnoktor changes inthe wave for "This may martes et one spectra asarmsingoattennatedsegment hat may tevcaused by absorption vy the whist Wate ates rom seat plat inte oa: ‘phere toa distant esever. Noving which frequency components uve been enue can leu to fora tion st eich at he iospbece= the, orFregion-cuused theellert As ‘ou may guess reotiving a while thal ‘hss propagted tough he ay inet Tine separing day from ight—could giveFrequency (ts) “Tima approx. 2 eeconds) Frequency (te) Frequency (ie) Time approx. 2 seconds) £ige-Sorogams of wits acre In Nor Amores. eas aout the density ons and ele tous ia the Drogion, whieh most po. oweced on the dspiph ste of te Earth, Fig S shows sehematis fro ype ‘VLE moritoring und analysis tale. The base eoriguraion coasts of the VUF roveiver and antenna timing vice Fostally WWV"r 5. 10: 1S or -Mta tne ‘anal broadasfromFCotig,Colradoy fda stereo east ur VIS rovrde, ‘Goc channe| ofthe sarc corset wil recoed WW andthe ster chanel ill record the satu VLE. pheaomenon, Using single iy sures shes pow Sibleto accurately compare recordings made simolancousy at sever locas. 'VLF teeivers cas be purchsed fom Conversion Research or abst $70 oom plete wth ah aeons, uc you can ake Gne Gom socapensive pat? Computer analysis cx then he asamp! ih ‘ommereal sfivare und eure, rch ‘Sound flit and Mae Recorder Oe pple blacintonn compute, Display and raya of sonogram ean abo be done ‘eth counterpart save on ap IBM. ompaie Pe "Wisc scogeams recoded March 2, 1093 resbown nF. Thee sonopran recorded a seveal pots tn Nordh herzontal lines car 10 Ha ae man-made ‘Omega brdeane The vsti hnes re speris fro locllghning discharge. ‘he vrai a ewotegueaces for his whistler at vious locations provides clues i pogaton str ae Acknowledgments Thesuocessofthix VLPprograris por sible Because of dedcsted participate st Norther Kentucky University and actos the US" Contato include Or MRE Mehersnn, Dr Bil Wopoer. Dan Spence oxane Buzoes, Steve Phelps ahd Tustin Rains. Speci thanks goes fo Dr Demis Galager ofthe Magnetospheric Pystes Branch ot NASA's Masta Space Fight Fanding forthe VF projects provided by the Kesucky Space Gaet Consoriom rs autont pees of pare at HKU ‘en, Ege ae eerste New Products JONES STRAIGHT KEY ° Agew hand key, rodacedy Peter Jones Engineering of Engle, sures any fe tunes wit the Jones duapdle key. Slaging shew sec me nth bit od fina tay bal Bering ae tension “pring escloned in suid machinedbaat Bock nsrumentkouried heads onal de june crews, seal number engraved nthe raseblck andes daty contrac Honthrwghoot TheJones andes comes wrth a mundatd "Navy™ kaob, The pore Soppe lace omtats nde the Base ike 2 transater anda sold vouch [provided the kes" 3" pound weight. Reta pice 8118 pln 4 fh. Palomse Ene inert PO Row 440922 Escondido, CA Snoge tt 6191473, fe 6t78Te 3s, io anuary 1994 51ac a aon asc = eS Iara ‘our cover Tals exact rush four, bu Lad Rover” slongmatres lie donate In Maayata apart ofthe 1988 SS opi 000, team aaverre ‘Fopty a on page 28 (cover poate by Tat Pavan CONTENTS vier ne: ‘TECHNICAL ‘91 An Eagyto.8ais 25-¥iat MFTHE Allin Gary res. KORY 35 Rovating we Re Arimeter Joon Saly, KAERO 43 Stacking Ttande'a A Super Stalon-"SertaP. Dasn Stew NW, ‘ra bred Hoponsaren KIVE 45 The OSOcorder sev & Reyer, ASL 9 Product Roviow OST Compares SSB Floctenic UEK.20008 and ‘Bown Bae Wcrowave SHF.2400 24.GHr Satelite Dounconverters NEWS AND FEATURES ————————-— 1 Seems to Us. "Vanity Cals 28 Galioma's Suing» met Pal, RICE 29 Caml Topry'93 card Dumona. C401 49 Toapling Rocctive Zoning Oranances Jim Aman, MUCK 15 Amataur Rado Goes tote 1950 Soy Secu Naonel Jamboree Foal fun itoterenco (AF) Roger. Sungion, ABE 40 Hapoenings:Now Jersey Sooks te Renee and Tax HF Sources 4 Sack othe Future: Pek Your Gwn Cal Sign? 105 Raouncing the Third Annual Philp, MeGan Memodl Siver Tnionna Aiwa NEW HAM COMPANION _-———-- 138 Working Satelite RS-12The Utimate Satelite Primec 61 Balding Your Own Stton Accessories Jot ols, ACAHE 85 ‘The Docor isk 188 Dxing wih 2 Meter Packet Mall Pred Smut, NEVO OPERATING $$ 408 ARAL International Dx Contest Plaque Program 406 Recuia in IARU HF Mors Championship Bay Lune KAUR na es Bier 9 SE i ee * 37 WAN Schwa a a if :An Easy-to-Build 25-Watt MF/HF Amplifier Do you need a medium-power linear amplifier for SSB or CW? Congratulations— you just found it! H ‘25: 1 8-tough 30H, By Gary Bowe oY ‘lus Uneu power amplifier 7310 Bch Si ihatssimpliiy tel, What ake Unter, 00 eor22 iesinpl isthe ae of esa ised tras. toe module requiring few extemal compo. torssetthe gue bss for clas-A operation, class A conduct ove he enire 3 deprees ens To eontol haronic ouput eae and exaish «50-2 pet mpedance. A _ofthesigoal ita val the time of ours Fivenection low-pass filter ince, the ated power and supply Vola, the ‘Thisopertional mode ware hat tetra Powersapply reqtrements ute 28 Vai pupal utp impedance in ha 30421 sinior vv always operating in fhe hinear DSAund=ercen elfen Amplifier Design feaeseemer. The primary aad secondary When hee ts ma np, W's percent ‘Wher designing = power amplifier windingearecachthre tome of #28 wire, cent the Tit step ist Selec the gh wound ota two-hole lene balm eoreof "Ts lp dace the heat generated by transistor). Excellent bipolar junction 73 material t= 2500) These transform: —epanpifir tha veaizn 10 We aati transtors (BITS end eldefTect unos esate boadhand enoughtoprevie Loto bin can be api othe yates when not toon FETs) arcavailbl rom weltAnow SO-MHix operation snd offer de lation tating. A bis of ~8°V tute ia ‘Smpanies sich vt Motorola, /A-COM with na wldtonsl componeats "The input. 025A sanity dram curve stead othe PHL SGS-Thomson. Philips. Nbsubish: traformer peimary center apped and fll 25 A. The interna ine Psi te sndothers Anum fsmullersompaniee spaniel to prvige ssn tothe aes for uhost 30 Qo each gate, abd diate sho make power transistors sual Yor cera! dcbhas (more a his ater). mauinumof |W. Laer thew Hsing con Inorespeclazadspplcaions MicoWave "The ouput raaformer iv constricted te reviaion eh Ssipate 0.3 W Tackosiogy, Polvet RF Devices, and in the sane manner av the nput wane. Don't ty fo et aff the tales ct Diresed Energy may e company names frmerits st ger Two ere beads petely with grestr as votige? You'll unfurl o you but hy all ke powee of 77 material (= 000) makeutwo-hole Fak-horing oot he rsior, {canis for MF and TF appiewions. core, with primary andseeundary windings Sore may as ifclass Ais thin power nts ampliertuse he SLAMLOII of thveetuns ach aning #24 oKup wife. husbr.hy weil? Ina word linearity Te from Microwave Tachnologs aida" The primary lmsistor sie! te Genter~ sow want exelent ipearty which means chooseiftecauseofitsgainssefficenc), tapped and bypamedto provide de voltage minimum dstrtion caused bY harmosies Srevenite poet seleced because W's tothe dais, Feeding dethroagh wecnte™ or itermodalatin ely A the may % Yerveasy ows, Thedeviceconsstsuti tapped mansormer ciminstesthe nes forgo Por example al snal-ignl amp bower JFET (the parcular specialty af theunual filer KF choke sceninposivpall_ es for ecelvers und fo-evel anemier Microwave ‘Tecktology). operting i smpliiery—anotber eduction nthe com- sfausy operat clang A hcaose fey must pusvpull Since FETs eave siirlyto ponent count. Multiple bypas capacitor handle signals without distortion. How {ode vacuum tubes the company Subbed Salve (Ox aa 10 REY ave shed to ever, they ere at ver Tow power 0 them Solid Store Triodes SLAM (Solid~ cover the MEIHP range, Tha’ The sie powes sation i arey an ise, Tis Stteaede Linear Amplifier Module de. snpliferbioc: wotransormers.«SLAM power smpifir fer minimizes disor Viewbincladethicksflmbasresitrsinthe device. and. few bypass capac! ot by us postal upertion chic Dackige with the anssiors. These resis cancels ever-oderUistrtion prods i Class-A Operation Notes the pit and makes the next part of the "Nees appesr on page 34 By delintion anssiors operating in design easier han snl February 1994 31e Se. oe test See ig t—Scherate Seen eneoa ee Baborame uberis Saat larmonic Filter Design As menioned previously, snc several owepass ier te ever the sine IFAF scosteurbands achtiter wan Iaitatly designe Toru curt trequedey 20 percent Higher than the upper ea of ‘el respec 10, 60,4, 30,20, 15498 Hiemeterbum bande Te meee ie also sed for 1 meer a he Teter With no fering, evenonder harmon fee (ad. th ete) are mone than 40 4B teow the cutie, th esl good puke pllbalate using acieryatohe cast {ork The Sndand Sth Rarnoni ice more than (3.UB down, 10 reac the rd har ‘S120, 7ositon crane rotary ‘ahs hie era Ho Sept See gta atc lore ‘lect stp The weer are {out Me noes apa GPL BA {bnoe suite walt na'PA.000 cores ‘Fatana indoxng assembles are Sulabe {ewtches aro ava fom eware ecronea, esta T5100, fan's. 700-00, 9 S107, rolocla you nearest Howarh ebiton, vie igs i ee Ae {Ropes Coo Far fit hanr 2 aon Amidon BN T2800) sonic to at eat 30.48 below the ein 2 fisenecion Chebyshev iter nth los passa rppe som spptoprine choles. This typeof iter has a prod SWR i the passa, end asipcthfllotl characte Sst The desig proces began eeatng ‘esi dewens ening» publesdomain fier design program ees desig rarely correspond to stan \aedeapactor or inductance values that cat beveatne witha isrete namber of tne fon commoa fro cues, Using lsat Supa ronan! ded estas were taaed to ee the effets of such ce ‘word limitations on harmonic rection EN SWH portomatce, of tne 25. class empiter, Uniess otherwise speci ceive are YoW, S%elranc carbo ahposton rfl ute Equal! pate canbe sustutes ‘HePaneteoan BNC soc "BOSC. comnsc. ‘T2—Primery, 9 tus 424, contr “geo 9 lure faa or no Pa reo Sack mds FO ehosd poor FET roca or SLA Stag. ser ersen terns ‘eeheslogy, ats Slr Why. Fromont, RSP aso catered acre se 6-174 coe, orton 3 Te ‘Mince (iD), heaton (S» ex [tines WD) PC toare maton. to, outing halon. est the del componest rales were ‘ewered” ote the pronram. and. vanes 520 percent co see whit ones bad the reuescelecton perfomance Cl und CS {lee Fig 2 and Table I) wee Cand tbe lesssctsvetowinatons L2and were rmoderarly seaste: varying C3 had tbe reste eflect am Both. posban aod Span performance. The eu capacitor “lus were shen eeplaced eth sandare Capicucr valves or—in sone ease Pl combinations of to common Pact values Indostor were given the eer vale sabe for cous wooed 98 ‘ther 7-502 or Ts toroid ears. The final fier designe ae the resto ade:“abe 1 aoa Filer Creu ard Comparison of Kal and Final Gomponent Value. apni cutee Ci Ey cx og TR He, Su aaa (de es eet ey a cotta cate corttnon Mest amore nar NEI SIO I eee Ge a elas 1218 20518 0900 0 sao TSUETEOR Te oereamnectons illgetathe wey : (1410n T-50-2) when you try ta solder the SLAM into arden, carintios) Wncsavsanieelcsntsd sce 564 02178 0.908 too 180 oat tapos luecons dicey te he tenes i : te pr wo sale capaci toca see tnmer center ap on tothe gro¥nd pane lngerepaengrap eismoersnsaueciensotncian pega oper anand ts koa a “The inductor are wouns an 7-0-2 or 80-8 cares, Intor or te 160- and @0-meter ster ‘The low-pass hlter hoard is constructed Eee mactener china nests 15, Levand nally the end eapactors€ 5). Ait inductors are wound oh even cs betwecn inductance capacitance and board eaves a cating ath arn the Spacing ove thres-qurtr tthe con cee {inerpeefrmance. Table stows iter ends ofthe SLAM to mueaia » round comterence, Shpiysoler the eapsctions topology slong with comparison of the feet erst teenie board Pr me=Yothe pan and ground plane Sivertion fipinal esl fer compen values ond Ghana compogents make ap the single capacity were wal athe plete be the valves selected forthe Finished unit Ter ascemby. The Tax a 14S suse they were on hand, Cerule dnc thick aluminum hase plate to ich the pats with 200-e SOO°Y ratings il SLAMIsmoanted Net aretwolusinum ork equally wel wit my amplitior and ow: pase iter O,isinehic spacer, whion are placed Ifthe Bua ttc i nate close tothe rmadales on snglesised PC boars, using betwen the base pie and the circuit fier boa ace Pig srt Tenge of Pads 10 moun the components Nn holes hoard Therespucervsttheproperdisance_hokup wie can cannot the Hes othe $e uriled exespt for moaning screws) fom te Bae plate to SEAM eats, The swith usiors Construction Sr all lean ave tached fy soldering SLAM sisted though the tp ol the A spucons box howses the fier and them tthe pads The Pe-boord patter PCbourd, and its ul ate soldered tthe sspiferasembley slong wien TR relay for the amplifier and Titers are available aces on gp ofthe oar iat al vetoes the tndby Bes. Power (see Note 3, ‘Comsiocton is evs. ifthe rans= and rely contol esd are hypased wes Fig. shows the amplifiramsembly former eoanvtions tothe SLAM weet they eae he enclose, parts This rsembly e mounted to est Geet | EEA EE § Pavement ofthe SLAM device. The PC er 2a 2zS Fj 3_Machanionl soem ofthe — plore Petone sma Fg.4—Te aeenbiea anpifarmale PC arin poston ar sre he eat ‘Spacer and hast one SA Ges B's raw pages February 1994 33£9 5—Renr ew ofthe completed ample showing he hey Before na ssembly.Lxae the panels ofthe cae a brass Took using a suaiog iockwitheredsandpper and markings Tortie witch (Sethe tie page photo are Sawn on s lage, adhesivesbcked Ibe “ached tothe font panel Performance Amplifier gale ranges from 12.5 10 14.48 between 1.8 and 30 Me. The vain ‘atess ts basically a function ofthe input Snake the auplifer pane fat within 1 dB from { M2 to 100 ME using Lanse Densation The ceqired drive power for © Onsthe-air performance is eveeliet Besides fow distortion ia the SSB mode, Small advantage of linea apliieatin in ‘onplete absense of rise and fal distortion ‘OF CW waveform, whieh somerens ve ‘urs ta else C amplifiers Sommary ‘eur equipment very easy. Home-brewer> product engineering: reducing develop Frenne hy esing "sper compooents That equte few external components and litle engieetng tie wo design thes ato produc. ‘Secondary purpose ofthis projet i Show how even single sotvate tos us used to speed up desi. The progr teed to osgn the umplier’s hpi Fiters ate inexpensive, at acursie at ‘abe they made it possible toc aumine ie ‘fang sandad-valae components for Seven different fiery, wihont having 10 "he result es tment pre apier sh good gain and pertrmance Hs ee ‘Shaped design fesves Ile room for Sreaninotany tet egupme raed 4 Ose ign ae ew op aoe shoe poe ge ‘Sones plug power connector is mounted on te ear panel ste andthe Goto he ‘Spied by tha SCAU 1 P board tod he aur epcers Seeded lothear an muted oho ran panes ft on he anton tp eve rig Tharbandewsen snob ene’ cach sve nenos in damate eatarasaenver at eae cin sake an okie Forget shout the “Simple” days of vacuum tubes! ee Sat il te a, iApiieeneatie ‘aybecnacaty thee raney ores SK out d faupurien BC BOARD TENeUATE. on Ba lecthee as, ee See necmenrpe te ome Rees afta 88 pnp. ee “Sarton, glso avaiable rom the AE Gesiga naa tre par a he rai fever caine tei member fhe SRR, New Products THE EASY WAY TO BUILD ‘ASSIC TRANSMITTERS 21 you've ever wanted to bul simple, ‘ong or two-abeteagiiter ikea inthe pood old days” Juntbor Protect Crate You Can Bud With Homies Par & new ook by abet Nall NGQR, sont ‘var you've Been wang fr The 20-page booklet details 20 simple rigs joucan assemble from scavenge ea ‘market par (hot we ues, bu ete ae “couple a ats precy You find testing Irom cyt tty to hee abe ‘id-timers: Dig ovt those HL tubes there's avo hisiry i these 20 pages! rces: 9 postpaid inthe US: 35 in Canada and Mente: So clewhere. Rober! Uap NAQR, 501 N Tat Ave. Maiden, NC nests aRevisiting the RF Ammeter The antenna instrument most used by hams of yesteryear mainly in specialized nonamateur applications. Here’s what RF ammeters do, and how you can use them. By John Stanley, KAERO Fismg Fan, GA 30738 M any am stations include at est Sommoaly clled RF wetneter tie RF watntes to ease forward erie ru uhm norn ntennas) aid reflected power (Ue ete ‘nhc atemna-fai-line mist a. ec per ack tour fara ce ‘eumceie) Thedivectonal watinster s Snel i icurelatvelteemer over Formecof amatev Radio's storys Aependedon RF antes tosis proper Snennusytem performance ‘Since traning the power i @ cat incre cent powers caret ‘Sguied tenstaace P= PR) an ameter ‘elaionship sso hogs fora given aenna beometry (ire length awison se forbard and telested poster: they Just tune Yor mina cua he tena. Even ater SWR became u concern the RE str was the inseurent hole for inewarng Measuring Curent at Radio Frequenctes ARF. (Your might get no reading oF, more key, yu get sok AC ineters ede fo opie tom ont mcr orRetier They lade ‘Sule aetindcts. edi the owe tmont be welll sete an have ow Ines the meno ese (ype ier tht nos eat generates the fing caret to tate an iat flow by means uf wire expansion caused ty sting thoteie ait thi) ot Notes aspen page 36 now finds use by sing the voltage onerted by a8 RF vwuple to drive a de immer), Thermocouple RF Hes WireAnmeters the preter method ong recs tonnage put pce ton Incr with Ye enn Rear eit ing eypanded nd lengthened te wire an teshunca siphon tater the tiv’ kengtberigtothemoverest ai Poimer Fi This apyeach id ot allow FRerealing of wal cetets wesc, and is fame itched to CW tranenion febichyo it lten meant operating st [omer cemaleriby wer than hee ore ‘onl ese foespakpcvewire ameter ‘tants ful ad bee The Thermocouple Ammer sievilar metals generates tecble de voltage frost uncon, Ths the bso ‘hermeroxpie. Honk sense de mete 6 In KE heued thermocouple. you aves thermocouple sneer e2ehonesbeaty etncon 130 and B90 meters, [RP-Anmeter Sele Noallnearity meter sales are ihertty on peal et atthe high end sad hed oa lower end shown mete 0 on mere tha have en Moearied sinew bt ter shall ave sulle val onl bit Fats a eas realble porto of scale yo nada ide ange ot Recut levels yon may therefore feed ‘cou meter wd the ob arty. “the lmport A theemocvupl sees equis los series restance. thin ot metro produce ten cure ines ‘on Fo pur tumor way. the temocouple oven utes Tor ven value of RE car This is impor Becnuse the power diss peacdby an RF are siteaatesscance Acumen mers tral resiance uso mpentnt Hecate i ane mente: ben ror Used in varie sith Teo Wea for ntance, atte with ier reshianceu | ohmeseaess 1 ee Pre toalametes ve vey low reine Thoatnetrinsests hte crete As genera ae. really good Tampere ‘acter should have lesnthan Ot oh te areal albated and wed ood RF arometer ci ave rete to hor Bac racy a least to iD Me Tit ore sew ‘hoe: re poerinelersttmsny hs tse wth pret ouidene Signal Purity and Theemal Ammeters Since the RF aut ars eat 9 pro “aucune deflection eiinhermly re RMS" meter. won tomo delat Tsien eacoptt sy that ieshapecr the st saveorm realy affects the aio of pert prodates oa give peak vgs Fhe cea power ta kul ean Be eleo={aed only ae RMS (ant mean: eares Stet oe ylape ean fe measured, Mos, ‘neler tally messi cher wera Peak stage oecaent anew malty by fp appropriate factor Yond RMS luc. tke menue wate In ol pore sme vane the appropriate Teter will vary. Sha Sou mie Shon the nigh one With é sevigt Ammeler apt nies ‘Sona teat coat" cD a ee ot iE ag eat Errors GO‘ ot besewan, Te ‘ner ent Gli wound abe io at atihcaries i spana Sande pore Zhe sarng ends se nomecoward te eam eh hs eabiaoeyfean Sekeomenaens S peoeeae See inact ae Wapetiaieh wanes” cates alan anetes apie wren Eueve tava Spohrer Essa meee seein reitenae seen tat ne Soe ete seones Saione RF Ammater Calibration RF sincere mae betore 1939 Ioan rpms ati neko re ‘gsi ond vrrestioneurve mnt e Gppted Post aVWil eters te much teter\ dnem thermacnupe unter ava lat revgense [tom teow $0 Hy to aoat (0) Mite and can Be cus cli irate by connecting iin srienith ab curate ight ammeter and puting 80. “reteset tea bth ie os lithe ammeter wale Alleraivelye 2 Known volte ca Be applied wo theo ‘iuble ieter trough krown resanee igual moldmeter ean nerve se eal ‘ration nana Tofoswhack a tte's a cabaion, tate caleation nln sing de Be ae, however tat many RP arimeter fed stably igh when comectal acorns to ‘oe polarity an ow by theses for the sppoite poly. This vated By x Ugh stage sop across te eating ce tren ging int the torn I the thermperple were iooumted prey Smmetnesliy on the ting ie he \eeutdaerecur hcateommonl des, Take realings ways and ue he aver om you monn’ an RP mete ca et Hs aeuray Ifthe meter ay et {se mooning ety ona mel pe ‘Softer sccaey by shining RE to “round vu te teers neal cape. [ye Asshuwa ich curet AARL tensa oi sume he eter nono Hive supine abl spacing fim the et use cam salve hk probe ven RF ese noncondctve ‘asc ust be md ith eae A tet “alate forte pare! mourtog willed phiminonen poncho metroid Fovnonferousptel mounting willed ioe Ina Tero paral” Te hs Soproch 0 “alta the eter ster wo ve ogre Shere sot fend one Using RE Ammeters ‘One ate an KF ameter a damn samo wth ule poset eee This Fig 2A erpo-coute euable fr rete roqueney meeeuenors. The hemecase ca ol iar ovo ran are ae N.S me eee ‘tne No. nosing ween "= Yo mala asc how ot sande euraree wroe et “ht most te aera curet mound themceayps Ge clihe we nets he imomacoupl. The macating voleweer comes at emacs trom Buen 38 use would cons of for evample, «sued Sb-ob dary ad wih aor artpere freer fa serene Spere abhtion ‘Suid lun a tao tbe apc “alate, 860 Wend remember: PUT, Carta cated, he sang trent camila our ranaree pt With move acuracy tha vena expec over meter feo the dunmy anes Need note siteimstcaneuny sue you ed. But whatever power elation you Spply sil he sccurate ony wi the Toad ‘sane yoo wed during etraton, Thc ringe set antes et ns RF voter mensreneate creat os Into rsianee ewtneeor seorveaton of teh pean). ut ply RF curt No Irathroughsresntnce des unctalwor, The “raseok that an RF ameter ean dt funk estve sexi cute ‘Soe Fig You can soume thet ne ining ah RE grmetersteudng ans Tore rated power nly if yout alist ‘ners don't change ensthingconnerted fo themelerotputerminal.cFrallyou bow. Draumepit make your aatena mre ape lise and "Tes festive, The ameter ‘wuldeadhipher bute netese weld p0 To charge the capacitance nied Flting more syn) suming. tht ‘nha you connec 1 the meter tpt ‘ermimlsav he sane, hough, jst abot 209 aljoment raaceiver rating ‘cool antonaconer setings hte ‘on un hepa side oF te itr 10 ‘Seas he meter ncauonmeansestronger ‘alia pn [RE Ammters are Stil Useful he vision water has lagey supettoded te RE seer for = number Sad texeonh. For otane, ies: onal matmeter cin uecuatsly Inde ‘utr power even inthe presence of stand ingaten Buc meter ore ul ete ‘hele, espocaly im nanos ete ‘Sorincedto now abate alsa power Dr earen. Every ume vow make ston improvement sh he help nt 0 RE a mere ea kt ha ne me ties shadoa recoiogy not ch be- came seating exter Comes long But Inschae la w veteen ming py es comet we "Gen ws tra th ao beeen a aya iero(Sendaicte soe rot ca (ee GeTeschaan Sanday uct ro Sohne aon tacts snes Fees sos enti aeety mh A, Bruene, “An insge Picture ot Drectonal eee cies Eee Seeders [Rectal foe pratt AF pmo SPE eee cranesig An AF ammeter can mambiguesey dae artaaneayian provement oly eu make ae our astm ajunnts sts pul sice. Fags sons causes Enanaes nthe tensa compenaris cones ts ouput sd ay real a ence Sos tha soos na roan you syatrisaiatod powet ‘Sources for RF Ammoters ‘Whar i cames to geting your own RF ammeter. thor's good news and bac rnowa Frat tte bad sous, Naw RF amumetrs are expense about $70 t0 $200, Div ra eattone are tne mae users of tose today. The FCG defes ho ouput ‘ower of AM str based on he FF urant te antenna. so nam AE frmetorg are mace many fr tat maka. Thoy are que accra. ad thele age rie at “ine good nw hal uses AF armel ate ten auiable, OST adveriver Fair ede Soles of Lina, Ono. has been @ concent AF-ammeter exurca for "Relango. Hamm fla arte ar aie wor tying. Some g-soeng around your ‘ieee epi tore or some cera ju bon may prove he A ‘ameter you need. ‘Don deta you cant tn aused RF ammeter. fs poset we construct our nm youre chard ererinenier Both horse a theese yes Eine homemade be rtresaa fol of ony deslgna you come up wil Pit amps serie nit enanna sre coupes to thom in arcs nae, can maa antenna Gurento eve ontd and eee pe "athe approach o ute a sal ratage lame a ro hesgh lot and usng a photadelcix dng a meer es an ndeaor (0% ota ost eyes Sine udginest can sore tne ndeang par ot Ne nsrcort) Checking fed ie balance cou be as scie a3 cx ctr wih he ra caer ting nd 9 owe rotage a posable. You enoul be able stiles bls etna fey are sbaut ua Vou can alba samp ‘BF srmetc with Go or oe 2a, ‘As arate aetna, you can ul an RF ale tht uses ade meter spss ecard cree ransemer at you sang ovr aromas (Copper-Too Battery Toters ae AF Armeters Feral. hee alge fee RF srmeters wich come asthe ear with ‘ourscal Sater! Those sre actualy 3 fo Sam reson win on gis Syste splays. The rosator heals he lauryl str the ang ofthe ghee porto (ea! uns te sip clear xpocing fe Ticoreacet ink beneath) naga he magnitude of he current espns ther ana marenge ese ecator ee nt poi. Ther resitane sow enough to nave relate Iti fect ona S0-ohm ajatom. (For ‘ramon pting ova sees ia st-nm dum artena wun esa he ‘rt {ror tt. Thormaninom even thee toners can moaese et ‘he Sato 490-mA region” [Voucan asrieva higher renga by puting a carsare omposion or fm reastor in peal wih te °p ) Bes ofa you bum ome ‘tf awring your let, you can replace It any aupstore, harowera store o° upormar! ora ecole, wth some "Sur, -Whal Na Mates.” QS Oct 908,948, 16 Wig "he Tumv Lup OST Ost aarp ea ‘Tz Lau'A Rae AF Whee laf Coe ine OST, Ost 288, po 16-17 Beet Scaraemesiet SS hen nae HCI aay ena he gtk conse pore’ CIWTNCR Repeal oe, Sisleyras er wih maton aed ek "la fa 1 whe Rl ‘town CW sigab, An rmatar cannot co. fer tat mare's degree et) feeie laden Pelee an SSB vole ona Non cid Pans Pac lah andra Miler rowed Themes Gon ila un eh aa Peed steno eee caey ONE Aion He and Hine Rak NBR ry oN GST MeN TO ng rk an eves rey wih Catan me Sia neat St Ne 6 peso, Smmnee Th eh moa New Books RIDING THE AtRWAVES WITH ALPHA AND ZULU tc iO hs 142% Buon (491507 ‘eats ford. 2398 28 p, Tinton Warn S898 Bevewed By Brian tales SIO) OST Fer dior ‘A caroon bok lense sty mali nt era ‘NGvgiticbome (hese bs aba ane Aeteenpved a ret del othe a ‘acer tao sprog and he alates isthe ARR Noy Fare Telig and Teen rab have et hw er Intresistoyiagorenama With Slphoand hie owever they sally aoa Wek tO team nd olog. no mich soho st aye natn fhe RRL Cees Hom Rae Adee ‘Sc took eee oly Ate Rai ‘eebckmycildenapperioenfytead liu Tettdo' sow thai eg fem thaencurpe the 0 was om 2 {ng etd Mt on a coment es playa ten a en Simpy coms an Base sogbonks o's Rewer el rom dl eepctie a oks ike x so ee tor younger postive har ot nvone who preter ie” wpa ‘Suelly 1 ferecime pst The hk iim itcadae Mone coe trnah teat ‘lie ite carters cal pects heh Chane unease in he ‘i TTU Phoebe Apbel onde ‘sack pore whose bay ann acon Ps ot arg ck at and a ck Fats) uspl nina cole The eae Ineets som, ocky Alpha. medmsized Chale Juea loom ever ose alt thee te gare up ieee Zl, Ne though isle wih sone poppin {roms sl an Alpha don't cone {oro th stand U7 apelin pre tp hese pntems be ned inte ent ‘shoe, ich rae egos phonetic sharers sting lsh a pees sho le Sonn matenal covered bythe Novice sd ‘ebmcan wrt cumunaons, uo ft ‘ond byte poneoos qitng enc ee ‘and the render ith sope-age selec binad on gucton rom the FCC ee vam {ee pou he ea ei ah yentng edo places oes and pibsto keep he aig ly "torn hk a wating my wasp oust aay ane Aare ‘Sh Alpin ond as atom ntact 9 ‘Rit eed to prt eeinner fo as ‘Neterkaitiemccasminatien dont ‘hk is srg enous medeine to wore slo. sper arigpone Asap ‘nen younger a eet am hea ‘ional ep of er wt asta ad ste readers wil eel re the indepth peened ler ort enter maze Ie Ne ae Tg es Februsry 1994 97Stacking Tribanders: A Super Station—Sorta Want to enhance the DX and contesting performance of your station, but you don’t have acres and acres of land for multiple towers? How about stacking tribanders? By. Dean Straw, NEB contest a Ding stations Hae feentirateistrevea decade, Many iho aly named Super Co py mainte were, leone ‘tacked aay ot ong bon nba “tteanay,Usaly coe tower i devted fo ‘ich bond he recites the Senge, Haase ‘or js le Shion oon andmsintn stares (Over at Ground 1nd Free Hopengarten, KIVA Loin Hk 01773. oni 5 and 2 ees pl Selement Wonton remarable imprserents io formance cute achevey sk ‘Youn nar re rdest ht Use peptic Yagi? Stacs and Wide Klevation Footprints Detled aes ing sophiesedcom | puterelsulteionouperehase revealed {atenverpe utc wide cane of elevation styles necro fo eure onsen DX ‘econ coverape nthe Hand. These ‘ude ave ben coated overall sox Itonemiting nd soceving se hougoot he word Table Ist example of wach shed Sovet int Nowetles ita Notes appear on pap 4. Fa |Compatson of ornate THYDX ander ‘Srbtor, Th tanec at teayat 0, and 0 find aot h ‘rome te aie ih cere at geo Ganemricetene, Ceara ue ere. Fig 2Compareon of $-netar THTOX bande ‘snbrations Th wack at 9060 me 9 fot ys an Seca en cvs tae 0 1 at a power Stott atte at-powse pnts the ne fomate sac then ne weck of a Tena very one eaves Borfoaneo. exc! over a ay lw argo, where Setar anc omar ta ayn ha ack oon.Table? ‘Range of Elevation Angles from New England to Europe Elevation angles Elevation angles forssteofme me forage time Bund fo estan Europe fo Eastom Eve eo mates tse 237" Ome Boor ees 1 Hoe pace fete ngccomeunn xt TX er cup benen ines meee outa eae esa aeme coer Cm Orme neers Sica area "phon tatoay a nar ‘sy using a program called {O¥CAP! for ‘path roa Nev Eraand obo Western ‘vd Easter Europe stg the stitial Fangs of eevation angles cinering 99% af ‘heme tat signal cive over the hole Hejear sar evel. ferent tables ste Feitirediodescnepathettor New Egan {othe ar ofthe word nd 9 desrbe ‘he phe Irom other wansmiing sex 10 ‘ino ar the oe ig f bows the compat elevation epune for varius, combinations ot Hoscsin THYDX titan Yop on 10 ries calculated sing Bean Beeziey's MC progam The Mahan eure sft ‘ach of three TH7DXs tights of 90.80 ‘nd 0 fet, placed on one tower shove at round wah on average const ana ‘esr contant Oveiionte wane gph ‘ctheelvationptter oe asngle HID S170 eet presenting Taely tpl “mon setup. she shown iste ptr fort SSngle THTDX a 40 Fes the pater or Stach of tuo THODX tanger t 70 fet {nd feat on ne tower wd the patra fo {Nagle Sooo igh THD Nove atthe eleven atenssho gal indi ts the ae eereneed ah ‘rope antennae topos fmueas at more asusoms to soe It ‘Rieu to picks angle eight above sound orarelereace dipole when comp Ing ito stack of Yagisut ferent igh ‘The wespurse fora Sloat Hemet Lipolesshownon the graph voioscate the “hier ptying to compare single tetwence poe i. tack having oa Clevation pater Tis fs most vi a {heonzes wher the reference dipole exh lesa. sta the region between 25°10 12" forthe W-fottigh ule, bere he Suan over ipo would bo autiialy luge elrene 0 JB, for am hoop hea eee, voi ths hier, 'N imeters the sack fee tard ‘Yagi 90,60 a 30 eet as good coer a8 for low elevation angles. aml good coverage out aw II” elevation, bese 1s puter cromen hate he sage su ghsmenn, Atanelewtion 2 the stack ‘ofthe ata more gain han henge {oltiothb antena bat enly 2B gan ‘ver the stuck wf fa antes at 30and “leet Por the range of angles need 0 ‘over Western and Fase Europe tease tween the ach of thee sd the nbs steko wo ety close. single THVDX ‘nO metere 9 eet eer ramsey Shower te elevaton ales are Mihoe than approsimatly ax como occurs Into Wester Europe during the scomgest putt of he Teter epening from New! Fnplang Both of ne see ilstted re dhe a ides cleat jonprint than 39 Slngle aes. thal he angles ca be covered automatically witout hving © ‘Stach rom iphertfower antennas mane aly Thins peshape the major ene af ting sacks but ae he ony one [Ses Sota Comune te sie crmere res, Scencremecwen ses Sein iontsamcs teen Soicats dau erect ‘Sere a ‘re went beta Seeger Sine a Fig 2 compares the IS.mter elevation reagomesfrrbandrs tthe sate het ‘SlorlU mete, Herethebesteytemstao the tack of tre 90, 6D snd 30 fet fo Towed bythe ack of oat TO an et, or mnt of the time, te single Va a 70 fet n down from the sacks y eat 5B. The sack of toe aan elevation of ‘has agin af sbot 1B over the nna tebande at 0 feet gun cir Sete Sh aves wiser elevation ftp ham ny single atenne does, FE shaw the 20 meer elevation r= spore forte ume tand antenss The flge in favor of the bigger stack narrows Sottewnat compared othe ther amters, ‘nal esis te Msfoot spsctng (0432) ets anennts i te stake moe of compris lor gain 20 eter han Tor ‘heupperbands However, the stack tee Mlitgives a sun of dB over te single $o-teochih tbaader at = 10” clevaton Single and fan mier elevation foopriat than ny single ntenna. Stacks and Compression of the Forward and Rearward Hlevation Lobes ‘The hse princpe of ustacked ray thuttconceaenchergy fom higher ae {hes i ont state ch coms ‘munications anyway) inte the ma leva tone. Thesticksgueezesdowa te man tevin be ubilermsnsning tetra Tabewinuthprters fun Yap. Tie Chereason why ay ttesheeat oan Mans "are stacking arays of eatvely ‘hortoom aennas athe thin sacking, long-beom.biahe-gaia Yau Alems-hoom HE Vayi maou tbe cata pater nd the elevation puters. aking pong ‘tthe sea mate etal, and ekg ‘oreuiealtspesd asin overs wile ‘natal ates, seh a al of Eure wd ‘atte Row one tne. “The compassion of the bigheranle lubes as anor desirable etfs, beyond that of ereating tore gan W reduces ORME {fom bisa signs ssn fom the ‘Srecton im nish he antenna ated, February 1994 98,‘re You Nuts? Why Tribanders? ‘tout doubt ne most oman suston wo av ake ‘anon people Soo soe rtema tyr hy Jou ek meanders ter your tinea? Wo Stoo idan {rtonae wh esogson fa they se angromse attenas, Ota verprg ani have bul need Inbander are, boo ahs NEEM ent ‘Sample, wit is areal THESOX tay four TH7OX iran ona asitinigh ning over hel re Dlyess ater conpiex sytem of ayroeeted nes tera e eoce ether ho vet laos pa, homer ‘tasted picora ou ararnas'm sac omer n'txas ‘hve hac goo renew te tance’ tack, (Conosor Dany Eston 735s vary suecsshy shod sasced kha weangare or years. “nlp reac wy ne usos tans toa he ara eth sthre Rove had good reusing THEIR lect hey ate siete esta New ena wre acne. they are bio wet seers thiou awning sna at Sloot ong booms ar ona Sreugh fe prosiessgtco’ gn, seepte rap oe coro ‘ibe Anstorsspecuating aout ap ossee nade ety ease tines 98 ar arate wihthe ver hg, a raha Hy Gene ‘ore wie wher ee Rave outed ap lente, Conse {he 1800 wate of anemone te ging Wo an Brenna as of Os a amounts a Yea wat Tis ould rete agneant emu ef heat tbe ape tt ae on “Svrmge so ona TS6DXX, amounting fa 2 wats pr bap. ifthe os ware 38 righ a 1 dB, ie Wout be 00 wats ta, ‘50 wats por tap. Goren songs faye that fe over Bes were greaer han bout 0.8 OB, he tape aus as more We bg frasractos than resonant eeu! ‘long-beem titan Ika tho THEDEK or THDX aso has rough soaoe a emoy semeria cases 1 dere ‘ands, eo fal he corpromee fn elemant spacing vavally {Binder eho Sor eae bares canoe ‘Aotefactorin tne conscinus hoi of rbanders was Iecthand tation wit he seriou eracton tat con rst ‘om sasha ranobandsrtonee ov logtsar oh one ase a Chana Tro Songuraton. NEBVs were pein wae n> te embtgus 10 raugh 40m sings Tree at WeOWIG mn he cary 15808, Tre neaaton ‘ted a Te. SigNeese sia eanup tower win a roting {eat ong hava mas. The antenna wee eure te greta dogaclln nate selene Ya andwonad ive foot blew the &slrnantfosmeter la the top ofthe rat, an iv aot above te tl zod lament ‘meter Yap, en seo Pas We 20 meter elements imaanes on is Soft boom, Th ontiebackrabo on {Smetrs was a bos about 1268, down fom be 2 38 sd from hib-ape sina oma Ceoee her diets suchas eel RAL Auk tke sqoeecs dow the elation response i the teurard Tbe. us Tike the forvaed fren ke neste sie, fowever he Fron-nshack ‘ato t'clack in ten graded sompared nt ot sng op (need ¥ gala thi not Usbll 2 oer probe By denon, «ack of thd Yai hus constant eral spacing between tes i tes ee ee meter oe Termruf navelengh Tete terest dealt Father nd seperation among satus sou stacking distances, Tee is aming maga about king dsnces or pratt ‘ra HP Yogi The gate radially snereseh “rened beweenindinidal Yapiinanack, id thes decreases slowly once te spans iSyreate han uu! 107 The dierence it an betea spacings 3 had 1.0 foe THTDX Tagramouststooniyatastionst 2 ciel, ie tabs the clvaion patos fortwo nce THODKssmcteda Mand 46.8 ree haf-waveength pacing) a Uscanddestertone navelenthepcns The elevazion Fount or he ake sack ha sly mre pun at tower Anew st sxpected, and the pe pitt sity hier ut the sack wth the omulee spacing il iss gos gin and a desirable Pater The sation i ferento8 VHF. {thee wily kng-boom highs dele dre practi and desrale, nd where tack ‘ating 16 comespondigly more veal ‘rated wit te oto 4020-metar Yah romoves Na ‘Shaun fang mn seman sac, seen ng oe ‘tun oration sb Srmetr Boom eh rapt a he ‘ther Seoms ta 0" 10 or example) moored jpaomanes, Futer he 2ometer elements nade Be fenatares by eet soot on each on of enon erent in ‘tert comperanta ore ect fhe netaces soar lentes sucky tg lhe toner wea ¢ Polo ‘Gankep, bscass wen up and dove hares of mes ‘atousowpenrens were stone Interacton aoe fo ows prommiy to otber antennas im & son nas fos cen det sey cae fpamized pater of ein Yaga ovady®, rae ‘can se econ vein’ camper program sion es iM EF MINEC «NEw. Agu otucton Sag much ae $01 ca easy ra ee fo close vrial spacing ot a copate to gan of 2 angie mannan titenn meured inte cea Cucusly enough = ines Sten reauton 1 gen san be fund even ies he ont- ites noir ete Sess fen fot Eeot’Bave tomar WeGHS. mentone oto oereler agin haovaly inked Crean Ton (8 mara ha ‘opr 10 mecerain ne ase. and 20 mater et he baton ot {Re tting man aan steal gr neo ‘Sous rerseson win ta 2-meneratenn. (We ole ‘Sls tat ne re-opac gin nthe WeOHS nc Sons to ‘5081 compared to ebau® win no surounsing siemae | Monobandars ae demi not une ‘Spore ig woanerenmutoans eaten prvata cvotstons eG he nde tat wuld ot ‘coma and ot son Chama ve naan agen. Ie'to hes ndates at he loath THTOX ea rat ‘tena for worengapan,stnoughWeaos heb foe iSgtod on «commending reahtcp. Tis. n he NBN Iain, sand antnnas were chose tecese the slams meant abe te emp se fesse gues cnln sence ov’ 0! poromaten. ‘ifn and atm no frase rane ‘amplxt tan en equvslet rumoer 0! mencbander {hora ive Yagi one NABUT ower yeting gay irom lo mar, ea oppeced tuning 2 0 8 ono- ‘atin ert Sa he NED and KIVR esas play “er Nav an e ‘well Wio.can each be Caster by some local to it Iraband secs Whetha tis hoppens Bocas Pay ce Ioreband esos compared oO band seennan ot ‘thor we get betan bose thy command eupeor hiten econ open to dobsta, bom nave doen {brute ancghplae itn Yop Farin cr apace ‘ereptioneaogorios na number of melo DX Cotes esate uf complex mat eopliog and Inerstiondeween ie antes Stacks and Fading We have weed» rember of reports ‘eomsttons. ily Supe, to compare ‘tts combinations o tenn sacks nda single aber. The peak ait of he Sek isuealyjistailebe eter tan hat ‘ovthe bes the gle arta. we retsuresng ven alarpe sae hs 0 moce fou a8 of gin oer a amg Yueh [Mabe evening te prevaiog evan ‘nae. Fading on the Barovean path eax habe 20UB oe oe, ei evn cate ing toy to mate define vomparions We have noticed ec many tut that the Ske ate mach owe sancepable to fadingoped to single Yags. ven with the Solin of apes! SSH indwits ee | Hox a ae "nen. celecive ning cael caset a thetora gel a eice fo shungé a ath reese aaa oe desma e- omingfilleeptestacks ander othe Single atennas Tis dest happen al he Timert softenssen, Whe culuoobetod tat he depth ofa fading lens und The Pia fig lenge, onthe ask cua Ped to single antenna Exactly stack AB es aig is afesinang subject fori tere es amber of speuftve eas. bu tl hard ‘niece Samermanalnhatstks cle Tom stgle ablennas because they van afford nace diversity elles, whereby ve {ae of te ifirene in pies! placemett nena wl randomly pick up seas swapuene ‘hataother oxen anater pica on a ‘ah not hea. Thls ace vest ang tren ict args wth ar eatlly “Sie to prove siete A mace Plsinibe esplaation about why tacked Fig NEB swich box nye. Thi uses «maates DX Engneung rena such “aais exhib speror fading pertormance Gut win ly Kea to Show selection ot omer of top artoaa eure is'nt her nevoner onal ceva lometer Yap orate ornee!tesne ges) ae ungke ana Nata bole itne ea dicoonte agua snenned Tae @mabecl roveen or ifs equseslon weer ay ovale age we fropaguton modes Evenshenundeona- (emared paral e Hac eb ie mn coal cble Each ol he fe Yaga trons favors ena ery low 3c ree Salon spe om ioe 13 meters rom New Frage fo Wester Europ. theese bali weaterone thar acve higher ‘sana Theaters circled longer dsancea on their seal Yai the Msorde effet of poling evel x ousted x Crete 7X trend Journey ph Ae baoyphom, an tis oe anes aa tre decion ed Yagl The wan eet eter, wid their sign level and ther phase uneshiotthewansrterpovcrindivened 432 foo boomend ive elements Tree: oglesareifecitthesigraletavene from he main age ses Ths ae that_ mens ate sete om il ees Ur ite the peinary propagation mode, Whoa thpedsuntredcalby L8dB.oora very asi on DO metre an trae astve ct ‘tmbind with dominant mode, he net large amt rinalce {01 SbuBlover 1S mete. The Umer clement ae ‘feta there destucve aad cons SP anya Teed with ets raps an capt has Strive fading Ifthe lation wept fara oft ng iba SP sacked aateana can dtcriminate Tbe NOBV/L Antenna System. Sivgittmeter Hy. Gun THIDX tablet ‘asin sina arving at higher elevation The NGBV/I system in Windhar, Neve itxedinin trope the oocenclontbe ‘nglem the in theory the fing wil he Hampstire,inlouedonhectextol voll tower us above te inl seo guys rele hl abeur 40 wiles rom Bost ad elt Atte fot level the tower, ast be characleraed wo yu. but tt domi above the secon soto gives tee Ie ‘Stacks und Precipitation State un, contesting staon. Tere single Singing-gte side-noune bicker. rate Joa Kenay, WIRR. as pinteoutchat [3fovetst Rotin 48 tuwer,woyed at hy DX Eagicenng of Oregon, Ay Ole ‘etopunernainastacksofen michmore Soot nervy ith 1ODsoutharzone Twister str tune a THADX a this teste by roe sow pciptation sae talspreadtrom fowerbue cach gy post se mous, (Not th fa he side mown {hat inthe over atenaa We ve sooo: Soththteisuliienteoorgerattono! an he element spacings of he TDK le ‘ved ths phenomenon, ews signals on individual Yagi om he fower Each ot of cif preven fll ation sound te omer: {he Loser antenna by olf ae perfectly guy wtes employs bean dly ils at shoot 24 of rettion ieachlewe wih this eaable, wile SBe rain nic fading 57-oo mera to and resonance ete Stem) Atthe 30 lvel ‘cepa inpostne othe higher anenna 0 hrouga T-meter amaleue han. There fits sleet beth TECIDS Sronthetack Thismeinsthatthe sbi af ive Yagi onthe womer. A Beany-doty Jeo fad Europe ie Vaal ‘lec nvidul avennas tos stack cap T2-fotlong steel nt With O28-ach wth eqal engin of Belden 9913 low-lane tines he very important. We recor Wilt atthe op te tower ured by an coanal ele each Meaured with he ‘ed tat you dont eran han-vins_ Onon28N rotator Tava Beanags ae bridge toenaire equate aries Sninnoe in tk open Imedahovethertuor oveutieto ple ot tn. Meat lee pits erste eed choke Thetower ise atthe er about wot! holanCesing Tage bens placa onthe Stacks wn Aximuthal Diversity Aoainthetoweronamaditedrsttorselt con All ive couse ables oo clay Acimuthal diversity aterm coined ate. The tw thro bearings allow the Sch Wi outed the 8 evel ot ssa the tution where ee ofthe atta tae emoved fe nerace {else Figs shows th schematic forthe tennan ns wack i purosey pointed ins "Att ope the man 13Ofecthigh, isa Sieh box. hich fr fed with 230 fect of ‘ieton diferent fom the main ection S-lement. ompstercptimiral Wemetee 7842.0 7SincO0 Hardline conn ese ‘Htbestick DusapncstihetimeinaDX Yash whichiseimaliiel hese deignens. The sick DX Eagineeing reece sult ont rome Eas Coat, he loweranten: Toot buy Theeknen taming sen No hue hed hy adding lay Ke as inastac ar pinteditoEaroe, while modified rom the tock antenna nde © so hes the 130-00 o he [20a the op anienna wen rte toward the 4hveigher sin anda beterpatterover ting enn canbe selected though = (Corea Japa Iaastackof ive Hep: Re Card. Atthe top of fe tower! IO oet second eathol.1nen arinStacks Just magne. “The anianna system hero ies ver on 0. over 3 on 1, and over Son £20, Tho upper and loner Yags are bath rotatebe” KIVA hae nat system, and t wore wes put ‘ogather ona singe ‘ower hs Deckyaré wh caret planing, ‘any radio amateurs cools oo ‘something sia. “The KIVA sacked array ie on & toooorhigh Rom 28 tower with bet of guy wos a 90, 80 and 80 {et mace of nonsaneucting Priiyaran Phlysten is @ noome talle Kear rope which covered by black polyetrvlone to protect. against tho harmful toc ofthe Sua ubvavolet ays. A caution about Phifytan: Dot alo reo Branches tub againe! Ris dosigned to work Tension, but tunike steel guy we, dows nat tolerate abeasion el Both anton ae Hy-Gale THEDIOE tibanders, wth th top one at 97 fet andthe batter one 1261 foot. The lower amienna ie Fetaiod by Telex Har roator na homemade swinging gate fide moun, which alows tio be Fofated 206° around the tower ‘tout iting any guy wires faving an sleet swing ito tho towe At tie Sot point onthe tue’, a element dO-mster CCushcrat Yagi has oan mountod fone TIC General RingRotr so that ‘oan be rotated 960° aroun the ‘ter several rules ators ring to mate tha THEOXX fatennas eo that ether could be ‘sed by isl or together in a stack, IVR Setled an using a oy Selected broadband torial matching taneformer When both band anton ae ted ogether paral 26a stack. anstorms tre Fosuting 2541 impedance te 50 ‘The anstormer ie wound ona T2o0A pouderadsron ore Ee ae a 2 # Fg 1 O80auder back dagram Fobruary 1904 45arses 8 uunnegy ten a ys OG ‘rt nt i ih gd Scnaiy oie Soci sea as oho spd ers a a Seance, alan compo in SBar cater commerce ne. anata ie eat on ana ana taney an BESET Tk Sit sata noe ae OSS G20, Gatze9F, Slerancn ceramic S4—SPST ogye en, ULF, Ure La aud op g HPS Droaranmed wih aSocoraer sofware. -~fitse0 auco owe ample. Sette) Dorsise morcorekon la wMssoeS ees) St ote oat Tagen S00 aon aE oct tte i Screen oe ‘J1—Coaxial de power jack. US. Ud—67256 32-4» 8 (258-Abit) static load (see text). eae eaaeeeee Sega sae aero aren, ere VES See saenn vain, Hasan ost Seattle amie — Pees eeatmerstaie™ (Sanne, bet ee ‘S1—DPDT toggle switch. ‘74-5100 to locate your nesrest jae eee eC ESSE ce noon lemon 46 osegz. You ean dre ie @SUsonter trom the Stim speaker ips jock of most gs The un exhibits «high snpedance (GO) Toad othe ceceiver sad requires ‘aximam tpnal of 23-V PP Au from them connector paves through tide Under, Su spp, Chebyshev lomepane iter ipa and USB) with» eta re rency of 3 allowing the ter, the signal spre: seated t0 U3, the ADS audio VO pot, ‘Shtonprovides ample old ad atop to Sigh! cA/D} conversion fenton. The ‘hit sample lsat UI sehete deca How 25d norage into the two 2 kbyle RAMS (U3, Ud) Takes place (See the ‘idee “Digtl Audie Storage Meth) ‘Whe ita Is recovered during sty play rode i's ierpolated by aise 0 US sai, me wsing US silo rag D/A} converter. This analog vo ‘ge pics though anther Cheyer iew-pave iter USC, shen smooths thie staoaso voltage nd nendy st U7. te EMLs0 powerapifiotourve speaker ‘Ul the heat othe nate, consis \ Kiyo program EPROM, 4 byes oF RAM and 27 Ones Only srptel 1) and capacitor (C2) ae needed to get i ning. Aliiough the A7S4H lacks Fome features newer mirocotrlles one rhe fetus are needed Also toe (C1 ‘easy avaiable tom may pat ah st ps sources Be eatelal: Do ot abide the sien B74 forthe S744 il not ranat i MU The W748 rogram Face Note 1) assembly angaaes for op tal sped. prcie tig, snd rane el en EPROMe. The QSOconder program ‘Shout 68 nes lng ‘dees ine 2. 118975 llowsthe sottareto metic nfrmation tthe port Anexteebitonteatprovides ve Foe the OVERLOAD LED (DS!) Power requirements are" aomioally 200 mA at 12 des The vltsgesourecean Traneewer' [2-V power sappy To Stance) TF you ase «de apply ofthe type that ples into ao oat Be sare ser rent ating seffclen Nove oo, hase {applies of tha ype have poor fier ‘Youayasvetopetabeter gal supp ithum isa prebiem. DS2 acts as «power be tadiatots The $-¥ pomer supply in vention neat design (U8) ih are ‘ersepolarityprtecion code D1 Construction Anns view ofthe prtorypedsshown infigd Oteoute.theeanies ayo beld the QSOsordristowsetbe path which Inoiudere Choad sce Ne 1) Bult you Sede to wie-wrapor-deed bop" theo ‘vit hereare fem pointersto keepin ind Piystaly porate the analog an ci ta porns ofthe tet. Lay om the 1 Sockets to misirize he wie Tet we Tat Hl enre the chips ate optimally place so the signals ravel the minimum Aistances, lessening the ikelhoud os fg Ippon Po pwr ae wie «Peo Sack 70 260 maa | ‘erivo a lower poo fee he page pret) Tu aN ORC sl ation. Be sireto nade the bypass Capacitor at each I's power connection Don't "is chai the power und ground soneetions rom chip to hip Insten, ‘onee! the indica power and prond leudreotheneevy power bun where ie the board This bps to minimize grind Toopy and pomernopply nase. ep the parel-comgonen lade soe ‘Wiveseapping workable techie for ths cna. Unfonsiely. tere ae tan psive components that et easy Coltelide toa irewrap deg fy pr {otye,moantedsothomponentsen he sand wirosmappou tote. The benders Serenata choetothe sented chip Thea bypass capacitor were soldered iteaty tothe 1 wocel baton The restr and capacitor vals aso sated with Us and UHC ste relatively Ential” Use Mylar capacitor, where Shown. The componeats st US pin 21 ‘ho ide have the tolerances chown, W the crystal Teequeney isn ceatly Although I Mla eho tate upper Hit Used commonly uestlable 1 S92-MH2 EM (Etecromugnei Interferences Consideration 11 nd £2 provide RE isolation forthe low-impedance power-inpat and audion ‘utporconretions. The high-impedance lloinpt polot RE puted by the 2-€2 network. The proceso cei ‘onng ot 10 Nil, capble of genes fing REF ofits own, Asis trae with ay ham {sear the QSOconer tho be ovate {grounded metal enclosure My Pod tern eclond n Radio Sbach 370. 252A cahine: withthe opandbotom sell Sew down iach to Improve i 9 featane, Bypesing spa ines rman Tro ane ot othe cabinet helps aie FM ‘Operating the QsOcorder omnes he QS Oeorder between Your rip’ speaier ovat ard. an external Seer Turn oa the ig and OSOcorer DBS wil ist for bout one sevond wie the OSDeorder clears is RAM Advance the QSOconler AUOI0 AM nto RU) hoot ened open The, ferense the rceieer aio. Bud. You Suid hee he recever ato emanating Irom the cpenker- With wignal presente asvance te reeiversusio eta canal {in OVERLOAD LED Jost sar tobe. Decree the reclvce aac goin nightly ‘mt he Le stops olinking oF does ting tor the receveraaio gain cnt "Once i's austen’ oc i) Por ont Yo adja the solve. This Sores tht the input signal optimally ses the A/D converter range ‘Most auadrn ecrvers hove adequite somatic in conto srs (AGE) 0 February 1994 47Digital Audio Storage Methods “here are numerous ware of stoning su ineasng means of Somoressing to tt nw aral Storage epucIn he GSCcerdar. | {oak te smalespareach of sam Bing the nse nfo samples at = fate between tendo thusene ‘eros preci. dectnatng So ae ot tesampied audio rio. thelavaiable RAM space, Adscus- Sion of hese techniques i yond {he soon of this arse: at te {Sh trasae prone evo Balntot, Th Een Pat” Ger Bone, 9p 1225" stra, “onees? ar, Dc. 124, 2 Herracge ow-Caet Ot! Sgn Broatang Sr Ran hte SOT, Seat 80 op cst 4 ie, iooicton fo Oeecrine Sa cise ew Yor Wer | ofpentem. teas Sees geen ces cep the audio level roughly conta f the ino leel isto biph so0'l notice Litre. 1s oo Tos, he aio sounds Inna The QSGcoder is mare forgiving "us many OSP sates fo incorrect sao adjostmeat but is best bey the OVER. ToaD LED, Automare Mode ‘Wher risus os the QSOconde is raning i the Aotomti mode, Toe wali {Yu Rea Is Being recorded RAM, 8th ‘hemos ecent 10 secon away nl able for replay. Press and old the LONG ation 2} to start replay rom 10 a+ ‘ds go. When you etme ol hese restive audi. he the SCeoner re “Sipes coving Using the SHORT huton {Swans plavbck trom vec yon the" Automate. ma. the. Seder ‘eplaysunly wll ether Suton sprees SAMPLE RATE site IS) conte be rage a hich samples ae take and tas ay a fauance the playback snd alt andthe ecordngdine nthe FAST Postion. audio paged hack rom the yremore soonest patra Rit the Fecoring ie seduced by soot 25% {ig 75nd 87 sconces compared to tht ‘heined withthe QLOW Sering (10 a5 seconds “This ithe SLOW position. the pla: tuo as are Inge, atte ate ay Sand sight mpertec. Some tenes Alo atic the iferncomexperiment severally use the FAST posion 1 sure, oth reuedig eh payback sell be the name spend Switching between Sausesanesual sound tests ihe re Sanayi). 48 Osh he sonal listening vio sounds ex cellent tezudless of the SAMPLE RATE Site ting. The vay powsble netic ble effects wcur dig Pnyback. wea ‘iter the LONG SHORT. hatin Jwewed ‘The aetalaompleratesare Ud 17.35 they Manual ode In the Maul mode, yuu can have the (gsOconder salto reeapumiculaesuio Segment. Then, you riage to record 10 “Sone audi. Atertha he QSDeader Stops recog ant holds the segment or replay. Vovsan reply theseynent amen ‘you ie as Tones pes Fenian sp pid tothe Q80cerder “To enter the Monta mode. ep the Lona baton pened wile you per ap the QSOcorde, then releabe the button tre. When the desired au ares {entry pew the LONG button: DSi es. Cingushes nd veeouing starts, When ss mpl DSI tights sai this pnt, the sbunsegment sip memo. To realy {ermomeatay pens the LONG baton To Manual move the QSOcerder afar cords and pays the rll 10-soond dre tion efek Muh any 2 momentary press Srthe ONG button ie tadeYoucaorepiay (he moved audio sexment ay iter ay lke. To est Mansa! mode end return Asfomatie mnie momentarily press the ‘SHOW con sor tra the QSOcrde ot Sn back om inti anon mode, the @SOcordercan serve a8 a rast huller. To-do tie, Change the connections, with the pat Soar beingab unplited merophne aad the ouipi lediag he mike eet! Sout transite. Ul leave this experince thom 9p to ys every aac gly Ainteret Summary “The QSeoRdersadvamages can best be apprevited ster actualy ing fe silowe youto fost reply any received “di. This uves eu w second chance at Gaderstanding aa unfaniiar mame oe Dieses ut cimpenste for i-thack ot fadio voices. During casual pectin. the [GS0eorler makes the QSO more colon. Sle and ejovable, na more reseed Sates sachs net ogerason ora omer setehs helps to gbten th oa Acknowledgments Many thanks Dave, WOGR, for his analog iter desi, anf the ine ‘tle conebutoms and excelent ser fons. Anda npcil thanks my wie ing, or her uataling hep understand gd encouragement "A pate ke, ncing tha 2 boar al Po ‘iSong compara icing tte rancgrammnee S88 merece SLSRSERE RS Sate esos the cab, somer supoy, gadas ang reine parses SP tS hccat am niece ee ae Sera ren ores en ier a er i a ee ‘3a Unamerngalie iar on ‘hetero en Ste Ra a “ramen anna Seen ‘el reo art Sra ae rong ha nove eat of 00 dieu ie achieve srnathing you en, Eimor srizeonras, KoSBVE, a Sam ‘rion onan, el earns ia Novos ‘meter CH (hots coureay oF lames ‘rosemaryManion rai, — ourcover technology ave ot Amato a0? Cormaiestons consent Norman ton, | WRC fakes soot at se BF “couse InSmeao ape 30 oor © CONTENTS 222.2501 woes ‘TECHNICAL — 25 A LeadsAcid Bator Charger eC Spacer. cava 28 Tho Poor Quad Arigna System — Aray Pilar KIRLO 52 Using 8 VU Meter for Phena-Patch adjustment ates toons, Wawa 436 On Certared Mattoand Doles ot Baines, VESEY, nt 37 Unda te Hoos IV intors Bren Baeon, RUIN 71 Produc! Revew: OST Compares: Duni-Gand Hand Held FM Transceivers NEWS AND FEATURES —— 19 I:Seems to Us. : Coorinaton 22 famatoue Rage Oroston Finding in Cons Ane lem, WARU 444-ANow Outs on fm Rado "Jom mzondt SORT 444 Baing an Elmar Pst Youn. ooacrs 448 Rnalamy of 9 10-GHe Record” Chuck Swed WAGENY, on Pn 50 Calor Radio snd the Modern Amsteur omen ton. ly and hie Changng Times im Kesar NS 14 Boars Preps fr 219-220 MH ex Pam KIC 81. Happenings: Appeas Goum Sides wih Mesa Amato “Astana Viry omtorees Federal Declaration NEW HAM COMPANION — SS Gertng Sianeg on he Mage Sand. Kan Newock, WZAML 64 The Decors 185 PACSATS hom an Aparinent Dork Senionaon KY 265064 7 Puig ito PacTOR ce Gott Acute 70 An OvertheDash HoT Mount Faron Layton, AAZAP OPERATING TIT Results, Elghh Annual AARL 10-Gr Curuinve Cones [DEPARTMENTS Anas hase Wot | ee eee 2 a | eee 8 ene | a G Retle ame e | ise & VETAW SchedTrain of peal interest ARESIR ACES ond RAYNET! embers There's nothing sine = Mont ofthe ieutcomporcrisean vr bough heap a ham ests Conte tiga toting are seated da Choa ees 1 BL About Lead-AcldHateres er IV batery wa erste tom heel is we sh sealed teens chorea then povets some thing of problere A ale Teall batery has the fo tonntcharing requirements Theater harping voltage wt wot “The maahemenmeatchrys ste mst raerced 156 nthe te sapere hr (Shatin, The Pitre must not be overage the dacharged bates s iy operating bats raging situs and wth tery i ally charger should an ndieaton sch el ol "Notes aspen on page 27 AL hanged, This ote vshich J fe tontely all Te Marsa dace thn an i exe tho he weed for shrping sulle ei. Circuit Deseription eter to Figure The charge tected by Fl anltenssonunol hy ST] Neos doen the fine stage to 14 RAS tichistben ected Lan gird hy ‘The hv-hand se vf teva co prises ine soe The opus utp wage se By RO, RI a Voor = 125 (1 40-6 REN SL Fett" RI eg) heey 588 Fis over anit otspproiinaely 1278 V-atwha ey dropped nto dads D8 und pen ing" 13 a the avery charging Te tl a an UDeandsineruptos As bss However, seule le es we bec ‘stn 8- a caps fe Man hutsag terminals "The vitretineng "ai S compe of Rf, cutenescring fesntor RY an OI owing asi ‘Sree tow 8 earns Ri rt through Whe Ea Soltage sects 16 Vs the QI, pling QI vr Bee wend. casing the osteo Predlagetn all Any aernpetndraw e Battery Charger This battery charger is designed specifically for use with sealed | lead-acid batteries, such as those found in burglar alarms, ‘emergency lighting units and older portable telephones. By Ben C. Spencor, G4YNM ead-Acid ‘38 New King St Urrtttae, Thecuerent limit et purely by ene value of Re pong 4 and? inn STANOARD (RT ond MAPIO VRB) Selecting Ro peowides scare hn of 3 conto nec be ne whe ei w drive Ot no svmaction ‘ema baer comment ter O-Charee Sate Waen st pred ap the sole UA pin fe symiczty Tower than the voleage ut UA pio the apt oman ie Ds and Di Fenny inahoe ey oat the tery ‘Ranging tecnica -RY RD Sack sign lad for Den ‘bate can ie connect othe charg inateminalsithousun tsk spake i Ing. paral sscharpe tater i 1a immediately bevomerevere-bise, elas a ene mp 8 Because VIA": wait high, the are LED, DSI, Mt shove athe charger Sched etlonme tsrging cyte, Ihuveatoe ot DST peste sole OmCharge Sate Ira alsehareo hater i ones 0 the ery shafiagtemtaai DY ng Ba Maron 1908 25ste everebianed do U2 nally in the hare mole. Tosa s chasing ve ies secenary to citer pul UA pin to roe or ll UIA pi 2 to the nie En, Wea 32(START. sores cota DDPST push-hution wwe) operated ts UIA pio 29 he psi salvia le fod eects DIA pint tout TAS ‘Selgin eangen casing 1B apd UIC {of ming st! DSU an atin red [een 3x2 to foicte hat he haters ‘haetag and hence, tety fo se ‘When UIA‘ ait change sae re smoventne die coating U2 0 rahe ie uuipa voltage, Te current Flowing rah the ascribe ase os ‘ua when cxssej toot ‘pending onthe ate ol he ters thas Yoreing caren ining. Ina en camont_throwgh KS is amplified by ‘uninvering esnpiier Ut. which hs TowcHrequency ain about 1 GeIRECRSI RSI cea $2 has now heen leaned fad eo ied sateen caren flows tough RB iD svutgutsahovethereoreaceun UV pin. Then-thouutnatof UIA fhe Tou, {Gt evaeed ot wl the siege rea in theon-chase mode ‘Wen the coment eau RE als to bout liso te mcm tale, UD opr otag sequal the eee vl Item the nisverting sept spe 31 Cig Ap sditona sh deceive car ‘ent exten LID’ tl eh the Cihtage a Ul pin swing HA to tp ‘Ts dives Qt to salva. SAULME own he result fo 1.2 output ee Toming the chase the oft-charge se ‘sth DST ge unrated to eae the Font one ‘hanged ath nse at 14.7 ¥ te ater proves tom sacarging int the chee ote sow cevers-basd diode, D3 tod ssh hacer ina wage days Nsraterat apd voltae fsbo 182 V Iisa worhtyig charge eatery Faun fee Sea Sans suoetnes Uness eres ‘Soiled reisore are Se oe {Seton crboncaposton oin Dim tz, HW Zeer ods Bormaean te gape ED, Etat sowtion: Singesr aap Si

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