Samskruti College of Engineering and Technology

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

LABORATORY MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

Lab In Charge
J PRIYA
Asst. Prof.

Samskruti College of Engineering and

Technology
Department of COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
(Name of the Lab Course) : DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LAB
(JNTU CODE):A40584
Branch:
Semester:

Programme : UG

CSE

Year:II

II

No.of pages :

List of Lab Exercises

S.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Name of the programs

E-R Model: Analyze the problem with the entities which identify data
persisted in the database which contains entities, attributes.
Concept design with E-R Model: Apply cardinalities for each
relationship, identify strong entities and weak entities for relationships
like generalization, aggregation, specialization.
Relation Model: Represent attributes as columns in tables and
different types of attributes like Composite, Multi-valued, and Derived.
Normalization
Installation of MySql and practicing DDL commands.
Practicing DML commands
SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE.
Querying
Queries using ANY, ALL, IN, INTERSECT, UNION
Querying
Using aggregate functions COUNT, SUM using GROUPBY and
HAVING.
Querying
Using aggregate functions AVERAGE using GROUPBY and
HAVING
Triggers
Creation of insert triggers, delete trigger,update trigger

11

Procedures
Creation, Execution and Modification of stored Procedure

12

Cursors
A cursor on the given data

Page
No.

ADDITIONAL PROGRAMS
S.No.

Name of the Programs

Design and implement queries on EMP, dept, salgrade tables.

Design and implement queries on sailors, boats and reservation.

Design and implement queries on EMP, dept, salgrade tables.

Page
no

PROGRAM OUTCOMES
1. An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering to develop and
analyze computing systems.

2. an ability to analyze a problem and identify and define the computing requirements
appropriate for its solution under given constraints.

3. An ability to perform experiments to analyze and interpret data for different applications.
4. An ability to design, implement and evaluate computer-based systems, processes,
components or programs to meet desired needs within realistic constraints of time and space.

5. An ability to use current techniques, skills and modern engineering tools necessary to
practice as a CSE professional.

6. An ability to recognize the importance of professional, ethical, legal, security and social
issues and addressing these issues as a professional.

7. An ability to analyze the local and global impact of systems /processes /applications
/technologies on individuals, organizations, society and environment.

8. An ability to function in multidisciplinary teams.

9. An ability to communicate effectively with a range of audiences.
10.Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering, management and economic
principles and apply them to manage projects as a member and leader in a team.

11.A recognition of the need for and an ability to engage in life-long learning and continuing
professional development

12.Knowledge of contemporary issues.

13.An ability to apply design and development principles in producing software systems of
varying complexity using various project management tools.

14.An ability to identify, formulate and solve innovative engineering problems. 6-

DBMS
Lab Manual

EXPERIMENT 1
AIM
E-R Model
Analyze the problem with the entities which identify data persisted in the database which
contains entities and attributes.
Objectives:
Student will able to learn the Entity-Relationship(ER) modeling to develop a conceptual model of data.
Outcomes:
Student gains the ability
About business rules, notations and constructs.
To Construct E-R diagrams including: Entities (strong,
weak, associative) Attributes (simple, multi-valued,
derived) Relations (unary, binary, ternary)
Roadway Travels
System Requirements
Analysis Roadway
Travels:
Roadway travels is in business since 1997 with several buses connecting different places in india. Its
main office is located in Hyderabad. The company wants to computerize its operations in the following
areas.
The company wants to computerize its operations in the following areas:
1. Reservations and Ticketing
2. Cancellations
Reservations & Cancellation:
Reservations are directly handled by booking office. Reservations can be made 30 days in
advance and tickets issued to passenger. One passenger/ person can book many tickets (to his/her
family).Cancellations are also directly handed at the booking office.
In the process of Computerization of Roadway Travels you have to design and develop a
Database which consists the data of Buses, Passengers, Tickets and Reservation and cancellation
details. You should also develop querys using SQL to retrieve the data from the database.

Following steps are involved in the process:

1. Analyzing the problem and identifying the Entities and Relationships
2. E-R Model
3. Normalised Relational Model
4. Creating the database
5. Querying.
6. Triggers and Stored procedures on the tables.
1) E-R Model:
Analyze the problem carefully and come up with the entities in it. Identify what data has to be persisted
in the database. This contains the entities, attributes etc. In this we wqill analyze different types of
entities with attributes of Roadways Travels.
Entity: An Entity is an object or concept about which you want to store information
Relationship: A relationship is an association between several entities.
Attributes: An object is characterized by its properties or attributes. In relational database systems
attributes correspond to fields.
The Road Way Travels Consists Of The Following Entities:

BUS
Ticket
Passenger
Reservatio
n
Cancellation/modification

These Entities have following attributes

Bus:
Bus_id
Bus_nam
Bus_type
Bus_totalseats
Ticket:

Ticket_booking
Ticket_datejourne
y
Ticket_to
Ticket_fro
m
Ticket_id
Ticket_no of tickets

Passenger:

Pid
Pname
Pgend
er
Page
precancel

VIVA QUESTIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Explain entity, relation and attributes?

What is the difference between weak entity and strong entity?
What are the different types of attributes?
Explain difference between multi valued and single valued attributes?
What is the difference between entity and entity set?

EXPERIMENT 2
Concept design with E-R Model and apply cardinalities for each
relationship. Identify strong entities and weak entities for
relationships like generalization, aggregation, specialization.

Objectives:
Student will able to learn data structures in terms of entity types, relationship types and attributes or
classes, associations and attributes.
Outcomes:
Student gains the ability to describe the data requirements for a new information system in a direct and
easy to understand graphical notation.
E_R diagram:
Bus No
Source
BUS
Destination
Departure Time

Reservation

Date of journey

Sex
Ticket no
Ticket Source

Departure time

Age

VIVA QUESTIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Draw an E-R Diagram For an ATM System.

Draw an E-R Diagram For school mgmt system.
Draw an E-R Diagram For Roadways Travels Systems.
Draw an E-R Diagram For Bank Mgmt System.
Explain many to many and many to one relationship.

EXPERIMENT 3
AIM
Relation Model represents attributes as columns in tables and
different types of attributes like composite, Multi-valued and
Derived.
Objectives:
Student will able to learn the structural components of the relational data model.
Student will able to learn to map ER models into relational models.
Outcomes:
Student gains the ability
To describe the Model Structure.
To define Properties of Relations.
To define Domains.
To implement Notation to Describe the Relational Schema
To Represent an ER Model as a Relational Model.

Example: The passenger tables look as below. This is an example. You can add more attributes based
on your E-R model. This is not a normalized table. Passenger

passenger

Bus

Passenger_tic
tickets
kets

bus_no

ppno

source
destination

ppno

name
tickets _no
ticket_no
age
no of tkts
jrny_date
sex
from_place
address
to_place
phone_no
bus_no
jrny_date

ID

Name

Age

Sex

Address

Passport

Note: The student is required to submit a document by Represent relationships in a tabular fashion to
the lab teacher.
2. Concept design with E-R model
Relate the entities appropriate for each relationship. Identify strong entities and week entities (if any).
Indicate the type of relationships (total/partial). In this we will design the different E-R diagram for
different entities and also the whole Roadway Travels.
E-R diagram: An entity-relationship(ER) diagram is a specified graphic that illustrates the
interrelationships between entities and database. W e can express the overall logical structure of
database graphically with an E-R diagram.
3. Relational Model and Normalization
Represent all the entities (Strong, Weak) in tabular fashion. Represent relationships in a tabular fashion.
There are different ways of representing relationships as tables based on the cardinality. Represent
attributes as columns in tables or as tables based on the requirement. In this we will represent the
different entities, attributes of different keys in a tabular fashion or manner.

Relational Model:
The relational model is a depiction of how each piece of stored
information relates to the other stored information. It shows how
tables are linked, what type of the links are between tables, what
keys are used, what information is referenced between tables. Its
an essential part of developing a normalized database structure to
prevent repeat and redundant data storage.
Different types of keys:
A super key is a set of one or more attributes which;
taken collectively, allow us to identify uniquely an entity in
the entity set.
A primary key is a candidate key(there may be more than
one) chosen by the DB designer to identify entities in an
entity set.
A super key may contain extraneous attributes, and we are
often interested in the smallest super key. A super key for which
no subset is a super key is called a candidate key. An entity
does not posses sufficient attributes to form a primary ket is
called a weak entity set. One that does have a primary key is
called a strong entity set.
A foreign key is a field in a relational table that matches
the primary key column of another table. The foreign key
can be used to cross-reference tables.
Normalization
Database normalization is a technique for designing relational
database tables to minimize duplication of information and, in so
doing, to safeguard the database against certain types of logical
or structural problems, namely data anomalies. In this we will
write the normalization tables that is entities of Roadway
Travels.
Normalization: In relational databases, normalization is a
process that eliminates redundancy, organizes data efficiently;
Normalization is the process of efficiently organizing data in a
database. There are two goals of the normalization process:
eliminating redundant data(for example, storing the same data in
more than one table) and ensuring data dependencies make

sense(only storing related data in a tablet). Both of these are

worthy goals as they reduce the amt of space a database consumes
and ensure that data is logically stores.
The Normal Form: the database community has developed a
series of guidelines for ensuring that databases are normalized.
These are referred to as normal forms and are numbered from one (
the lowest form to normalization, referred to as first form or INF)
through five(fifth normal form of SNF). In practical applications,
youll often see INF, 2NF, and 3NF along with occasional 4NF.
Fifth normal form is very rarely seen and wont be discussed in
this article. Its important to point out that they are guidelines and
guidelines only. Occasionally, it becomes necessary to stray from
them to meet practical business requirements. However, when
variations take place, its extremely important to evaluate any
possible requirements they could have on your system and
account for possible inconsistencies. That said, lets explore the
normal form.

VIVA QUESTIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

What is relational model and its importance.

Explain the difference between candidate key and primary key.
What is a super key.
Differentiate among all types of keys with example.
Explain the need of foreign key.

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A
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N
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r
m
a
l
i
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a
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i
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n

o
f

t
a
b
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e
s

b
j
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i
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s
:
Student will able to learn to avoid problems that are associated with updating
redundant data.
Outcomes:
Student gains the knowledge to build The database that does not have
redundant data.
A basic objective of the first normal form defined by Edgar
Frank "Ted" Codd in 1970 was to permit data to be queried and
manipulated using a "universal data sub-language" grounded in
first-order logic.(SQL is an example of such a data sub-language,
albeit one that Codd regarded as seriously flawed.)
The objectives of normalization beyond 1NF (First Normal Form) were stated
as follows by Codd:
1. To free the collection of relations from
undesirable insertion, update and deletion
dependencies;
2. To reduce the need for restructuring the collection
of relations, as new types of data are introduced, and
thus increase the life span of application programs;
3. To make the relational model more informative to users;

4. To make the collection of relations neutral to the

query statistics, where these statistics are liable to
change as time goes by.
Querying and manipulating the data within a data structure which is not
normalized, such as the
following non-1NF representation of customers' credit card
transactions, involves more complexity than is really necessary:
Cu
Transactions
sto Tr. ID
Date Amount
me
1
r
2
8
Jon
es 9
0
Wil 1
kins 4
on O
c
Stev t
ens 2
0
0
3

8
7
1
2
9
0
4
1

5
O
c
t
2
0
0
3

2
0
0
3

1
8
1
4
9
2
0

5
0
r. ID

2
Date
0
Amount
N
12898 14-Octo
2003 21
v
Tr. ID
2
Date
0
Amount
0
1
3
2
9

0
7
7
0
1
5
O
c
t
-

1
5
0
0
3
2

7
N
o
v
2

0
0
3

6
0

To each customer corresponds a repeating group of transactions.

The automated evaluation of any query relating to customers'
transactions therefore would broadly involve two stages:
1. Unpacking one or more customers' groups of transactions
allowing the individual transactions in a group to be examined,
and
2. Deriving a query result based on the results of the first stage
For example, in order to find out the monetary sum of all
transactions that occurred in October 2003 for all customers, the
system would have to know that it must first unpack the
Transactions group of each customer, then sum the Amounts
of all transactions thus obtained where the Date of the transaction
falls in October 2003.
One of Codd's important insights was that this structural complexity could
always be removed
completely, leading to much greater power and flexibility in the way queries
could be formulated (by
users and applications) and evaluated (by the DBMS). The
normalized equivalent of the structure above would look like this:
Customer Tr. ID Date
Amount
Jones
12890 14-Oct-2003 87
Jones
12904 15-Oct-2003 50
Wilkins 12898 14-Oct-2003 21
Stevens 12907 15-Oct-2003 18
Stevens 14920 20-Nov-2003 70
Stevens 15003 27-Nov-2003 60
Now each row represents an individual credit card transaction, and
the DBMS can obtain the answer of interest, simply by finding all
rows with a Date falling in October, and summing their Amounts.
The data structure places all of the values on an equal footing,
exposing each to the DBMS directly, so each can potentially
participate directly in queries; whereas in the previous situation
some values were embedded in lower-level structures that had to be
handled specially. Accordingly, the normalized design lends itself

to general-purpose query processing, whereas the unnormalized

design does not.

VIVA QUESTIONS
1. Explain the need of normalization?
2. What is functional dependency?
3. Explain difference between third normal form and boyce codd normal
form?
4. What is PJNF?
5. What is transitivity dependency?

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INSTALLATION OF MYSQL and Practicing DDL commands

Objectives:
Student will able to learn DDL Statements to Create and Manage Tables.
Outcomes:
Student gains the ability to
Categorize the main database objects
Review the table structure
List the data types that are available for columns
Create a simple table
Describe how constraints are created at the time of table creation
Describe how schema objects work.
Requirements:
MYSQL, software for database that is MYSQL.exe required
space for installing MYSQL server. Description: In this we
will install the MYSQL server and also practice the DDL
commands. Installation of MySQL and Practicing DDL
commands:
Installation of MySQL:
Why MySQl:MySQL is undoubtedly the most popular and widely-used open
source database:
It is simple to setup and use.
It is recognised as one of the fastest databse engines.
Most linux( and many Windows-based)web hosts offer MySQL.
MySQL is closely integrated with PHP, which
makes it an ideal cndidate for many web applications.
Why Install MySQL Locally?
Installing MySQL on your development PC allows you to
safely create and test a web application without affecting the
data or systems on your live website.

Installing MySQL on Windows: In this section you will learn how

to install MySQL 5.0 on windows system the MySQl 3.21 was
first version for the windows. Windows installer of MySQL
includes auto installer with configuration Wizard that support for
easy installation.

PRACTICING DDL COMMANDS:

Creating a table:
To store data into the database we must create a table with
same structure as the data we have to store into the database. To
create a table use the create table Command that has the following
syntax.

SQL>Create table <tablE name>

(<colname><
datatype>[constraints],<colname>
[constraints
.

colname><
datatype>[constraints],[table
level
constraints])
student table:
Syntax:

Sid

int

pK

Sname

Varchar(30)

Notnull

Course

Varchar(30)

default cpp

Query for creating Student Table:

Create table student (Sid int constraint sid_PK Primary Key,
Sname varchar(30) not null. Course varchar(30) constraint
default-course defaultCPP)
Altering Table structure:
After creating table we may want to add or remove columns and
constraints or change the data type of a column to perform all

these operations, we have to use alter table that has the following
syntax,
1. Alter column: this option is used to change the datatype
of a column or add or remove not null constraint.
Syntax:

Alter

Tabl<tablEname>AlterColumn<colname><da
Q:

tatype>Null/NotNull

Sp_helpstudent

//Execute
EX: The following example changes the data types of sname
column of student table to char with maximum length 40
removes the not Null Column constraint available on it.
Q: Alter Table Student
Alter Column Sname
Char

(40)

Null

Q:

sp_helpstudent
//Execute
3. Drop Column: this option is
used to delete columns from the
table

Syntax:

Table<tablEName>Drop
Column<Column List>

Alter

Ex: The following example deletes the columns Fname

and address from the table student. Q: Alter table Drop
Column Fname, Address.

VIVA QUESTIONS
1. Write the syntax for all DDL commands?
2. What is the difference between drop and truncate command?
3. What is DDL interpreter?
4. What is the command to delete columns from table?

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g

D
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c
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O
b
j
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t
i
v
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s
:
Student will able to learn commands that make changes
in relational database and transaction management.
Outcomes:
Student gains the knowledge to perform transactions like updating,
deleting, inserting and selecting data from a data base.
SELECT INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE.
5. Data Manipulation Language commands

1) Inserting rows into the table: To insert rows into the

table we have to use insert Command that has the following
syntax

Syntax: insert [into] <tablename>values ([values>)

While using thei syntax of insert command we must provide value
for every column. Whenever we want to insert null into a column
then use the keyword null and to insert default value for a column
use the keyword default.
Ex:The

following

examples insert rows into

the table student Insert
student
(1001,A,Dotnet)
Insert
studen
t
Values
(1002,
B,D
efaultt
)
Insert
studen
t

Values

Values
(1003,
C,S
QL)
Select
* from
studen
t
//Exec
ute
this
line
Ex:The

following

examples

insert

rows

into the table marks

Insert

Marks

Values

(1001, 77, 54, 67, null,

null, null)

Insert

Marks

Values (1002, 70,

45, 56, null, null,
null) Insert Marks
Values (1005, 78,
65, 89, null, null,
null)

Select

from

marks

//select this line

and execute

2) Creating a table from another table: When we have to

create a new table from existing table then use the following
Syntax of Select statement.
Syntax: Select*|<column list>into<new table name>from
<old table name>[where<condition>] Ex: the following
example creates a table with name student3 from the
table student. Q: Select * into student3 from student
//Execute
3) Updating Rows in the table: When we have to modify the
existing data in the table then we have to use update Command
that has the following syntax

Syntax:

Update

<tablEname>

Set<column>=<value>,<colname>=<value>
[Where<condition>] Ex:The following examples updates name
and course of the student with id 1004 to S and DOTNET Q:
Update student set name-S, course=DOTNET where
sid=1004
Q: Select * from student
EX: The following example updates marks table by
calculating total and average for all rows. Q: update
marks set total=C+CPP+SQL,aveg=(C+CPP+SQL)/3.0
Q: Select * from marks
Ex:the following example updates marks table by
calculating the grade on average marks. Q: Update
marks set grade=
Case
When Aveg>=70 then distinction
When Aveg>=60 and Aveg<70 then first class
When
Aveg>=50 and
Aveg<60
thenSecond
class

When

Aveg>=35 And

Aveg<50
thenthird
class

E
l
s
e

F
a
i
l

E
n
d

4) Deleting Rows from the table:To delete rows from

table use the delete Command that has the following syntax:
Syntax: Delete Rows from Table
Delete[from]<tblEname>[where<condition>]
Ex: The following example deletes the student
record with si4-1004 from marks table Q: Delete
marks where sid=1004

Q: Select * from marks

EX:

The

following

example deletes all rows

from

the

marks.

Q:

Delete marks

Output
RATING

MINAGE

25.5

35

25.5

4. Create the table using following attributes BUS

(BUSNO:
VARCHAR2
(10):
PK,
SOURCE:
VARCHAR2 (50), DESTINATION: VARCHAR2 (50))
Creating table
Syntax
Create table <table name> (col1 datatype,col2 datatype,col3
datatype)
Query
Create table create table BUS (BUSNO
VARCHAR2(10)
Primary
Key,
SOURCE
VARCHAR2 (50), DESTINATION VARCHAR2
(50));
Describing table
Query
Desc bus

Output
Table

BUS

Column
Nullable

Data Type
Default

Length

Precision

Scale

Primary Key
Comment

BUSNO
-

Varchar2
-

10
-

SOURCE

Varchar2
-

50
-

DESTINATION

Varchar2

50
-

1-3

Inserting records into Bus table

Syntax
Insert into <table name> values (val 1,val2,val3)
Query
insert into bus
values(1234,'hydera
bad',tirupathi);
insert into bus
values(2345,'hydera
bad',tirupathi);
insert into bus
values(23,'hyderaba
d',kolkata); insert
into bus values(45,'

tirupathi
',banglore); insert
into bus
values(34,'hyderaba
d',chennai);
Display table
Syntax
Select <select list> from <table name>
Query
Select * from bus;

Output
BUSNO

SOURCE

DESTINATION

1234

hyderabad

tirupathi

2345

hyderabad

tirupathi

23

hyderabad

kolkata

45

tirupathi

banglore

34

hyderabad

chennai

5. Create the table using following attributes

PASSENGER (PPNO: VARCHAR2 (15): PK, NAME:
VARCHAR2 (15), AGE: INT (4), SEX: CHAR (10):
MALE/FEMALE, ADDRESS: VARCHAR2 (50))
Creating table
Syntax
Create table <table name> (col1 datatype,col2 datatype,col3
datatype)
Query
CREATE TABLE PASSENGER (PPNO VARCHAR2
(15) PRIMARY KEY, NAME VARCHAR2 (15), AGE
NUMBER (4), SEX CHAR (10), ADDRESS
VARCHAR2
(50));
Describing table
Query
Desc PASSENGER

Output
Table

PASSENGER

Column
Nullable

Data Type
Default

Length
Precision
Comment

Scale

Varchar2
-

15
-

NAME

Varchar2
-

15
-

AGE

Number
-

SEX

Char
-

10
-

PPNO

Primary Key

ADDRESS

Varchar2

50
-

1-5

Inserting
records

into

PASSENGER

table

Syntax
Insert into <table name> values (val 1,val2,val3)
Query
insert into PASSENGER
values(1,'TIRUMALAY',19,'MALE','AMBERP
ET'); insert into PASSENGER
values(2,'SUPRIYA',20,'FEMALE','B.B
NAGAR'); insert into PASSENGER
values(3,'AMULYA',20,'FEMALE','ECIL');
insert into PASSENGER
values(4,'NAGARAJU',20,'MALE','NAGARA
M'); insert into PASSENGER

values(5,'AVS.RAVI',20,'MALE','B.B
NAGAR');
Display table
Syntax
Select <select list> from <table name>
Query
Select * from PASSENGER;
Output
PPNO

NAME

AGE

SEX

ADDRESS

TIRUMALAY 19

MALE

AMBERPET

SUPRIYA

20

FEMALE

B.B NAGAR

AMULYA

20

FEMALE

ECIL

NAGARAJU

20

MALE

NAGARAM

AVS.RAVI

20

MALE

B.B NAGAR

VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is the syntax for insert command?
2. Define Key constraint?
3. What is the difference between NULL Values and NOT NULL Values?
4. What is the command to display table?

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QUERYING
QUERIES
ANY,

USING
ALL,

IN,

INTERSECT,

UNION

Objectives:
Student will able to learn to operate on multiple
result sets to return a single result set. Student will
able to learn to perform nested Queries.
Outcomes:
Student gains the knowledge to implement queries using ANY, ALL, IN,
INTERSECT, UNION.

6. Create the table using following attributes TICKET

(TICKET_NO: NUMERIC (9): PK, JOURNEY_DATE:
DATE, AGE: INT (4), SEX: CHAR (10):
MALE/FEMALE,
SOURCE:
VARCHAR2
(50),
DEP_TIME: VARCHAR2 (50))
Creating table
Syntax
Create table <table name> (col1 datatype,col2 datatype,col3
datatype)
Query
(TICKET_NO
(9) PRIMARY KEY
,
JOURNEY_DATE
DATE, AGE
NUMBER (4), SEX CHAR (10),
SOURCE VARCHAR2 (50), DEP_TIME VARCHAR2
(50))
CREATE TABLE TICKET
NUMBER

Describing table
Query
Desc TICKET

Output
Table
Comment

TICKET

Column

TICKET_NO
JOURNEY_DATE

Data Type

Number
Date

Length

Precision

Scale

Primary Key

Nullable

Default

AGE

Number

SEX

Char

10

SOURCE

Varchar2

50

DEP_TIME

Varchar2

50

Inserting records into TICKET table

Syntax
Insert into <table name> values (val 1,val2,val3)
Query

insert into TICKET values(1203,'10/FEB/11',19,'MALE','HYDERABAD','10.30 AM

insert into TICKET values(1213,'10/FEB/11',19,'FEMALE','HYDERABAD','10.30
AM');
insert into TICKET values(1201,'13/FEB/11',20,'FEMALE','HYDERABAD','11.30
AM');

insert into TICKET values(1202,'14/FEB/11',20,'MALE','TIRUPATHI','11.00 AM');

insert into TICKET values(1205,'14/FEB/11',20,'MALE','HYDERABAD','11.00 AM

Display table
Syntax
Select <select list> from <table name>

select * from TICKET;

Output
TICKET_NO JOURNEY_DATE AGE
DEP_TIME

SEX

SOURCE

1203

10-FEB-11
10.30 AM

19

MALE

HYDERABAD

1213
HYDERABAD

10-FEB-11
10.30 AM

19

FEMALE

1201
HYDERABAD

13-FEB-11
11.30 AM

20

FEMALE

1202

14-FEB-11
11.00 AM

20

MALE

TIRUPATHI

1205

14-FEB-11
11.00 AM

20

MALE

HYDERABAD

7.Create the table using following attributes

PASSENGER_TICKETS
(PPNO: VARCHAR2 (15): PK, TICKET_NO: NUMERIC
(9))
Creating table
Syntax
Create table <table name> (col1 datatype,col2 datatype,col3
datatype)
Query
CREATE TABLE PASSENGER_TICKETS (PPNO
VARCHAR2 (15) PRIMARY KEY, TICKET_NO
NUMBER (9))

Describing table
Query
Desc PASSENGER_TICKETS
Output
Table

PASSENGER_TICKE
TS

Column

PPNO

Data Type

Varchar2

TICKET_NO Number

Length

Precision

Scale

Primary Key

15

Nullable

Inserting records into

PASSENGER_TICKETS
table Syntax
Insert into <table name> values (val 1,val2,val3)
Query
insert

into

PASSENGER_TICK
ETS

values(1,1203);

insert

into

PASSENGER_TICK
ETS

values(2,1213);

insert

into

PASSENGER_TICK
ETS

values(3,1201);

insert

into

PASSENGER_TICK
ETS

values(4,1202);

insert

into

PASSENGER_TICK
ETS values(5,1205);
Display table

Syntax
Select <select list> from <table name>
Query
select * from TICKET;
Output
PPNO

TICKET_NO

1203

1213

1201

1202

1205

8. Create the table using following attributes RESERVATION

(PNR_NO: NUMERIC
(9):
FK,
JOURNEY_DATE:
DATE,
NO_OF_SEATS:
INT
(8),
ADDRESS: VARCHAR2 (50), CONTACT_NO:
NUMERIC (10), STATUS: CHAR (3): YES/NO)

FOREIGN KEY(PNR_NO ) REFERENCES

PASSENGER_TICKECTS(PPNO); Creating table
Syntax
Create table <table name> (col1 datatype,col2 datatype,col3
datatype)
Query
create table reservation (pnr_no
varchar2(15),journey_date date,no_of_seats
number(8),address varchar2(50),contact_no
number(10),status char(3),foreign
key(pnr_no)references
passenger_tickets(ppno));
Describing table
Query
Desc reservation
Output
Table
Nullable

RE
SE
RV
ATI
ON

Column
Default

PNR_NO

Data Type
Comment

15
-

Length

Precision

Scale

Primary Key

Varchar2

JOURNEY_DATE Date

7
-

NO_OF_SEATS

8
-

Number

ADDRESS

Varchar2
-

50
-

CONTACT_NO

Number
-

10

STATUS

Char

Inserting records into

reservation table
Syntax
Insert into <table name> values (val 1,val2,val3)

Query
insert into reservation values(1,'10/feb/11',5,'amberpet','7416944004','yes');
insert into reservation values(1,'11/feb/11',8,'amberpet','7416944004','yes');
insert into reservation values(2,'11/feb/11',8,'b.b nagar','7207204221','yes');
insert into reservation values(2,'14/feb/11',2,'b.b nagar','7207204221','yes');
insert into reservation values(3,'14/feb/11',3,'ecil','00000000','yes');
insert into reservation values(4,'14/feb/11',4,'nagaram','9700135300','yes');
insert into reservation values(5,'16/feb/11',1,'b.b nagar','8143528258','yes');
insert into reservation values(5,'15/feb/11',7,'b.b nagar','8143528258','yes');
Display table
Syntax
Select <select list> from <table name>
Query
select * from reservation;
Output
PNR_NO

JOURNEY_DATE

NO_OF_SEATS

ADDRESS

CONTACT_NO

STATUS

10-FEB-11

amberpet

7416944004

yes

11-FEB-11

amberpet

7416944004

yes

11-FEB-11

b.b nagar

7207204221

yes

14-FEB-11

b.b nagar

7207204221

yes

14-FEB-11

ecil

yes

14-FEB-11

nagaram

9700135300

yes

16-FEB-11

b.b nagar

8143528258

yes

15-FEB-11

b.b nagar

8143528258

yes

Create the table using following attributes CANCELLATION

(PNR_NO: NUMERIC
(9):
FK,
JOURNEY_DATE:
DATE,
NO_OF_SEATS:
INT
(8),
ADDRESS: VARCHAR2 (50), CONTACT_NO:
NUMERIC (9), STATUS: CHAR (3): YES/NO)
FOREIGN KEY(PNR_NO ) REFERENCES
PASSENGER_TICKECTS(PPNO);

Creating table
Syntax
Create table <table name> (col1 datatype,col2 datatype,col3
datatype)
Query
create
table
cancellation
(pnr_no
varchar2(15),journey_date
date,no_of_seats
number(8),address
varchar2(50),contact_no
number(10),status
char(3),foreign
key(pnr_no)references
passenger_tickets(ppno));
Describing table
Query
Desc reservation
Output

Table

CANCELLAT
ION

Column

PNR_NO

Data Type

Varchar2

Length

Precision

Scale

Primary Key

Nullable

Def

15

JOURNEY_DATE Date

NO_OF_SEATS

Number

ADDRESS

Varchar2

50

CONTACT_NO

Number

10

STATUS

Char

Inserting records
into
CANCELLATION
table Syntax
Insert into <table name> values (val 1,val2,val3)
Query
insert into cancellation
values(1,'10/feb/11',5,'amberpet','7416944004
','yes'); insert into cancellation
values(1,'11/feb/11',8,'amberpet','7416944004
','yes'); insert into cancellation
values(2,'11/feb/11',8,'b.b
nagar','7207204221','yes'); insert into
cancellation values(2,'14/feb/11',2,'b.b
nagar','7207204221','yes'); insert into
cancellation
values(3,'14/feb/11',3,'ecil','00000000','yes');
insert into cancellation
values(4,'14/feb/11',4,'nagaram','9700135300'
,'yes'); insert into cancellation

values(5,'16/feb/11',1,'b.b
nagar','8143528258','yes'); insert into
cancellation values(5,'15/feb/11',7,'b.b
nagar','8143528258','yes');
Display table
Syntax
Select <select list> from <table name>
Query
select * from cancellation
Output

PNR_NO JOURNEY_DATE
CONTACT_NO STATUS

NO_OF_SEATS

ADDRESS

10-FEB-11
7416944004

5
yes

amberpet

11-FEB-11
7416944004

8
yes

amberpet

11-FEB-11
7207204221

8
yes

b.b nagar

14-FEB-11
7207204221

2
yes

b.b nagar

14-FEB-11
yes

ecil

14-FEB-11
9700135300

4
yes

nagaram

16-FEB-11
8143528258

1
yes

b.b nagar

15-FEB-11
8143528258

7
yes

b.b nagar

26. Write a trigger on passenger to display messages 1

Record is inserted, 1 record is deleted, 1 record is
updated when insertion, deletion and updation are done
on passenger respectively.

27. Display unique PNR_NO of all passengers.

Query
select distinct(pnr_no) from reservation;
Output
PNR_NO
1
3
5
2
4

28. Display all the names of male passengers.

Query
select name from passenger where sex='MALE'
Output
NAME
T
I
R
U
M
A
L
A
Y
N
A
G
A
R
A
J
U
A
V
S
.
R
A
V
I

29. Display the ticket numbers and names of all the passengers.
Query
select p.name,t.ticket_no from passenger p,passenger_tickets
t where
t.ppno=p.ppno
NAME

TIRUMALAY

TICKET_NO

Output

1203
SUPRIYA
1213
AMULYA
1201
NAGARAJU
1202
AVS.RAVI
1205

30. Find the ticket numbers of the passengers whose name start with
t and ends with y.
Query
select
t.ticket_no
from
passenger
p,passenger_tickets t where p.name like 'T
%Y'and t.ppno=p.ppno;

Output
TICKET_NO

1203

31. Find the names of passengers whose age is between 15 and 20.
Query
select name from passenger where age between 15 and 20
Output
NAME
T
I
R
U
M
A
L
A
Y
S
U
P
R
I
Y
A
A
M
U
L
Y
A
N
A
G
A
R

A
J
U
A
V
S
.
R
A
V
I

32. Display all the passengers names beginning with A.

Query
select name from passenger where name like 'A%';

Output
NAME
A
M
U
L
Y
A
A
V
S
.
R
A
V
I

33. Display the sorted list of passengers names.

Query
select name from passenger order by name;
Output
NAME

A
M
U
L
Y
A
A
V
S
.
R
A
V
I
N
A
G
A
R
A
J
U
S
U
P
R
I
Y
A
TIRUMALAY

34. Write a query to display the information

present
in
the
PASSENGER
and

CANCELLATION
Operator).

tables.

(Use

UNION

from

passenger

Query
select

p,cancellation

where

p.ppno=c.pnr_no union
select * from passenger p1,cancellation c1 where
p1.ppno=c1.pnr_no

Output
PP
NO

NAME

A
GE

SEX

ADDR
ESS

PNR_
NO

JOURNEY_
DATE

NO_OF_S
EATS

ADDR
ESS

CONTAC
T_NO

STA
US

TIRUMA
LAY

19

MAL
E

AMBER
PET

10-FEB-11

amberpe
t

7416944004

yes

TIRUMA
LAY

19

MAL
E

AMBER
PET

11-FEB-11

amberpe
t

7416944004

yes

SUPRIY
A

20

FEMA
LE

B.B
NAGAR

11-FEB-11

b.b
nagar

7207204221

yes

SUPRIY
A

20

FEMA
LE

B.B
NAGAR

14-FEB-11

b.b
nagar

7207204221

yes

AMULY
A

20

FEMA
LE

ECIL

14-FEB-11

ecil

yes

NAGAR
AJU

20

MAL
E

NAGAR
AM

14-FEB-11

nagaram

9700135300

yes

AVS.RA
VI

20

MAL
E

B.B
NAGAR

15-FEB-11

b.b
nagar

8143528258

yes

AVS.RA
VI

20

MAL
E

B.B
NAGAR

16-FEB-11

b.b
nagar

8143528258

yes

35. Display the number of tickets booked for each

PNR_NO using GROUP BY clause. (Use GROUP BY
on PNR_NO).
Query
select pnr_no,sum(no_of_seats) from reservation group by
pnr_no;
Output
PNR_NO

SUM(NO_OF_SEATS)

13

10

36. Find the distinct PNR numbers that are present.

Query
Select distict (pnr_no) from reservation;

Output
PNR_NO
1
3
5
2
4

37. Find the number of tickets booked by a

passenger where the number of seats is greater than
5. (Use GROUP BY, WHERE and HAVING
clauses).
Query
select
pnr_no,sum(no_of_seats)
from
reservation group by pnr_no having
sum(no_of_seats) > 5
Output
PNR_NO

SUM(NO_OF_SEATS)

13

10

38. Find the total number of cancelled seats.

Query
select sum(no_of_seats) from cancellation;
Output
SUM(NO_OF_SEATS)
38

VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is the syntax for create command?
2. What is the difference between primary key and foreign
key?
3. What is the command to display data from a table?
4. What are the types of clause used in mysql ?

EXPERIMENT 8 & 9:
Querying Using Aggregate functions (COUNT,
SUM, AVERAGE using GROUPBY and HAVING)
Queries using Aggregate functions (COUNT,
SUM, AVG, MAX and MIN),
GROUP BY,
HAVING and Creation and dropping of Views.
Objectives:
Student will able to learn to perform mathematical operations that
return a single value, calculated from values in a column.
Outcomes:
Student gains the knowledge to perform aggregate operations on the database
appropriately.

Aggregate

operators:

In addition to simply

retrieving data, we often want to perform some

computation or summarization. SQL allows the use of
arithmetic expressions. We now consider a powerful class
of constructs for computing aggregate values such as MIN
and SUM.
1. Count: COUNT following by a column name
returns the count of tuple in that column. If DISTINCT
keyword is used then it will return only the count of
unique tuple in the column. Otherwise, it will return count
of all the tuples (including duplicates) count
(*) indicates all the tuples of the column.

Syntax: COUNT (Column name)

Example: SELECT COUNT (Sal) FROM emp;
2. SUM: SUM followed by a column name returns the
sum of all the values in that column.
Syntax: SUM (Column name)
Example: SELECT SUM (Sal) From emp;
3. AVG: AVG followed by a column name returns the
average value of that column values.

Syntax: AVG (n1,n2..)

Example: Select AVG(10, 15, 30) FROM DUAL;
4. MAX: MAX followed by a column name returns the
maximum value of that column. Syntax:

MAX

(Column name)
Example: SELECT MAX (Sal) FROM emp;
SQL>

select

deptno,max(sal) from emp

group

by

deptno;

DEPTNO
MAX(SAL)
------ -------10

5000

20

3000

30

2850

SQL> select deptno,max(sal) from emp group by

deptno having max(sal)<3000; DEPTNO
MAX(SAL)
-----

--------

30

2850

5. MIN: MIN followed by column name returns the

minimum value of that column. Syntax:

MIN

(Column name)
Example: SELECT MIN (Sal) FROM emp;
SQL>select deptno,min(sal) from emp group by
deptno

having

MIN(SAL)
-----

--------

10

1300

min(sal)>1000;

DEPTNO

VIEW: In SQL, a view is a virtual table based on the result-set of

an SQL statement.
A view contains rows and columns, just like a real
table. The fields in a view are fields from one or more real
tables in the database.
You can add SQL functions, WHERE, and JOIN
statements to a view and present the data as if the data
were coming from one single table.
A view is a virtual table, which consists of a set
of columns from one or more tables. It is similar to a
table but it doest not store in the database. View is a query
stored as an object.
Syntax:
FROM

CREATE VIEW view_name AS SELECT set of fields

relation_name WHERE (Condition)

1. Example:
SQL>CREATE VIEW employee AS SELECT
empno,ename,job FROM EMP WHERE job =
clerk;
View created.

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE;

EMPNO

ENAME

JOB

----

------ -------

7369

SMITH

CLERK

7876

ADAMS

CLERK

7900

JAMES

CLERK

7934

MILLER

CLERK

2.Example:
CREATE
VIEW
[Current
Product List]
AS SELECT
ProductID,Pr
oductName
FROM
Products
WHERE Discontinued=No
DROP VIEW: This query is used to delete a view , which has
been already created.
Syntax:

DROP VIEW View_name;

Example
SQL>

:
DROP

VIEW
EMPLOYEE;
View dropped

Queries using Conversion functions (to_char,

to_number and to_date), string functions
(Concatenation,

lpad,

rpad,

ltrim,

rtrim,

lower, upper, initcap, length, substr

instr),

date

add_months,

functions (Sysdate,
last_day,

and

next_day,

months_between,

least, greatest, trunc, round, to_char, to_date)

1. Conversion functions:To_char:
TO_CHAR (number) converts n to a value of
VARCHAR2 data type, using the optional number
format fmt. The value n can be of type NUMBER,
BINARY_FLOAT, or BINARY_DOUBLE.
SQL>select to_char(65,'RN')from dual;
To_number : TO_NUMBER converts expr to
a value of NUMBER data type. SQL> Select
to_number('1234.64') from Dual;
1234.64
To_date:TO_DATE converts char of
CHAR,

VARCHAR2,

NCHAR,

or

NVARCHAR2 data type to a value of

DATE data type.

SQL>SELECT TO_DATE('January 15, 1989, 11:00 A.M.')FROM

DUAL;
TO_DATE('
--------15-JAN-89
2. String functions:
Concat: CONCAT returns char1 concatenated with
char2. Both char1 and char2 can be any of the datatypes
SQL>SELECT
CONCAT(ORACLE,CORPORATION)F
ROM DUAL; ORACLECORPORATION
Lpad: LPAD returns expr1, left-padded to length n
characters with the sequence of characters in expr2.
SQL>SELECT LPAD(ORACLE,15,*)FROM
DUAL;**********ORACLE
Rpad: RPAD returns expr1, right-padded to length n
characters with expr2, replicated as many times as
necessary.
SQL>SELECT

RPAD

(ORACLE,15,*)FROM

DUAL;
ORACLE*********
Ltrim: Returns a character expression
after removing leading blanks.
SQL>SELECT
LTRIM(SSMITHSS,S)FROM
DUAL; MITHSS
Rtrim: Returns a character string
after truncating all trailing blanks
SQL>SELECT
RTRIM(SSMITHSS,S)FROM
DUAL; SSMITH

Lower: Returns a character expression after converting

uppercase character data to lowercase.
SQL>SELECT
LOWER(DBMS)
FROM

DUAL;

dbms
Upper: Returns a character expression with lowercase
character data converted to uppercase
SQL>SELECT
UPPER(dbms)
FROM DUAL;
DBMS
Length: Returns the number of characters, rather
than the number of bytes, of the given string expression,
excluding trailing blanks.
SQL>SELECT
LENGTH(DATABASE)F
ROM DUAL; 8
Substr: Returns part of a character,
binary, text, or image expression.

SQL>SELECT
SUBSTR(ABCDEFGHIJ3,4)FROM
DUAL; CDEF
Instr: The INSTR functions search string for substring.
The function returns an integer indicating the position
of the character in string that is the first character of
this occurrence.
SQL>SELECT

INSTR('CORPORATE

FLOOR','OR',3,2)FROM DUAL; 14
3. Date functions:
Sysdate:
SQL>SELECT
SYSDATE

FROM

DUAL; 29-DEC-08

next_day:
SQL>SELECT
NEXT_DAY(SYSDATE,WED)F
ROM DUAL; 05-JAN-09
add_months:
SQL>SELECT
ADD_MONTHS(SYSDATE,2)F
ROM DUAL; 28-FEB-09
last_day:
SQL>SELECT
LAST_DAY(SYSDATE)F
ROM DUAL; 31-DEC-08
months_between:
SQL>SELECT
MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,HIREDATE)FROM EMP; 4
Least:

SQL>SELECT

LEAST('10-JAN-

07','12-OCT-07')FROM DUAL;
10-JAN-07
Greatest:
SQL>SELECT

GREATEST('10-JAN-

07','12-OCT-07')FROM DUAL; 10JAN-07

Trunc:
SQL>SELECT
TRUNC(SYSDATE,'DAY')F
ROM DUAL; 28-DEC-08

Round:
SQL>SELECT
ROUND(SYSDATE,'DAY')F
ROM DUAL; 28-DEC-08
to_char:
SQL>

select

to_char(sysdate,
"dd\mm\yy")

from

dual; 24-mar-05.
to_date:
SQL>

select

to_date(sysdate,
"dd\mm\yy")

from

dual; 24-mar-o5.

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What are aggregate functions?

2. What is the difference between LPAD and RPAD?

3. Define View?
4. What is the difference between group by and order by
clause?

EXPERIMENT 10
Triggers:

Creation

of

INSERT

TRIGGER,

DELETE TRIGGER, UPDATE TRIGGER. Objectives:

Student will able to learn to monitor a database and take
initiate action when a condition occurs. Outcomes:
Student gains the ability to change database manager from a passive system to
an active one.

1)Write a trigger which ill check if the passenger is

greater than 40 before
a row is inserted into a passenger table.
2 SQL>CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER passenger_age
3 Before insert on passenger
4 FOR EACH ROW
5 DECLARE
6 BEGIN
7 IF(:new, Age<40)THEN
8 Raise-application-error (-20110,invalid age);
9 END IF;
10 END;
Trigger created

SQL>insert

into

passenger
(81,srinu,

values
10,

22);

Value inserted
SQL>insert

into

passenger
(25,rksd,

values
5,

16);

ORA-20110: invalid
age.
ORA-06512: atgcet_550.passenger_age, line 4.
ORA-04088: error during execution of
triggergcet_550.passenger_age

VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is Trigger?
2. What is Nested Trigger?
3. What are the types on Triggers?
4. What is the difference between For Trigger and After
trigger?

EXPERIMENT 11:
Procedures:
Creation
of
stored
procedures,
Execution of procedure and modification
of procedures.
Objectives:
Student will able to learn the features like
reusability, maintainability and modularity.
Student will able to learn to develop procedures
and function for various operation.
Outcomes:
Student gains the knowledge to implement procedures and function for
various operations.

CREATE PROCEDURE my Proc()

BEGIN
SELECT

COUNT

(Tickets)

FROM

Ticket

WHERE

age>=40; End;
Procedures created
SQL>CREATE PROCEDURE
myproc(in_customer_id INT)
BEGIN
DECLARE v_id INT;
DECLARE v_name VARCHAR(30);

DECLARE c1 CURSOR
FOR SELECT
stdId,stdFirstname FROM
students WHERE
stdId=in_customer_id;
OPEN c1;
F
E
T
C
H

c
1

i
n
t
o

v
_

i
d
,

v
_
n
a
m
e
;

C
l
o
s
e

c
1
;
End;

/
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is difference between Function and Stored Procedure?
2. What is Stored Procedure?
3. What is PL/SQL?
4. Show how functions and procedures are called in a PL/SQL
block?

EXPERIMENT 12
Cursors: A
cursor
the

on

given

database.
Objectives
:
Student will able to learn about cursors that enable
traversal over the records in a database.
Outcomes:
Student gains the ability to implement cursors on the database.
We use a cursor when we have a SELECT statement that
returns more than one row from the database. A cursor is
basically a set of rows that we can access one at a time.
We retrieve the rows into the cursor using our SELECT
statement and then fetch the rows from the cursor.
We may follow five steps when using a cursor.
Declare variables to store the column values from the SELECT
statements.
1. Declare the cursor specifying our SELECT statement.
2. Open the cursor.
3. Fetch the rows from the cursor.
4. Close the cursor.

declare
v_sno student.sno%TYPE;
v_s
nna
me
stu
den
t.sn
am
e
%T
YP
E;
v_b
ran
ch
stu
den
t.br
anc
h
%T
YP
E;
v_a
ge
stu
den
t.ag
e
%T
YP
E;
cursor MyCursor (c_sno number) is select
sno,sname,branch,age from student where sno=c_sno;-c_record MyCursor%rowtype;
begin

if
(NOT

MyCu
rsor
%ISO
PEN)t
hen
Open
MyCu
rsor
(1201
);
end if;
loop

fetch MyCursor into

v_sno,v_sname,v_bra
nch,v_age; exit when
MyCursor
%NOTFOUND;
dbms_output_line
(Record||MyCursor%ROWCOUNT||:||
v_sno||||v_sname||||v_branch||||v_age) ;
endloop;
i
f
(
M
y
C
u
r
s
o
r
%
I
S
O
P
E
N
)
t
h
e
n

c
l
o
s
e
M
y
C
u
r
s
o
r
;
endif;
if(N
OT
My
Cur
sor
%I
SO
PE
N)t
hen
opr
n
My
Cur
sor(
120
2);
endif;
loop

fetch MyCursor into

v_sno,v_sname,v_bran
ch,v_age; exit when
MyCursor
%NOTFOUND;
dbms_output.put_line
(Record||MyCursor
%ROWCOUNT||:||v_sno||||v_snam
e||||v_branch||||
v_age);
endloop;
i
f
(
M
y
C
u
r
s
o
r
%
I
S
O
P
E
N
)
t
h
e
n
C
l
o
s

e
M
y
c
u
r
s
o
r
;
endif;
end;

VIVA QUESTIONS
1. Show code of a cursor for loop?
2. Explain uses of cursor?
3. What is Raise_application_error?
4. What is Cursor?

ADDITIONAL
PROGRAMS

1) Queries on employee, department tables

syntax
SQL>Create table <table name> (col1
datatype,col2 datatype,col3 datatype)

Query
SQL> create table employee1(empsid
number,empname varchar(20),empjob
varchar(20)
,empsalary
number,em
pjoindate
varchar(20)
);

Describing table
SQL> desc employee1;
Name

Null?

Type

----------------------------------------- -------------------------EMPSID

NUMBER

EMPNAME

VARCHAR2(20)

EMPJOB

VARCHAR2(20)

EMPSALARY

NUMBER

EMPJOINDATE

VARCHAR2(20)

Inserting records into table

SQL>insert into employee1
values(&empsid,&empname,&empjo
b,&empsalary,&empjoindate); Enter
value for empsid: 20
E
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
u
e
f
o
r
e
m
p
n
a

m
e
:
'
a
n
i
l'
E
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
u
e
f
o
r
e
m
p
j
o
b

:
'j
a
v
a
'

Enter value for empsalary: 20000

Enter
value

for

empjoinda
te: '4-jan2009' old
1:

insert

into
employee1
values(&empsid,&empname,&empjob,&empsalary,&empjoindate)
new 1: insert into employee1 values(20,'anil','java',20000,'4-jan2009')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for empsid: 50
Enter value for empname: 'jyothi'
Enter value for empjob: 'faculty'
Enter value for empsalary: 30000
Enter value
for
empjoindat
e:

'5-mar-

2003' old 1:

insert into
employee1
values(&empsid,&empname,&empjob,&empsalary,&empjoindate)
new 1: insert into employee1 values(50,'jyothi','faculty',30000,'5mar-2003')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for empsid: 60
Enter value for empname: 'avinash'
Enter value for empjob: 'software'
Enter value for empsalary: 30000
Enter
value

for

empjoinda
te: '5-apr2009'
1:

old
insert

into
employee1
values(&empsid,&empname,&empjob,&empsalary,&empjoindate)
new 1: insert into employee1
values(60,'avinash','software',30000,'5-apr-2009')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for empsid: 70

Enter value for empname: 'anitha'

Enter value for empjob: 'sql'
Enter value for empsalary: 40000
Enter
value

for

empjoinda
te: '2-jun2008'
1:

old
insert

into
employee1
values(&empsid,&empname,&empjob,&empsalary,&empjoindate)
new 1: insert into employee1 values(70,'anitha','sql',40000,'2-jun2008')
1 row created.

Display table
SQL> select * from employee1;
EMPSID EMPNAME

EMPJOB
EMPSALARY

EMPJOINDATE
---------- -------------------- -------------------- ---------- -----------20

anil
4-jan-2009

java

20000

50

jyothi
5-mar-2003

faculty

30000

60

avinash
5-apr-2009

software

30000

70

anitha
2-jun-2008

sql

40000

SQL> create table department(dpsid

2 number,dpname varchar(20),dpjob
3 varchar(20),dpjoindate
4
varchar(2
0),dplocat
ion
varchar(2
0)); Table
created.
SQL> desc department;
Name

Null? Type

----------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------DPSID
DPNAME
VARCHAR2(20)

NUMBER

DPJOB
VARCHAR2(20)
DPJOINDATE
VARCHAR2(20)
DPLOCATION
VARCHAR2(20)
SQL>
department

insert

values(&dpsid,&dpname,&dpj
ob,&dpjoindate,&dplocation);
Enter value for dpsid: 1
E
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
u
e
f

into

o
r
d
p
n
a
m
e
:
'
c
s
e
'
E
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
u

e
f
o
r
d
p
j
o
b
:
'
d
b
m
s
'
Enter
value for
dpjoinda
te:
jan2002'
Enter

'4-

value for
dplocati
on: 'hyd'
old

1:

insert

into

department

values(&dpsid,&dpname,&dpjob,&dpjoindate,&dplocatio
n) new 1: insert into department values(1,'cse','dbms','4jan-2002','hyd')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for dpsid: 2
E
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
u
e
f
o
r

d
p
n
a
m
e
:
'
o
s
'
E
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
u
e

f
o
r
d
p
j
o
b
:
'
c
o
'
Enter
value for
dpjoinda
te:

'5-

apr2003'
Enter
value for
dplocatio
n: 'hyd'

old

1:

insert

into

department

values(&dpsid,&dpname,&dpjob,&dpjoindate,&dplocatio
n) new 1: insert into department values(2,'os','co','5-apr2003','hyd')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for dpsid: 3
E
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
u
e
f
o
r
d
p
n

a
m
e
:
'
e
c
e
'
E
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
u
e
f
o
r

d
p
j
o
b
:
'
s
t
l
d
'
Enter
value for
dpjoindat
e: '6-dec2004'
Enter
value for
dplocatio
n: 'hyd'

old

1:

insert

into

department

values(&dpsid,&dpname,&dpjob,&dpjoindate,&dplocatio
n) new 1: insert into department values(3,'ece','stld','6-dec2004','hyd')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for dpsid: 4
E
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
u
e
f
o
r
d

p
n
a
m
e
:
'
e
e
e
'
E
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
u
e
f
o

r
d
p
j
o
b
:
'
b
e
e
'
Enter
value for
dpjoinda
te:

'6-

jun2006'
Enter
value for
dplocatio
n: 'hyd'
old

1:

insert

into

department

values(&dpsid,&dpname,&dpjob,&dpjoindate,&dplocatio

n) new 1: insert into department values(4,'eee','bee','6-jun2006','hyd')

1 row created.
SQL> select * from department;
DPSID

DPNAME

DPJOB
DPJOINDATE
DPLOCATION

---------- -------------------- -------------------- --------------------------------1

cse

dbms

4-jan-2002

os

co

5-apr-2003

ece

stld

6-dec-2004

eee

bee

6-jun-2006

hyd
hyd
hyd
hyd

DDL&DML COMMANDS
on

Sailors,

boats

DDL(Data

reserves

Definition
Language):SQL>

alter

employee1
emptime

&

table
add

number;

Table altered.
SQL> desc employee1;

Name

Null? Type

----------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------EMPSID

EMPNAME

EMPJOB

E
M

S
Q

>

ta

le

NUMBER

employee1;

VAR

Table

CHA

dropped.

R2(2

SQL>

0)

desc

VAR

emplo

CHA

yee1;

R2(2

ERRO

0)

R:

NUMBER

ORA-04043: object employee1

does not exist

VAR
CHA
R2(2
0)
NU
MBE
R

1. Create the table using following attributes

Sailors
(sid:
number,
sname:
varchar2(20), rating: number, age:
number(4,2));
Creating table
Syntax
Create table <table name> (col1 datatype,col2 datatype,col3
datatype)

Query
Create table sailors (sid number, sname varchar2(20), rating
number, age number(4,2));
Describing table
Query
Desc sailors
Output

Inserting records into table

Syntax
Insert into <table name> values (val 1,val2,val3)
Query
insert

into

sailors
values(22,'du
stin',7,45.0);
insert

into

sailors
values(29,'br
utus',1,33.0);
insert

into

sailors
values(31,'lu
bber',8,55.5);
insert

into

sailors
values(32,'an

dy',8,25.5);
insert

into

sailors
values(58,'ru
sty',10,35.0);
Table
SAILORS

Column
Nullable

Data Type

Length

Precision

Scale
Primary Key
Default Comment

SID

Number
-

SNAME

Varchar2
-

20
-

RATING

Number
-

AGE

Number
-

1-4

insert into
sailors
values(64,'hor
atio',7,35.0);
insert into
sailors
values(71,'zob
ra',9,35.0);
insert into
sailors
values(74,'hor
atio',9,35.0);

insert into
sailors
values(85,'art'
,3,25.5);
insert into
sailors
values(95,'bo
b',3,63.5);
Display table
Syntax
Select <select list> from <table name>
Query
select * from sailors;

Table
Column
Data Type
Nullable
Default
Comment

Length

Precision

Scale

Primary Key

Output
SID

SNAME

RATING

AGE

22

dustin

45

29

brutus

33

31

lubber

55.5

32

andy

25.5

58

rusty

10

35

64

horatio

35

71

zobra

10

16

74

horatio

35

85

art

25.5

95

bob

63.5

2. Create the table using

following
attributes
Boats
(bid:number,
bname:varchar22(10),color:varcha
r2(10));
Creating table
Syntax
Create table <table name> (col1 datatype,col2 datatype,col3
datatype)
Query

Create table Boats (bid number, bname varchar2(10),color

varchar2(10));
Describing table
Query
Desc boats
Output

BOATS

BID

Number
-

BNAME

Varchar2
-

10
-

COLOR

Varchar2
-

10
-

1-3

I
n
s
e
r
t
i
n
g

r
e
c
o

r
d
s

i
n
t
o

t
a
b
l
e

S
y
n
t
a
x
Insert into <table name> values (val 1,val2,val3)

Query
insert

into

sailors
values(101,'inter
lake',blue);
insert

into

sailors
values(102,'inter
lake',red);
insert

into

sailors
values(103,'clipp
er,green);
insert

into

sailors
values(104,'mari
ne',red);
Display table
Syntax
Select <select list> from <table name>
Query
select * from boats;
Output

BID

BNAME

COLOR

101

interlake

blue

102

interlake

red

103

clipper

green

104

marine

red

3. Create the table using following attributes Reserves

(sid: number, bid: number, day: date);
C
r
e
a
t
i
n
g

t
a
b
l
e

S
y
n
t

a
x
Create table <table name> (col1 datatype,col2 datatype,col3
datatype)
Query
Create table Reserves (sid number, bid number, day date);
Describing table
Query
Desc reserves
Output
Data
Table
RE
SE
RV
ES

Column
Nullable

SID
-

Type
t

Number

Lengt
Precisio
Defaul
h
n
Comment

Scal

Primary

Key

BID

Number
-

DAY

Date
-

7
-

Inserting records into table

Syntax
Insert into <table name> values (val 1,val2,val3)
Query
insert
sailors

into

values(22,101
,10/10/98);
insert

into

sailors
values(22,102
,10/10/98);
insert

into

sailors
values(22,103
,10/8/98);
insert

into

sailors
values(22,104
,10/7/98);

insert

into

sailors
values(31,102
,11/10/98);
insert

into

sailors
values(31,103
,10/6/98);
insert

into

sailors
values(31,104
,10/12/98);
insert

into

sailors
values(64,101
,9/5/98);
Display table
Syntax
Select <select list> from <table name>

Query
select * from reserves;
Output
SID

BID

DAY

22

101

10/10/98

22

102

10/10/98

64

102

9/8/98

74

103

9/8/98

22

103

10/8/98

22

104

10/7/98

31

102

11/10/98

31

103

11/6/98

31

104

11/12/98

64

101

9/5/98

1) Find the names of sailors who have reserved boat number 103
(Using AND).
Query
Select s. sname from sailors s, reserves r where s.sid=r.sid and
r.bid=103;

SNAME
horatio

Output

dustin
lubber

2) Find the sids of sailors who have reserved a red boat (Using
AND).
Query
select r.sid from boats b,reserves r where b.bid=r.bid and
b.color='red'
Output

SID
22
6
4
2
2
3
1
3
1

3) Find the names of sailors who have reserved a red boat (Using
AND).
Query

select s.sname from sailors s,reserves r,boats b where

s.sid=r.sid and r.bid=b.bid and b.color='red'
Output
SNAME
dustin
h
o
r
a
t
i
o
d
u
s
t
i
n
l
u
b
b
e
r
l
u
b
b

e
r

4) Find the colors of boats reserved by Lubber (Using AND).

Query
select b.color from sailors s,reserves r,boats b where
s.sid=r.sid and r.bid=b.bid and s.sname='lubber'
Output
COLOR
green
red
red

5) Find the names of sailors who have reserved at least one boat.
Query
Select s.sname from sailors s, reserves r where s.sid=r.sid;
Output
SNAME
lubber
d
u
s
t
i
n
h
o
r
a

t
i
o

6) Find the ages of sailors whose name begins and

ends with B and has at least three characters.

Query
Select s.age from sailors s where s.sname like 'b_%b';
Output
AGE
63.5
7) Find the names of sailors who have reserved a red or a green
boat (Using AND,OR).

Query
select s.sname from sailors s,reserves r,boats b where
s.sid=r.sid and r.bid=b.bid and (b.color='re' or
b.color='green')
Output
SNAME
horatio
d
u
s
t
i
n
l
u
b
b
e
r

8) Find the names of sailors who have

reserved both a red and a green boat. Query
select s.sname from sailors s,reserves r,boats b
where s.sid =r.sid
and r.bid=b.bid and

b.color='red'
intersect
select s2.sname from sailors s2,reserves r2,boats b2
where s2.sid =r2.sid and r2.bid=b2.bid and b2.color='green'
Output
SNAME
dustin
h
o
r
a
t
i
o
l
u
b
b
e
r

9)Find the sids of sailors who have reserved red boats but not
green boats.
Query
Select s1.sname from sailors s1, reserves r1,
boats b1 where s1.sid=r1.sid and r1.bid=b1.bid
and b1.color='red'
and s1.sid not in (select s2.sid from
sailors s2,boats b2,reserves r2 where

s2.sid=r2.sid and
b2.color='green');

r2.bid=b2.bid

and

Output
SNAME
horatio

10) Find all sids of sailors who have a rating of 10 or reserved boat
104.
Query
Select

s.sid

from sailors s
where
s.rating=10
Union
Select r.sid from reserves r where r.bid=104;
Output
SID
22
3
1
5
8
7
1

11) Find the names of sailors who have reserved boat 103 (Using
nested queries).
Query
Select s.sname from sailors s where s.sid in
(select r.sid from reserves r where r.bid=103)
Output
SNAME
dustin
l
u
b
b
e
r
h
o
r
a
t
i
o

12) Find the names of sailors who have reserved a red boat (Using
nested queries).
Query
select s.sname from sailors s where s.sid in (select
r.sid from reserves r where r.bid in(select b.bid
from boats b where b.color='red'));
Output
SNAME
dustin
l
u
b
b
e
r
h
o
r
a
t
i
o

13. Find the names of sailors who have not reserved a red boat
(Using nested queries).
Query

Select s.sname from sailors s where s.sid not in

(select r.sid from reserves r where r.bid in (select
b.bid from boats b where b.color=red));
Output
SNAME
brutus
a
n
d
y
r
u
s
t
y
z
o
b
r
a
h
o
r
a
t
i
o
a

r
t
bob

14. Find the name of sailors who have reserved boat

number 103 (Using correlated nested query).
Query
Select s.sname from sailors s where exists
(select * from reserves r where r.bid=103
and r.sid=s.sid);

Output
SNAME
dustin
l
u
b
b
e
r
h
o
r
a
t
i
o

15. Find sailors whose rating is better than some

sailor called Horatio (Using ANY Operator).
Query
select s.sid from sailors s where s.rating >
any(select s1.rating from sailors s1 where
s1.sname='horatio');
Output
SID
31

3
2
5
8
7
1
7
4

16. Find sailors whose rating is better than every

sailor called Horatio (Using ALL Operator).
Query
Select s1.sid from sailors s1 where s1.rating > all
(select s2.rating from sailors s2 where
s2.sname='horatio');
Output
SID
58
71

17. Find the sailors with the highest rating (Using ALL Operator).

Query
Select s1.sid from sailors s1 where s1.rating >=
all (select s2.rating from sailors s2);
Output
SID
58
71

18. Find the names of sailors who have reserved

both a red and a green boat (Using nested query).
Query
Select s1.sname from sailors s1, reserves r1,
boats b1 where s1.sid=r1.sid and r1.bid=b1.bid
and b1.color='red'
and s1.sid in (select s2.sid from sailors s2,boats
b2,reserves
r2
where
s2.sid=r2.sid
and
r2.bid=b2.bid and b2.color='green');
Output
SNAME
lubber
dustin

19. Find the average age of all sailors.

Query
Select avg (s.age) from sailors s;

Output
AVG(S.AGE)
36.9

20. Find the average age of sailors with a rating of 10.

Query
Select avg (s.age) from sailors s where s.rating=10;

Output
AVG(S.AGE)
25.5

21. Find the name and age of the oldest sailor.

Query
Select s.sname,s.age from sailors s where
s.age=(select max (s2.age) from sailors s2);
Output
SNAME

AGE

bob

63.5

22. Count the number of different sailor names.

Query
Select count(distinct(s.sname)) from sailors s;
Output
COUNT(DISTINCT(S.SNAME))
9

23. Find the names of sailors who are older than

oldest sailor with a rating 10 (Using Aggregate
Operators).
Query
Select s1.sname from sailors s1 where s1.age >
(select max (s2.age) from sailors s2 where s2.rating
=10);
Output
SNAME
dustin
l
u
b
b
e
r
b
o
b

24. Find the age of the youngest sailor who is eligible to

vote for each rating level with at least two such sailors.
Query
Select s.rating, min (s.age) as minage from
sailors s where s.age>=18 group by s.rating
having count (*) > 1;

25.Find the age of the youngest sailor for each rating level (Using
Group By).
Query
Select s.rating, min (s.age) from sailors s group by s.rating;
Output
RATING

MIN(S.AGE)

33

25.5

35

25.5

10

16

35