Quick Reference, STD: VIII & IX

Indices

Arc of a Circle

(1) am an = am+n
eg. 103 x 102 = 103+2 = 105

Circumference of the circle

(1) C = 2r

(2) am an = amn ; m > n

eg. 84 82 = 842 = 82

a 6= 0

(2) C = d
n

In the above formulas value of can be taken as

not given

(4) (a b) = a b
eg. (5 3)6 = 56 36
(5)
eg.

am
= n ;
b  b
8
5
58
= 8
4
4

 a m

(6) a0 = 1
(7) am =

if its

Length of an arc =
2r
360
is the angular mesure and r is the radius of the circle

b 6= 0

eg.53 =

22
7 ,

Length of an Arc

Area of a Circle

eg.70 = 1
1
am

i.e d

Formula (2) is used find the circumference when diameter is

known

(3) (am ) = amn

2
64 = 642
eg.
m

i.e 2 r

Formula (1) is used to find the circumference when radius is

known

1
53

Area of a Circle = r2

i.e

rr

Here r is the radius of the circle

Area of the sector of circle

Area of the sector of circle =

r2
360

Area of Triangle
To find the area of triangle, given the base and height
1
= Base Height
2
To find the area of triangle when the length of
all its three sides are given
p
Area of a triangle = s(s a)(s b)(s c)
In the above formula a, b, c are the sides of a triangle and s
1
is the semi-perimeter of triangle.
s = (a + b + c)
2

Identities-Expansion, Factors

Here is the angular measure of the arc and r is the radius

Compound Interest
I=

P N R
100

I = Simple Interest
P = Principal
N = Number of years
R = Rate of Interest

A = P + I ; A is the Amount and it includes Principal and Interest accured

Amount(A) by compound interest

P eriod
Rate
= P rincipal 1 +
100

N
R
i.e (A) = P 1 +
100

(1) (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

(2) (a b)2 = a2 2ab + b2
(3) (a + b)(a b) = a2 b2
(4) (x + a)(x + b) = (x + a) x + (x + a) b
= x2 + ax + bx + ab
= x2 + (a + b)x + ab

Volume and Surface Area

(5) (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2 b + 3ab2 + b3

Volume of a Cylinder = r2 h
i.e r r h
Curved Surface area of a cylinder
= 2rh
i.e 2 r h
Total surface area of a cylinder
= 2r(h + r)
i.e 2 r (h + r)

(6) (a b)3 = a3 3a2 b + 3ab2 b3

(7) (a3 + b3 ) = (a + b) a2 ab + b2

(8) (a3 b3 ) = (a b) a2 + ab + b2

Cylinder

In the formula r is the radius of the base of a cylinder and

h is the height

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Quick Reference, STD: VIII & IX

Cone
1
Volume of the cone = r2 h
3
Curved Surface Area of the cone = rl
Total Surface Area of the cone = r (l + r)
In the formula r is radius of the base of the cone and h is the
height and l is the slant height
if any two l, r, h are given and you need to find the third one, then
you use the formula
l 2 = h2 + r 2

Sphere
4
r3
3
Surface area of the sphere = 4r2
Volume of the sphere =

r is the radius of the sphere

Sets
Complement of set
1) For a set A if A0 is its complement then (A0 )0 = A
2) If U is an universal set and U0 is its complement then U0 =
3) if denotes and empty set then 0 = U
where 0 is complement of

Properties of union of sets

Here A and B are two subsets of universal set U then
1) A B = B A
2) If A B then A B = B
3) If A A B
4) A A0 = U
5) A A = A
6) A = A

Equality relation: pq and rs are any two rational numbers

and
if pq = rs , then ps=qr and conversly if ps=qr then pq = rs
Order relation: pq and rs are any two rational numbers with both denominators q> 0 and s > 0 then
if pq > rs , then ps > qr and conversly if ps > qr then pq > rs
Properties of rational number
if a, b, c are any rational numbers
a+b=b+a
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
a+0=0+a=a
a + (a) = (a) + a = 0
ab=ba
(a b) c = a (b c)
a1=1a=a
a a1 = a1 a = 1
a (b + c) = a b + a c

then
Commutative property
Associative property
Additive identity
Additive inverse
Commutative property
Associative property
Multiplicative identity
Multiplicative inverse
Distributive property

Properties of real number

1) If a and b are any two real numbers, then only one of the
following relation is true
(i) a = b
(ii) a < b
(iii) a > b
2) If a < b and b < c then a < c
3) If a < b then a + c < b + c
4) Let a < b then
(i) If c > 0 then ac < bc (ii) If c < 0 then ac > bc
If x is a real number absolute value of x is denoted by
|x| and is define as
|x| = x for x > 0
= 0 for x = 0
= x for x < 0 and if |x| = a then x = a

Properties of intersection of sets

1)
2)
3)
4)

A
If A
A
A

B=BA
B then A B = A
B A and A B B
A0 =
5) A A = A

Surds
6) A =

Number of elements in a set

Number of element in the set A is denoted by n(A) we
have
n(A B ) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A B)
if set A and B are disjoints then n(A B) = 0 and we have
n(A B ) = n(A) + n(B)

A number of the form n a is said to be a surd if

Xn is a natural number and n 6= 1
Xais a positive rational number
X n a is an irrational number
Laws

4
ofn Surd
1) ( n a) = a
e.g 4 10 = 10

2) n a. n b = n ab
e.g 3 20.r3 4 = 3 80

7
n
10
a
a
7 10
3)
= n
=
e.g
n
7
b
19 p 19
pb
p

3 5
15
m n
n m
mn
4)

Real Numbers
p
If a number is of the form where p and q are integers and
q
denominator q 6= 0, then the number is called a rational
number
Set of all rational
numbers is denotedby the letter Q and

p

Q=
| p, q I and q 6= 0
q

a=

a=

a e.g

72 =

72 =

p
5
3
72

Forms of Surd

1) Pure
surds : A surd of the form n a is called a pure surd

e.g 3 19 is pure surd

2) Mixed surds : A surd of the form m n a where m (1)

is a rational
number, is called a mixed surd

e.g 8 3 27 is mixed surd

3) Similar Surd

The surds of the form p n a and q n a, where p and q are

rational
are called similar surds
numbers

e.g
4, 3 4, 78 4 are similar surds

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Quick Reference, STD: VIII & IX

if a d = b c
then a : b = c : d
Simplest
form of a surd
A Surd n a is said to be in its simplest form if
if a d > b c
then a : b > c : d
XThe radicand a has no factor which is nth power of a if a d < b c
then a : b < c : d
rational number
XThe radicand a is not fraction
Properties of equal ratios
Xn is the least order
Invertendo
if ab = dc then ab = dc
a
c
a
b
if b = d then c = d
Alternedo
Comparison of surds

a
c
a+b
c+d
n
n

if
=
then
=

Componendo
Suppose a and b are two surds of same order(n) then
b
d
b
d
cd
=

Dividendo
they can be compared by comparing there radicand (a, b in if ab = dc then ab
b
d
a
c
a+b
c+d
the e.g)

if
=
then
=

Componendo-Divedendo
b
d
ab
cd

if a = b
i) n a = nb

ii) n a > nb if a > b

Theorem on equal ratios: if ab = dc = fe then

n
a+c+e
iii) n a < b if a < b
X ab = b+d+f
Rationalization of surds: If we multiply two surds and the X c = a+c+e
d
b+d+f
product we get is a rational number, then we say each surd is a
a+c+e
e
=
X
f
b+d+f
rationalizing factor of the other surd
a+c+e
i.e each ratio = b+d+f

Factorisation of algebric expression

Factorisation of an algebric expression of the form
a3 + b3 + c3 3abc
= (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 ab bc ca)
(i) If a + b + c = 0 then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
(ii) If a + b + c 6= 0anda3 + b3 + c3 3abc = 0thena = b = c

Polynomials
An algebric expression is called a polynomial if
XIts of the form a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + + an1 xn1 + an xn
Xa0 , a1 , a2 an1 , an are real numbers
Xn is a non-negative interger
a polynomial in x is denoted by p(x),
If we arrange terms of polynomial such that power of x are in
ascending or are in descending order, then we say polynmial
is in the standard form
Degree of a polynomial: Suppose a polynomial is in x,
then the highest power(index) of x is called the degree of the
polynomial
Types of Polynomial
Monomial
Binomial
Trinomail

One term
Two terms
Three terms

e.g 3, 10x, 12x3

e.g 4x + 12x3
e.g 3 + 10x + 4x2

Zero polynomial: If all coefficent of a polynomial are

zero its called a zero polynomial
e.g 0 + 0x, 0x + 0x3

Proportion: if ab = dc then a, b, c, d are said to be in

proportion
c
a
if = then a d = b c
b
d
Continued proportion: if ab = cb then a, b, c are said to be
in continued proportion
we have if a, b, c are in continued proportion then
a
b
a
2
b = c i.e b = c
b = ac
b is called geometric mean or mean proportional to a and c

Statistic
Mean
Mean of raw data : If x1 , x2 , . . . xn are given observations
all are numbers then we defined their mean as x
, and x
=
x1 +x2 +xn
n

Mean of ungrouped data

1 X
P
2 x2 ...+fn xn
i.e x
=
x
= f1 x1f1+f
fi xi where N = fi
+f2 ...+fn
N
Here, x1 , x2 , . . . xn are observations and f1 , f2 , f3 . . . fn are
frequencies
Median
Suppose N is is the number of observation made, and they
are arranged in either ascending or in descending order of
magnitudes then

th
N +1
1. If N is Odd then Median =
term
2
2. if N is Even then

th Median

th
= A.M of N2
and N2+1
terms

Constant polynomial:
if a polynomial p(x) =
a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + . . . + an1 xn1 + an xn is such that Mode:The observation(s) which has a maximum number of
a1 = a2 = a3 = . . . an1 = an = 0 then P (x) is called frequency is called a mode
constant polynomial i.e p(x) = a0 + 0 + 0 + 0 . . . = a0
p(x) = 12, p(x) = 2 are examples constant polynomial

Percentage profit & loss

Ratio and proportion

1) Profit = S.P - C.P

2) Loss = C.P - S.P

Properties of ratio
a
b
:m
1)ma : mb = a : b = m
2) if a : b and c : d are the two given ratio then

P rof it
3) Profit percentage =
100
C.P
Loss
4) Loss percentage =
100
C.P

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Quick Reference, STD: VIII & IX

Discount Rebate & Commission

Perimeters(P) and Areas(A) of some plane figs
1. Discount = printed price rate of discount
1. Triangle: a, b, c are sides of 4, h is the ht
2. Selling price = printed price - discount
discount
100
3. Percentage of discount =
printed price

Trigonometric ratios of an acute angle

Cos

(b) Area = 12 base height

(c) By Herons
p formula
Area= (s a)(s b)(s c)
here s= a+b+c
2

Trigonometry

Sin

(a) Perimeter = a + b + c

Opposite side of angle

Hypothenuse

2. Equilateral 4: Each side=a

(a) Perimeter = a + a + a = 3a

(b) Area =

3
4

a2

3. Square: Each side=a

Adjacent side of angle

Hypothenuse

(a) Perimeter = a + a + a + a = 4a
(b) Area = a a = a2

Tan

Cosec

Opposite side of angle

Adjacent side of angle

4. Rectangle: l is length & b is breadth

(a) Perimeter = 2 (l + b)
(b) Area=length breadth i.e l b

Hypotenus
Opposite side of angle

5. Parallelogram:a,b are sides of km and h is ht.

(a) Perimeter = 2 (a + b)

Sec

Cot

Hypotenus
Adjacent side of angle

(b) Area=base height i.e b h

6. Trapezium: a, b, c, d are sides, h is height, here sides a & b
are opp. k sides

Adjacent side of angle

Opposite side of angle

(a) Perimeter = a + b + c + d
(b) Area= 21 (sum of the lengths of k sides)(height)
= 12 (a + b) h

Relationship between the trignometric ratios

sinAcosecA=1

1
sinA= cosecA
1

1
cosecA= sinA
1

cosAsecA=1

secA= cosA

cosA= secA

tanAcotA=1

1
tanA= cotA

1
cotA= tanA

sinA
tanA= cosA

cotA= cosA
sinA

7. Rhombus: l is the measure of all sides and d1 , d2 are the

diagonals.
(a) Perimeter = 4 l
1
(b) Area= (products of the diagonals)
2
= 12 (d1 d2 )
8. circle:r is the radius.
(a) Perimter = Circumference = 2r
(b) Area = r2

Ratios of angle
M. of s
0
s
Ratios of
sin
0
cos
tan
cosec
sec
cot

1
0
ND
1
ND

30

45

1
2
3
2
1
3

1
2
1
2

2
2

3
3

2
1

60

90

3
2
1
2

2
3

2
1
3

1
0
ND
1
ND
0

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