Evins Loge teduls aa J Feujuec Couduth Mud Syftun Cae al kom se jody, 2 petlr STAR, ARMHCHy Conduction CDiL Borns ) f eae DusLoRn ft % peo ar CBU. JCASTEM Techlog Wellbore Imaging Workflow/Solutions Training Version 2011.1 . LwD i * paisvats IBY VE Gray Arok “Dens Treg Schlumberger Information Solutions dune 24,2014 & 4 age weg liteyp Keer Bor SchlumbergerCopyright Notice ©2011 Schlumberger. All rights reserved. No part of this manual may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or translated in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, without the prior written permission of Schlumberger Information Solutions, 5599 San Felipe, Suite 100, Houston, TX 77056-2722. Disclaimer Use of this product is governed by the License Agreement. Schlumberger makes no warranties, express, implied, or statutory, with respect to the product described herein and disclaims without limitation any warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. Schlumberger reserves the right to revise the information in this manual at any time without notice. Trademark Information Software application marks used in this publication, unless otherwise indicated, are trademarks of Schlumberger. Certain other products and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies or organizations. - Steeont plot walk out plet = adele ented SOT eotichetlon hye Pa Boe Velotive te the well baadAAPG Fou Memo Table of Contents About this Manual Learning Objectives, What You Will Need What to Expect... Course Conventions... Icons... ‘Summary Module 1 Data Loadin: Learning Objectives ... Lesson 1 How the Script Works. Exercise 1. Activating the Wbilmport Python Script during Import... Exercise 2 Loading Data User Configuration of the Script... Review Questions summary Module 2 Data Processing Learning Objectives ... 4 Workflow Diagram... acne Initial Checks.. 14 Lesson 1 Speed Correction... ae 14 Exercise 1 Speed Correcting an FMI dataset... 16 Lesson 2 Pad Image Cres Exercise 1 Creating Pad Images Exercise 2 Displaying Pad-Based Images Lesson 3. Image-Based Speed Correction. Exercise 1 Applying Image-Based Speed Correction sn... 28 Lesson 4 Button Harmonization... Faulty Button Detection... Repairing Noisy Buttons Applying a Cutoff to Image Data... Exercise 1 Performing Button Harmonization... Techiog Wellbore ImagingLesson § Pad Concatenation wuss seonsenne BD Exercise 1 Creating an Oriented Image Array, Lesson 6 Histogram Equalization Exercise 1 Performing Histogram Equalization... Review Questions ‘Summary... Module 3 Image Display in Logview...... Learning Objectives Lesson 1 Image Display Basics in Logview. Exercise 1 Displaying an image in Logview Lesson 2 Palettes. Exercise 1 Adapting Palettes. Lesson 3 Image Rotation nnn Exercise 1 Rotating Images in a Logview Display. Lesson 4 Image Filtering... Exercise 1 Filtering an image... Review Questions Summary Module 4 LWD Image Handling Learning Objective Lesson 1 LWD Array Orientation... Exercise 1 Orienting an LWO Array... Lesson 2 Oriented LWD Array Preparation .. Exercise 1 Preparing a Previously-Oriented LWD ArTay sc 60 Review Questions ‘Summary Module 5 Dip Picking... Learning Objectives 63 Lesson 1 Dip Picking... Exercise 1 Picking Dips..... 64 Full Sine Wave Picking... one sent 87 Partial Sine Wave Picking... 70 “Techiog Wallbore imagingTechlor Welivore imagin Stretchy Sinusoid Picking ...... Breakout Picking Induced Fracture Picking Saving Picked Dips Special Considerations for Breakouts and Induced FractUres.....nemunnnnneT4 Lesson2 Dip Data Set Structure .... Lesson 3. Automatic Dip Picking Exercise 1 Picking Dips Automatically ....00.nnnnm : 79 Lesson 4 Add the Dip Type to the Classification Automatically... Exercise 1 Automatically Adding the Dip Type.w.nismuamsatenenase BQ Lesson 5 Dip Display in Logview... Exercise 1 Displaying Dips. Review Questions ‘Summary... Module 6 Dip Interpretation Plots Learning Objectives wn... Lesson 1 Walkout and Cumulative Dip Plots. Exercise 1 Working with Walkout and Cumulative Dip Plots ..... Lesson 2 Stereonet Plots Exercise 2 Working with Stereonet Plots... srnnnenenesen 86 Lesson 3 Dip Reclassification in @ Plot... sonmnneinnenenrenetO1 Exercise 1 Reclassifying Dips...... 104 Lesson 4 Stereonet Plot Displays on a Map. leit 102 Exercise 1 Displaying Stereonet Plots on a MaP..njimsnnmnnmannannnne IOS Review Questions smn ‘Summary. Module 7 — Automatic Dip Computation. Learning Objectives Lesson 1 Automatic Dip Computation with FMI Data... eens 109 Exercise 1 Using Automatic Dip Computation.. Review Questions SummaryModule 8 Structural Dip Removal Learning Objectives ... Lesson 1 Structural Dip and Dip Zones .n.sssenos Exercise 1 Identifying Structural Dip Zones... Exercise 2 Determining Structural Dip. Lesson 2 Structural Dip Removal Method Exercise 1. Using the Structural Dip Removal Method Review Questions ... Module9 — Fracture Counting.. Learning Objectives .... Lesson 1 Simple Fracture Orientation Set Definition ..... Exercise 1. Defining Simple Fracture Orientation Sets .. Lesson 2 Fracture Counting.. Step Interval vs. Count Interval Fracture Density Correction in Techiog, Exercise 1 Counting Fractures... Review Questions ... Summary... Module 10 Image and Dip Display in 3D Vue.. Learning Objectives Lesson 1 Image Display in 3DVue. Exercise 1 Displaying Images in 30 Vue. Lesson 2 Borehole Shape Plots in 3D Exercise 1 Displaying a Borehole Shape Plot in 3D... Review Questions Summary Techilog Welibore imagingleony posh Poo. pay Teck lo Se ieee od air TIT, ety Steuctursd dIP — Sake te Yemow? s J ap feaowA aco? toe pighe canten! da} grec ter deck & feet About this Manual The Techlog Wellbore Imagin, {raining presents the processing and interpretation of borehole image data. The WBI training discusses tools for the basic processing of images, clean up and enhancement of data, dip and facies picking capabilities and tools for interpretation of dip data Learning Objectives Ped After completing this training, you will be able to: © customize data loading of borehole image data @ process image data and use tools to clean up and enhance the data + 001 manual matically from image data + determine structural dip and remove from the dip data sets to study paleaotransport pick facies from images understand fracture populations visualize your data in 2D and 3D. What You Will Need re’ ‘You must have the following hardware and software to perform the exercises: ‘= Operating system: Windows XP or later operating system + Minimum 1 GB of RAM available for Techlog ‘+ Techlog installation file (2011.1) + Techlog license * Data folder Wbi_training. What to Expect In each module within this training material, you will encounter the following: ‘+ Overview of the module + Prerequisites to the module (if necessary) + Learning objectives + Aworkflow component (if applicable) + Lessons, explaining a subject or an activity in the workflow + Procedures, showing the steps needed to perform a task + Exercises, which allow you to practice a task by using the steps in the procedure with a data set Techiog Wellbore imaging 1+ Scenario-based exercises * Questions about the module + Summary of the module. You will also encounter notes, tips and best practices. Course Conventions The instructions for the procedures and exercises in this manual are written using the following conventions. Characters typed in Bold Characters inside <> triangle brackets Characters typed in italics Represents references to dialog box names and application areas or commands to be performed, For example, "Open the Open Asset Model dialog." Used to denote keyboard commands, For example, “Type a name and press Enter: Identifies the name of Schlumberger software applications, such as ECLIPSE, GeoFrame or Petrol. Indicate values that the user must supply, such as. and . Represent file names or directories, such as file sample.dat an Represents option areas in a window, such as Experiments area. edit the Identifies the first use of important terms or concepts. For example, “compositional simulation...” or ‘safe mode. is used when...” Characters typed in fixed~ width Represent code, data and other iteral text the user sees or types. For example, enter 0.7323, part of the information. For example, quotation marks and information between brackets ry NOTE: Some of the conventions used in this manual indicate the information to enter, but are not indicate the information you should enter. Do not include the quotation marks or brackets when you type your information. Instructions to make menu selections are also written using bold text and an arrow indicating the selection sequence, as shown: Select File menu > Save (the Save Asset Model File dialog opens.) oR Click Save Model fal An ‘OR ‘is used to identify an alternate procedure, ‘Techiog Wellbore imagingIcons ‘Throughout this manual, you will find icons in the margin representing various kinds of information. These icons serve as at-a-qlance reminders of their associated text. See below for descriptions of what each icon means. Tips Notes: Best Practices This icon points you toa This icon indicates that ‘This icon indicates the ‘ip that will make your the folowing information bbost way to perform a work easier. 's particularly important Sivan ask hon front ‘options are available. Questions Lessons This icon identifies a lesson, which covers @ particular topic. Warnings. This icon indicates when you need to procood with ‘extreme caution. This icon identifies the uostions at the end of ‘each lesson. Exercise Review Questions This Icon indicates that This icon identifies the Its your tum to practice review questions at the the procedure fend of each module Procedures ‘This icon identifies the steps required to perform a given task Prerequisites Learning Objectives What you will need ‘This leon identifies any ‘This icon identifies any This ican indicates any prerequisites that are learning objectives set applications, hardware, Fequleed forthe course, ‘ata sets, or otter (Ffor individual modules. ‘material required forthe Techiog Wellbore imagingSummary In this introduction, we: * defined the tearing objectives + outlined what tools you will need for this training + discussed course conventions that you will encounter within this material “Techiog Wellbore imagingModule 1 Data Loading Techlog uses a data model in which each data set must have a single depth (or time) ‘sampling rate. Because borehole images often have different sampling rates (for example, the image arrays, calipers and orientation curves may all be at different sampling rates), loading data sets conventionally into Techlog results in data being loaded to multiple data sets which must later be merged. To facilitate loading and processing, a python script can be activated during import to recognize a variety of tools and multiple logging passes and create a data set for each. This script is distributed with the Techlog installation, along with @ configuration file defining a specified number of tool types (based mainly on raw, not processed, data). You can modify this script to include other tool types or to specify a different set of variables to be loaded. Learning Objectives = After completing this training, you will know how to: * activate a script to recognize borehole image data sets ‘* create a single data set ready for processing * modify the configuration file so the script recognizes and loads new tool types. Lesson 1 How the Script Works y The TLimport_Wilmport script works in the following manner. When active, the script runs on any data in the import buffer after the data have been copied to the import butfer. The script identifies different logging passes in two ways: ‘© It identifies individual logical files in a DLIS file and groups the data accordingly. ‘+ Itverifies that the data within each group covers the same intervals. After each pass is identified, the script identifies if there are data from one or more borehole imaging tools within each group. This is accomplished using the wbilmport_tools_mnemonics.cfg file, (Refer to the section titled, "User Configuration of the Script") When a too! is identified, the script creates a single data set that includes all of the mnemonics specified in the wbilmport_tools_mnemonics.cfg file. The new data set has a ‘name that follows the convention TOOLNAME_Interval. ‘Two important rules are imposed on the script when it creates the data set. + Array variables (borehole image arrays, for example) cannot be resampled. + Variables cannot be downsampled, which is particularly important for the Z-axis accelerometer curve and the frame time curve. If there are variables at a higher sampling rate than the image arrays, they are included in a second data set given the name TOOLNAME-INCL_Interval. A new dataset property called Techlog Wellborelnaging 3INCLINOMETRY_SET will be added to the TOOLNAME_Interval dataset specifying that the TOOLNAME-INCL_Interval dataset contains the associated high sample rate dataset To proceed with the training, create a new Techlog project by selecting Techlog (Mia) New. Exercise 1 Activating the Wbilmport Python Script during Import To activate a Python script to run during data import: 4. Open the Import buffer by selecting TL (BAI) > import Mee, testa GH Open. ctssniteo © cose. clteshiten € Recent projects > Brin. cure K Ontons. cesiates® Dutton cesniten@ or Select Home ("") > import (#4) 2. Click on the bar where the directory path is displayed to see the properties of the Import buffer. 3. Inthe Parameters tab, click on the parameter Launch a script after import 4. Set Launch the script to yes. 5. Inthe drop-down list Script to be launched, choose TechsiaNVbilmport. Techiog Wellbore inating 62 biismpen t Tevet ened coos [ne Techsia) that begin with the name TLimport_ (for example, TLimport_ Wbilmpor!). ‘Should you wish to create your own script torun on import, add the prefix TLimport_ to the name you wish to use. Exercise 2. Loading Data (7 In this exercise, you load an FMI data set for use in later exercises. The loading script will identify the tool and create the required data set. 41, Load the DLIS file IMAGE-WELL2_ RAW.dls from the directory Wbi Training Datasets in ‘one of two ways: i Drag-and-drop the file into the Techlog workspace. OR TIP: The Soript to be launched list shows all the scripts (User, Project, Company, or gq? ‘Open the import buffer and Browse [8] to the file location. alae 2A meceweuz > EY rae..znascom 2. Click | toad the FM_16_1271-1501m data set from the import buffer tothe project browser. 3, Compare the variables inthis data sot wth those defined in the configuration fle of the script. ‘Techiog Weilbore Imaging 7\ we “ 4s User Configuration of the Script The TLimport_Whilmport script allows for a great deal of user flexibility. You can define tools and how the tools are recognized, and you can specify which variables are to be loaded for each tool. This is achieved by having a configuration file which is easily user editable. ie The wbilmport_tools_mnemonics.cfg file is located in the Techlog installation directory\3HI directory. a) degen. CF \ oH Sis contiguration tite 45 used by the wbitapoet script to 4# mnemonics, Painter defines the ITSt-of mnemonics that are ‘ ‘S . strictly specific to 1 gf) Wa toot and-alTows- to identity is. > Dt penentnn serine defiett eat of memenien tdana 1 hi Oy present"ncsa that tne’ aca see_dous not cone ftom thle tool ven if the menonics_mininum are all present it ## mnemonics _to_Keep defines the list of mnemonics to be kept in i the main xP ff HH gata set (s) that will be cxeated by the script. = (EMI_16] Geamonicatestnaeg/aiveni crea peer rep, fel; (cay uy ev rs) uae, DEV, ly, RB, GRy C3, FTIM, AMOR, FNOR, FING, AK, Al, Rls PKs Py P2, DB, SDBV, "FOGA, “TENS, BS, DB sy SIENI_SLIM_8) gue mnemonics minimum = FCA1, FCA2— Zu il ew d mnemonics_minimum = FCAl, FCA2, FCA3, FCA4 > The file can be edited with a basic text editor such as WordPad or NotePad. A basic lst of tools, mostly confined to raw field data, is included in the configuration file distributed with Techlog, For any tool type entry, there are two important lines: the mnemonics_minimum and the mnemonics_to_keep line. The mnemonics_minimum line defines some mnemonics, or combination of mnemonics, that are unique to that tool. The mnemonics may come from raw field data or may be defined for data in a processed state coming from a particular software platform. The mnemonics_to_keep line defines the variables which must be loaded for that particular tool. A wildcard is implicit in each entry in the mnemonics_to_keep line. In other words, the entry FCA means that for an FMI, all variables starting with FCA are loaded, including FCA, FCA2, FCA3, FCA4, FCAX, FCAY, FCAZ. For specific tools, a third line may be defined, mnemonics_exclude. This line defines a list of mnemonics which, if present, mean that the data cannot come from that particular tool even if all of Ure mnemonics_miniinuin are present A WARNING: The wbilmport_tools_mnemonics.cfg file located in the Tachiog installation directory \BHi directory is overwritten sage eteg is installed, oo Techiog Weilbore imaging- Make a backup copy of wbilmport_tools_mnemonics.cfg each time itis edited and store the backup in a separate location, OR - Edit the Python script, line 70, to point to a new location for the configuration file and copy the fie to that location before editing the new file, 70 | Vetqrile = db dirtechlog() # "\BHT\wbitmport tools mnemonics cfg") Review Questions ‘* Where can you set a property to activate a loading script during data import? @ ‘+ How can you add another tool to the list of tools recognized by the script? How can the tools define which data are to be loaded? BEST PRACTICE: You should protect your edits in one of these ways: a Summary In this module, you learned about: ‘+ activating a script when importing data + loading a raw DLIS file and seeing the resulting data set created * editing the configuration file to add new tools or change the list of variables to be loaded. Techog Wellbore imaging 3Notes Xo Cr pip foe fort) Cobypratir tos 15) Crveg wilh pe Gutvad, ‘eed Poss untotrehr d tro | H OF ua a back out tie Chien | | ad Foal vis eiwae . io TPE clockw nO Color & wr suashealpeteeb avy gModule 2 Data Processing ‘The Wellbore Imaging (WBI) module in Techlog uses flexible workflows so you can modify the processing chain to best fit the data type and conditions in which you are working Although image processing is typically performed as a single well, single data set process, the WBI module uses the application workflow interface (AW!), which allows multiple zones, multiple data sets, and multi-well processing, Learning Objectives ‘Alter completing this module, you will know how to process an FMI data set and you will Pe understand: + the basic processing workflow ‘+ how processing applies to other tool types ‘+ the options in the various steps in a data processing workflow. Techlog Wellbore imaging ttWorkflow Diagram Figure 1 illustrates the workflow for processing pad-based imaging tools in Techlog Toadod raw data Speed conection Cais pedir | ——— load processed data JA) Lo ~~ Buton Crespo relate | haronizton (1) [~~ Deadibad gs] Detect fauity | Whi >Processing > Speed Correction. 2. Inthe Data type selection window, choose the tool type FMI_16 using the Change tool button. NOTE: F¥IL_16 and Fil 8 or CMI_1G/CML_8 are not two separate tools. These names are used by Techlog to istinguish between raw and processed data from some tools with two rows of buttons on a pad. The two button \ rows are stored as separate arrays in the raw data but, elsewhere, are stored as a single array per pad (especialy after processing). 3._In the Data Type selection window, choose the families shown in the boxes on the right-hand side in the figure. (om oT] at) The Toolname variables box identifies variables associated with the tool and recorded or stored al the same depth as the tools. The Others variables box is for other measurements in the tootstring you may wish to speed correct. os NOTE: Techlog knows no default measure point offsets for variables in the Others ] variables box. ‘Techiog Wellbore imaging 6ome ‘eriable box , Mek Cre 4. When the Workflow window opens, drag-and-drop the FMI_16_1271-1501m data ‘set from the project browser into the Input tab of the workflow. A transposed view of the input table shows the input variables to be used. NEG conse. [oom] ore] ue i (ow sceus | 4 ca cee |) giimcis™* = 3 nate = “ein snen pam "Messed Depth» Messed Death [roo? | Berhole ap > Borehole opens [FC 5 “ereoie Fa »ssrnoe roc arr |*°* | zAcsenton a 2hcciemion—— |rcar ne thon senoennn 2 = Ene maa Else anna | = cn e ; % Variables » caper 2 or 8 ae lev . © [iota «| pierre coal “lI at mar + || aa > | mente =| i rn on ~ WARNING: For Schlumberger tools there are usually two versions of the Z-axis acceleromter variable: AZ and Fast channel acceleromter (FCAZ). It is critical that you use FCAZ. ‘One way to avoid the problem of using the wrong version is to create new families and assignment rules so that two versions are not in the same family ‘curves. Different toolstring combinations may resultin multiple versions of the WARNING: Make sure you use the correct version of the inclinometry and orientation A orientation curves, corresponding to different tools. In the Zonation tab, setting a restricted interval means the correction is calculated over that depth, Because output speed corrected curves cover the original input interval, a depth correction of 0 is applied to the input variables above and below the zonation interval. Techlog Wellbore imaging 76, Toe te spd carecton pro pint chars Gonpoelstonin the Corrected depth parameter. v ti Snes eoneten =) LE [sini o ose | semen LGU. | Het ‘ea AA ‘Gk aon 7. Check the plot for excessive shifts (Track 3). if large, shifts display that cause you to ‘suspect the results, drag-and-drop array variables onto your plot to see if there is ‘evidence of stick and pull, for example, that would justify a large shift. Itexcessive shifts are present, the most common cause is that an incorrect Z-axis accelerometer curve is being used. = 8. Isis dsplay corecty, sot Corected dopth to Gompute and appiy)bn the Parameters tab. 9, Set Apply mode to Save and click Apply. 10. To save the worktlow, click the Save icon, 11. In the dialog that displays, Check the box Keep input table selection and click Save. This lets you rerun the workflow from scralch even if you delete some ofthe intermediate processed results. Techiog Wellbore imaging 8| Wotton paramates —aiing eaten. [* [ moetomanetes —[oringwertton pe [lwetspametes [aang werttow.we +) | [Prone puramtus ——(Raling wonton 20 || | 17 Keeping ube stetion | WARNING: As mentioned previously, accelerometer curves cannot be downsampled during ’ loading, as loss of high-frequency information leads to poor speed correction. The same is true for frame time curves; the recorded frame time is the elapsed time between samples of the high-frequency inclinometry curves, but itis invalid if downsampled. Many borehole imaging tools (commonly dipmeter tools, ultrasonic imaging tools, and some oil-based mud imagers) routinely record inclinometry data at 120 samples per foot and image data at 60 samples per foot or, occasionally, at 30 samples per foot. To deel with this situation, Techlog uses data from a different data set to calculate the shift corrected depth and apply it to the data set to be corrected. To calculate shift corrected depth: 1. Make selections in the Family selection window, as usual 2. Drag-and- Whi >Processing > Pad Image creation. 2, Choose FMl_16 as the tool type and fil out the Data Type selection window, as shown in the figure. Techiog Weilbore imaging 20puts are automatically populated with the most recent version of each family. In this instance, it uses the speed corrected versions of the input curves, ie LS 3. Choose the correct input veriables. The following images show the inputs that ara. 7" needed for this method. i: a Add. di om | i the Rita soon snne|PS a i) beeen reass 7 & sarap |P aeons é | Beenie» eoenonrupeaan|*- e [ain Fever ao rp >to rgcaon|fCS ip. teenaro nna FOS yp .tocoterngoanna|fCO8S | mins ssrnctenecan|106A$ = | enerotaprostmerVitoge deus 3 Closed, limit your processing to that interval using the Zonation tab. This prevents invalid TIP: If your data set has long intervals at the top or bottom, with invalid data in casing or arms dala fiom unduly skewing the color assignments when displaying your data later. 4, The Parameters tab displays a set of parameters in several columns. I the Source . seiting is correct, the other parameters (with the exception of the gain correction parameter) should not need to be changed, but an understanding of their function helps to understand how they may be used if the default processing returns incorrect, images with certain problem data sets. Techlog Wellbore imaging aa a& Zam "OF ©€© © © oO ths ls ae a, ste eee ee | a 2 8 ¥ ‘e Figure 4 Parameters tab 1 | Source Populated from the data set property PRODUCT. This property specifies the software system that wrote the DLIS file from which the data set was loaded. The value of this parameter determines the values of parameters 2 to 6. WARNING: When the Source parameter is populated, parameters 2-6 are also populated. These parameters can be changed independently and are reset only when the Source value is reset. WARNING: Beware of data that has been round tripped through other software. For example, ita raw FMI data setis loaded in GeoFrame and then rewritten as a DLIS file, the PRODUCT property will have the value but the data wil stil have the same format as the raw data. The source should be set to OP in the Parameters, tab. If in doubt, use a source value of OP for raw data from Schlumberger, EXPRESS for raw data from Baker Ailas, and Geoload for raw dala from Hal 2 | Interlaced Specifies if the two button rows on a pad exist as separate arrays which need to be interlaced to create a single array for the pad. Interlacing uses the first button from one row then the first button from another row, and so forth. 3° | Reverse Arrays Specifies if the button order needs to be reversed for the pad arrays. 4 | Reverse Odd Pads _| For tools that use an arrangement of one pad pointing up and the next pad pointing down, this may need to be set to yes. 5 | Odd Pads Vertical | For tools like a STAR, in which alternate pads are offset Offset vertically from each other, a depth shift of alternate pads may be needed to move the arrays to their true borehole depth This would occur as the tool records data from sensors at different depths in the borehole into the same depth frame. 6 | Odd Buttons Vertical | Depth shift to be applied for some tools where the button Offset rows must be shifted to their correct borehole depth, Techlog Wellbore Imaging mThis occurs if both rows were recorded into the same depth frame. 7 | Gain correction For an FMI if an Emex voltage and Electronic gain variable are input, the option for gain correction is available (default = yes). For a STAR, the option is available if Pad gain and Bucker gain variables are available. & 5. Set Apply mode to Save or Save and Display and click Apply. BEST PRACTICE: To enable rapid scrolling and zooming on huge array data sets in Logview, PN Techilog uses a display optimization that reduces the number of pixels 4 rendered depending on the zoom level used. This can reduce the display uality of borehole image data. To view the best possible images in Logview, select the image arrays and, in the Properties window (F4), set the Optimised display > Horizontal > Activate property to No. (Be aware that with very large data sets de-activating this property will slow down zooming and scrolling. 6. Save the workflow (overwriting already saved workflow). WARNING: By running Pad image creation, the two individual button rows of an FMI have been amalgamated into a single array. That means that, for the FMI, you now G have 8 arrays instead of 16 as you had in the raw file. For any further processing steps, choose FMI_8 as the tool, not FMI_16. This also applies for CM_16/8 and FMS_8l4 ‘The FMI image is processed after running Speed correction and Pads image creation and the image is ready to be displayed in Logview. However, to be able to pick dips on an image you must associate a caliper NOTE: Further processing comprises data repair and enhancement. m “Techiog Wellbore imagingyr Exercise 2 Displaying Pad-Based Images In this exercise, you will learn how to display pad-based borehole images in a Logview layout by concatenating them into an oriented image array. To display a pad-based image: 1. Open a Logview layout in any of these ways: Select Platform > Techplot > LogView Il OR Press Ctrl + Shift + P,L. 2. Insert a Pad concatenation track by selecting Insert > Borehole imaging > Pad concatenation in the menu of the LogView window. The Pad concatenation window opens. Choose the FMI_16_1271-1501m data set in the left-hand window. Choose FMI_8 as the tool type. Fill out the Data type selection, as shown in the figure in step 2. ‘Set Horizontal Interpolation to yes. For an explanation of the options at the bottom of the window, select Whi > Pad concatenation and orientation in the Techlog help. Click Create and the variable selection dialog opens. Pane Verify that the correct version of each variable is being used, Techlog Wellbore Tagine FrTIP: By default, the last version of each variable is used. i g? [remit [romero tomar ipt son tet aot ond PER sl oot a PS : etter ann FPA A i (ered (sateen 9. Click OK and a borehole image track displays in the my wae fe iso [os arn a} 360 0 «180 1275 ‘| 10. Solect the image in the layout and click the Pad concatenation tab in the Properties window. ‘The options for display (orientation type, excluding pads, etc.) are shown and can be modified if needed (for example deviated borehole, bad pad or flap response). Techiog Wellbore imaging %11, Borehole image display in Logview is discussed in more detail in the next module. For now, keep this layout open or save it. Lesson 3 Image-Based Speed Correction Speed correction may not always manage to completely correct for irregular tool movement. For pad-based imaging tools, this can result in depth offsets between the button rows in the tool resulting in a sawtooth effect. It can also produce offsets between pads (flaps) with an alternating up and down between successive pads around the borehole. Image-based speed correction uses a correlation algorithm to minimize these offsets. Exercise 1 Applying Image-Based Speed Correction In this exercise, you will apply image-based speed correction to the FMI dataset. Very little user Input is needed apart from verifying the input data. Continue with the workflow you used in the precious exercise. To use image-based speed correction: 1. Select Geology > Whi >Processing > Image Based Speed Correction. 2. Leave the tool typo cot ac FMI_8. 3. Populate the Data Type selection window, as shown in the figure. Techog Welloore Imaging %ee (eccemtcels) Comat) 4, Check the input variables, These should be the same as the output of the Pad image creation step in Lesson 2, Exercise 1 : Creating pad Images. ieee d 2 maroc Blasi |b iron bi in | nein ste ‘vary time the user does family/alias selection and hits the Create button. in many AW! methods the fist variable alphabetically for each famiy is chosen, but for Whi the last created variable is chosen, This can lead to problems if you return to an earlier method in your workflow and refresh the family selection, as the inputs for a method could get populated with the outputs of a method that comes later in the workflow. important to remember that the input variable table gets refreshed » ‘There are normally no parameters to change for the Image-based speed correction method. Some advanced parameters relating to the correlation parameters and allowable shifts are hidden. They can be shown by setting the Hide advanced parameters properly in the Properties window for Ue method tu no. 5. Set Apply mode to Save and display and click Apply. Techiog Wellbore imaging aseramr| anlans|ane|uer|one|ser] [aon] aloo ore aia Reo Eecherths sal n Sones 6. Save the workflow; it will overwrite the saved workflow. Lesson 4 Button Harmonization Button harmonization is designed to correct for the effects of different responses between buttons. These responses can be caused by tool problems but they can also result from borehole conditions, such as poor pad contact or mudcake smeared on the pads, Button harmonization works by attempting to correct the response of each button so it matches a global response of all buttons taken together. Because the algorithm applies a shift and a gain to the data and there is no interpolation or filtering, there is litle or no loss of resolution or data fidelity. itis best to perform button harmonization by default. BEST PRACTICE: Where image-based speed correction is performed, itis recommended that button harmonization is performad after image based speed correction. Ifthe buttons and pads show very different responses, it may be useful to perform button harmonization before image-based speed correction as well {a3 after to improve the correlation success for depth matching the pads and buttons. Included with the button harmonization method are two other algorithms: faulty bution detection and cutoff, both of which are turned off by default. Techlog Wellbore ImagingFaulty Button Detection Faulty button repair (Figure 5) tries to find dead buttons by looking for intervals where the button activity remains below a user set threshold over a defined interval. Where such values are found, they are replaced with null values. If you choose to repair them, the null values are replaced by interpolation with their neighbors, Ae oamromitin «A Blain (0 hom | tan aC 2 Eo | ss ae or in in meena vl ve Figure Paramotors tab for faulty button detection Repairing N y Buttons | Faulty button detection will dete uttons where there is no activity, but it will not be successful at identifying voy ey Eat y buttons, seaasasteati To repair noisy buttons: 1. Find out which array (pad or flap) is affected by faulty buttons. Open Data Editor. Drag the array of the affected pad into the data editor. Use column selection to show all ofthe buttons in the array. Replace values in the bad buttons with null values and save the array. Set Repair faulty button detected set to yes. Run Faulty button repair. The null values are replaced by interpolation. Applying a Cutoff to Image Data The Cutoff option (Figure 5) allows you to apply a cutoff to the data. Values outside of the cutoff range are replaced either with nulls, interpolation with their neighbors, or boundary values. ll oaionswncaiion |) lawn is MO {Eh | mow | rortan | fam ovton stecen, ll utendamensten | Di cent ep | al of NEN ia Hn | Mya ioe ot % elt € Figure Parameters tab for the cutoff option Techiog Wellbore imaging 37 Exercise 1 Performing Button Harmonization In this exercise, you will apply button harmonization to the FMI data set to even out the button harmonization. No faulty button detection or cutoff is needed. Continue with the open workflow from the previous exercise. 1, Select Geology > Whi >Processing > Button Harmonisation, 2. Leave the tool type set as FMI_8. 3. Populate the Data Type selection window, as shown in the figure. 4. Verify that the inputs are the same as the outputs from Image-based speed correction toot tt 2 (Ab endnote IH Bay) (2 (Sdn [rite | als ot uses o 5. In the Parameters tab, set the parameters as shown in the figure ara 5 mmm Pit it hanes intl: nn is i ‘ $m vt 1 Techiog Wallbore imaging 06. Set the window size for harmonization. WARNING: Itis important to carefully consider the consequences of setting a window for button harmonization. For this reason, the default setting is to NOT use a window. Button harmonization reduces the differences between button responses. By setting a window, you can make the correction work better by responding to changes in the differences between button response over the logged interval. However, the difference in button response around the borehole is what allows you to see the formation properties that you wish to examine. When choosing to use a window, the window length should be much longer than the amplitude of the sine waves of the geological surfaces you wish to view. This prevents the algorithm from reducing the difference in button response due to formation properties, as opposed to logging conditions. 7. There are three options for harmonization under the Harmonisation process type parameter: global, by array, and both. ‘* Global means that each button will be harmonized with the response of all of the buttons. + By array means that each button will be harmonized with the response of all of the buttons and columns in that pad/array. + Both will do By array followed by Global. Excluding an array excludes it from the calculation of the global response, but does not exclude it from the harmonization process. Use this option when you wish to stop a bad pad from affecting the other pads. 8. Set Apply mode to Save and display and click Apply. The Speed Corrected non-harmonized image (_|SC) is shown on the lef in the figure, while the harmonized image is shown on the right. oes [Seeore ber |ose|sofeer|medsan| — [suelaumtsamlasfsrn|sandsumlsand 9. Save the workflow. ‘The results layout you have been using can now be closed. 410, Return to the layout you created in Lesson 2, Exercise 2 and repeat the process. This time, you should see that the names of the pad and flap arrays you are asked to include should be PAD_1_ISC_H, etc. Techlog Wellbore imaging 311. Compare your processed images to view the effect of image-based speed correction and button harmonization. For this data set, the differences are subtle. y Lesson 5 Pad Concatenation You have seen how pad-based images can be displayed directly in Logview from pad arrays. The advantage of this method is that you can switch between North and Top of hole orientations and you can switch off pads that have bad intervals. The alternative approach is to create an oriented array in which each pad is in its correct Position around the borehole and gaps between the pads reflect the borehole size. The advantage of creating a single array is that plots open more quickly. In addition, a single oriented array becomes a tool independent way of presenting the image data. Oriented arrays are more easily shared between software platforms and they are more accessible to all Techlog users, even without a WBI license, Single oriented arrays are required for some further processing in Techlog, such as image flattening or parameter extraction, and they make it much easier to build algorithms in Python. yy Exercise 1 Creating an Oriented Image Array The Pad concatenation and orientation method in Techlog is used to create oriented arrays, Using tool orientation and caliper data, the pads are oriented in their correction pos! around the borehole, relative to an orientation reference. To create an oriented image array: 1. Open the workflow from the previous exercise. 2, Select Geology > Whi >Processing > Pad concatenation and orientation 3. Leave tool type as FMI_8. 4 Populate the Data Type selection window, as shown in the figure, Treen — NOTE: The ‘Use output from Pad image creation’ checkbox indicates that data have been through the Pad image creation method and is in the standard Techlog format for Techiog Weilbore Imaging Bpad-based images. (Refer to Lesson 2 in this module). If this box is not checked, the Pad concatenation method can make the same corrections to the data as the Pad image creation method, This overlap is done for backward compatibility reasons, but you should always run Pad image creation for pad type tools.) NOTE: If you do not add a caliper input to the Associated Caliper box, the method will calculate an average caliper called ASSOC_CAL. This is calculated from the caliper variable used in the concatenation and is associated with the output image for dip picking. 5. Verify that you have the input variables shown in the figure. ais igs Ole P HO a Ales SD Faden ra xomun Fo fest boma>teone vig [PS 3 | oe (a a ea (aie ag [fat emaumanon (M8 ferersomnere on moa. ‘ere ra >to rac anh |PROLSCN at ros everson /POLICH oe PUP CH tenn rt MED toms titans PP2ICN sl ipso re an POPPE TAN raps tou goa PAPC : soi 6. Inthe Parameters tab, set the Orientation to North. es AG cn aT Ee lant an ‘amin sae 0 a ie wil ne 7. Set Apply mode to Save and display and click Apply. Techlog Wellbore Imaging BIMAGER CRERAG APLAR BRECON 8. Save the workflow. Lesson 6 Histogram Equalization Normalizing borehole images consists of mapping each measurement value to a position on a normalized scale; normalization can be Static or Dynamic. Static normalization means that each value is mapped on a scale normalized for the entire interval. In static normalization, the same input measurement always maps to the same. Position on the normalized scale, Dynamic normalization maps each value to a scale defined by the data range in a sliding window. L is or but the same input measurement can, at different depths, map to different values on the normalized scale because the scale continually ‘changes over the length of the log. NOTE: In Techiog, color palettes are not based on a fixed data range but are adapted to the data range of the image data, This means that, in most cases, static normalization is not needed. In some cases, it may be beneficial (such as in the case of the OBMI), where the static normalization allows a much better distribution of the extreme values along the normalized scale. Static normalization can be done on a display basis only, in Logview, allowing the original values to be retained in the saved image. In Techlog, image normalization is done using an algorithm called Histogram Equalization. (Go to hitp:/en.wisipedia.org/wiki/Mistogram equalization for an explanation of the algorithm). ‘The advantage of this algorithm is that it improves the contrast of the data, in particular when much of the data are grouped in a restricted part of the measurement scale. Techiog Wellbore maging 4Exercise 1 Performing Histogram Equalization In the case of pad-based images, you have two options: perform equalization on a previously concatenated image or equalize the individual pad arrays and create a new concatenated image from the equalized pad arrays. The second option allows more flexibility in how the images are equalized NOTE: The histogram equalization method is not tool specific and can be applied to any combination of arrays or single sampled variables. ] To use histogram equalization: 1. Continue using the workflow from the previous exercise. 2. Select Geology > Whi >Processing > Histogram equalisation. 3. Inthe Data Type selection window, choose the families shown in the figure. (est oe ‘As before, the input variables are the last created version of the pad arrays. 4. Set parameters, as shown in the figure. ovwet™ STs cone sao Tectiog Wilbore maging 3%5. For dynamic equalization, set the window size according to how quickly the geology changes along the well. f the geology changes slowly, a window that is too short enhances whatis changing quickly locally - namely noise. It the geology changes quickly, a window that is too long may mean that the data ‘ange within the window is too wide for equalization to be able to highlight subtle contrasts, 6. Sel the Process type. You have three options: + Global calculates the data range from all available data in the window and applies the same scale to each button and column of the input arrays. In Global mode, the Exclude parameter works in the same way as in Button harmonization. (Refer to Lesson 4 for details.) + By array individually calculates the data range from each array and applies the same scale to each button and column in that array. + By button normalizes each button and column against a scale defined from that button and column. (The user guide provides examples of the results you can generate with each option.) Techlog uses a default 0-255 scale for the output. However, this scale is editable so you can specify an output scale that is compatible with other applications. In the properties, you can also reverse the scale so that high input measurement values ‘correspond with low output scale values and vice versa. This is useful because some software stores electrical images with a convention that high value=resisth Techlog stores most conductivity-based tools with their original values, so that high value=conductive, Set Apply mode to Save and click Apply. Select Geology > Whi >Processing > Pad concatenation and orientation. step 4 of Lesson 5, Exercise 1: Creating an Oriented 7, 2 oH 3 2 2 - oO KS ia Py tate Lm Ge m DISET senmltlnn met TERS TENE J bo Pru difab % Tel Small ana fr Ys by E wth hi stu'byle Clos11, Repeat step 6 through step 8 of Lesson 5, Exercise 1. eae sii aye ones | ge onntateat went In ic sti uence 12, Save and close the workflow. Techiog Wellbore imaging aeo + How does Techlog handle the geometries of pad-based imaging tools? What convention does Techlog use for the order of buttons in each pad array and the order of the pads around the borehole? + What is the purpose of button harmonization? What is the problem with setting too short ‘a window for button harmonization? + Isit always necessary to perform static normalization of images in Techlog? When is it particularly useful? Summary In this module, you learned about: ‘© speed correcting borehole image data ‘+ creating a single array from each pad, with data in a consistent format regardless of the nature of the input tool geometry or how the raw data are stored displaying oriented images in Logview improving image quality using image-based speed correction and button harmonization creating an oriented image array dynamically normalizing image data using histogram equalization, Techiog Wellbore imaging 7%Notes 5 ) te flood data evth Ubi Somer Cbs Import 2- [nthno metry Qe 3. Sperd Correction (Cab _ pron Spud) ae Pad image Creation S_ Button harm on! 2ation 6. Image baricspad Cornctio ~ Techlog Wallbore ImagingACwahi Teg ¢ 2 ile Trou! Tine goo d box Pu tte Jord Foy Vga Lud AK Tne Une Spad Corrective Por The jmage Loe, wok=en thw 19 8° Caliper tn Lwd yr “7 56 wean WO Bit Sire ay Cayve Poe Cerpiper, Pevembat ofguk othe File OBFUPL Rady — Mud bype A Mud wy lt Chow much Te 2 Ta Mel Cake - reygosi ty 9The hole 4 Parameter, token on ConSidercbion by ve Steyt pi aGelegy bt. en Steen 5 Sh Cab ht Ow Picking be eit discotm , Vihelgbegy (Dye J ( Pldin ch bing _ Med type € Cotnt — Caliper Si% ( wethout’) o z P ‘Techiog Wellbore imaging - Cook gt the Af clete in stot ntally wey ( SondModule 3 Image Display in Logview ea This module discusses the options for displaying images in Logview and how you can manipulate the palettes used to display images. Learning Objectives ‘After completing this module, you will know how to: + display images in Logview + improve the quality of the image display + rotate an image to look at features displaying at the sides of the image ‘adjust palettes to the data ‘+ change palettes. Lesson 1 Image Display Ba: s in Logview The image header in Logview (Figure 7) includes several fields: palette scale, palette name, array name, array minimum and maximum values, and the image orientation. Figure7 _Logview header 1 | Palette scale: Values corresponding to upper and lower boundary colors 2 | Palette name 3 | Array name 4 | Array minimum and maximum values 5 | Image orientation quadrants. These are displayed as URDLU if the image is oriented to the top of the hole 6 | Image orientation (degrees) Techlog Welloore Imaging aWhen displaying images in Logview, the orientation of the image is defined by the orientation type property of the image array. This defines if the left-hand side of the track represents North or Top of Hole. ‘The orientation property can define an additional offset, which defines if the first sample of the array is located at that orientation reference or at some angular offset from that reference. Exercise 1 Displaying an Image in Logview In this exercise, you will earn how to optimize the display of an image array in Logview. 1. Open a Logview layout in any of these ways: Select Platform > Techplot > LogView Ek oR Press Ctrl + Shift + PL. 2. Drag-and-drop the ARRAY_WBI_H array variable from the FM_16_1271-1501m data set. 3. Deactivate the optimized display. This is activated by default for quick scrolling and zooming but should be deactivated during image interpretation, + Choose the image and click the Display options tab. + Select Optimized display > Horizontal > Activate property and set property to no. + opener i oopne ming oe —— i | i ? Techlog Walloore Imaging Display the missing values property TIP: In oriented arrays, gaps between the pads are filed with missing values and they are displayed with the track background color. If you wish to ‘same track, you can make the gaps betwoen the pads transparent by selting the no. play two images in the4, Selting a background color can help improve the visual contrast of the images. This is done by setting the track color. ‘a, Select the track by clicking the mouse at right edge of track b. Change the track background color in the Appearance tab of the Properties window. um 4:10 5. Image smoothing can improve the appearance of noisy or blocky images (for ‘example, LWD). To turn smoothing on or off: a. Select the image. ). From the Edit menu, select smooth OR tight mouse cick on the image and select the smooth icon (tl OR In the Display options tab of the Properties window select yes or no for display > Smooth property. 4 opted cupty ‘vena e : UU) spite ising vos yes | Techlog Wallbore imaging 8Lesson 2 Palettes In the family database, each borehole image family has an assigned color palette. These color palettes can be seen in the Palette Manager whore palettes used for borehole images usually have a range from 0 to 255. Image data we wish to display does not usually have a 0-255 data range unless it has been processed with histogram equalization, When the image is dropped into a layout, the palette is adjusted to the data range of the image. However, as the image data may contain outliers which can skew the paletie distribution towards the high or low end, the palette is adjusted to the 5" and 95" quantiles of the data. This yields better color resolution in the data range where the bulk of the data lies, In the layout, when the image is the selected object, palettes can be edited using the Edit > Palette/color assignment menu (Figure 8). ipa properties , e FE) Hommonived detoret > oy FR Adept to the tcl mits ‘Adaot tote gloat nts FR Asopttemetoclquanties —cieatsspace FR Adept tothe gobs quanttes —ctitestitespace fH) Learnitopram equation. cuteneent |] 57 stovatnstogrm equatsation.. cteshiteH IMMAGEVELL2 Reterence 13897200 (Objet: Vn IMAGE. WELL? FL 5,175 SLm ABR, ELH Figure 8 —_Palette/colour assignment menu Techog WallboreTmaaing waMost of the functions on the Palette color assignment option are also available in the contextual menu (right mouse click) when the image is the selected object. The Palette color assignment menu option offers these actions: Reinit Restore the palette to the default palette, as if the image had just been dropped into the layout. Invert Invert the color range of the palette. Adapt to the local ‘Adapt the palette minimum and maximum color values to the limits minimum and maximum values of the image data in the depth range visible in the layout window. This modified palette is applied to the image over the entire interval Adaptto the global Adapt the palette minimum and maximum color values to the minimum and maximum values of the image data over the entire depth range. Adapt to the local Adapt the palette minimum and maximum color values to the 5" quantiles. and 95" quantiles of the image data in the depth range visible in the layout window. This modified palette is applied to the image over the entire interval ‘Adaptto the global Adapt the palette minimum and maximum color values to the 5° quantiles and 95" quantiles of the image data over the entire depth range. Local histogram Perform histogram equalization using the histogram of image equalization values calculated over the visible depth interval in the layout window. This equalization will be applied to the image over the entire interval. NOTE: Local histogram equalization should not be confused with dynamic histogram equalization, The equalized scale is not changing dynamically with depth. Global histogram Perform histogram equalization using the histogram of image equalization values calculated over the entire depth range. This is equivalent to static histogram equalization. often distributed over a very large range, with most data clustered within a small interval of TIP: Global histogram equalization is recommended when displaying OBMI images. The data are that range. Techiog Weilbore imaging — 6The limits of the palette can also be set in the Properties window on the Limits tab. You can choose to apply the palette with either a linear or logarithmic scale (Figure 9). 1 vanemamayum nace est SR a re oe yee | 1:20 fi 90 180970 sai Figure9 Changing the end points of the palette color scale 1345 Palettes can also be modified in the Palette dock window. (Refer to Techlog > Introduction > Description of the main window > Palettes window in the help files) Exercise 1 Adapting Palettes Explore the functionality for adapting palettes. y Lesson 3 Image Rotation In Logview, images are displayed with their left-hand edge defined as the orientation reference, for example, North or Top of hole. However, you may wish to rotate the images to Ww features which are aligned close to the North or top of the hole, (F Exercise 1 Rotating Images in a Logview Display This short exercise shows you how to rotate images in a Logview display so the images Default value property. 3. Seta value for the default property and the image is rotated by this amount. Techilog Wellbore imaging : 6image clockwise. ‘ fr Positive values rotate the image counter-clockwise, while negative values rotate the In the figure, the entered value is the orientation of the left-hand edge of the track. eae . +) |e am iL t lid 8 oven speor. | 50 sommes G | ake = | 1345 seam ea | ae | ee | “oe ie ee aa 4. Animate the image by cteking |] to rotate the image. 5, Pause the animation by ctcking ll Pausing the animation does not reset the rotation value to 0. NOTE: If additional variables with orientation are displayed in the track (Tor example, PIAZIRB or dip sine waves), they rotate with the selected image when the image is animated, 6. Select Orientation > Default value property. 7. Reset the default value of the orientation to 0. This retums the image to its default orientation. is Tectiog Wilbore maging ay Lesson 4 Image Filtering In Logview, you can do some simple filtering of the images. Filter sizes are in image pixels, as opposed to screen pixels; sizes are set as a number of individual values of the image array. Preserve the null values means if the input image has a null value at a specific position, the output image will have a null value at that position. If unchecked, the filtering can overwrite these null values, depending on the filter length, | Exercise 1 Filtering an Image This exercise shows you how to apply some filters to an image and how to set the filter size. To filter an image: 1. Choose the image in the Logview track 2. Inthe Processing menu, select the filter type. ter osm ren Ao . tm) F Wiccan aa 1345 270 360 [mec Coen wane BEERS, EG 3, The Average smooth dialog opens in which you set the filler size. Parameters: window sae (xk |s Y window sie (pa: (5 Techiog wellbore imagingFilter results are displayed in the Logview layout and automatically saved to the data set of the input array. wireless g Sieh Tre ieee eed are fs 10 50 ae iii it * aac | | 4 utermasoim Mestue. 4 wer Mestues ! anor eclerns w2 BB sive ven tame oa eh save cnr Sh amen a ae presen | d sr we, Ase Smeth L ‘The orientation and other properties are copiad from the input to the output arrays. Review Questions + By default, what orientation does the left edge of the track represent when displaying e images in Logview? + Why do the limits shown in the palette header not correspond to the limits of data? * Can you think of the consequences of changing the filter sizes in the X and Y directions? ry Techiog Welibore imagingSummary In this module, you learned about: displaying image arrays in Logview changing display properties to improve display quality modifying image palettes, rotating images in a track fitering images in Logview. "clog Wallbore WagingNotes Techlog wallbore Waging aTechlog Wallbore Traging uModule 4 — LWD Image Handling Logging while driling (LWD) image data require special processing to convert image data from time to depth and to correctly position the measurements. The process must also take into account the rotation of the tool. Techlog does not perform this processing; the data are normally delivered with these corrections applied, except in the case of streaming real time data. When loaded to Techlog, little processing is needed. The image may need to be oriented or it may be necessary to set parameters to define the orientation. When oriented, LWD images can be enhanced and interpreted using the same procedures as for wireline images. Learning Objective After completing this training, you will know how use Techlog to prepare LWD data in & various formats for interpretation. ‘Some LWD tools deliver images as unoriented arrays and these must be oriented prior to interpretation. Unfortunately, its not always clear from the array name if itis oriented Lesson 1 LWD Array Orientation y If the images are not oriented, an orientation curve representing the position of the first sample relative to North or to Top of hole is needed. Exercise 1 Orienting an LWD Array 1. Load the IMAGE-WELL5-LWDIMG.dlis fle into Techlog. 2. In the MaxWell_~1Dlis_3B data set, set the family for all of the RES_BD_IMG arrays to be Borehole image Array Resistive. “Techiog Welibore Imaging 3Fie RR RARER] "oo "nace | | ae Fremenes sain, © 1B aaa oa Ur cone 2 nmone + GY Maxell 00 38 3. From the MaxWell_-1Dlis_12B data set, drag-and-drop the DEVI, HAZI, P1AZ, PINO, and RB variables into the MaxWell_-1Dlis_3B data set. 4. Inthe Resampling too! dialog, accept the proposed settings and click Apply. esane tle Oba eloenctto bev Ream ‘ee 2 pace meus sid ow feet aon | A nsce es 2 pace meus agro, ee 3005 Mowe som |!5 pace meus salad sine 01 | — 4 BARGE HAs Ma FINO [Masel Dis > | Measures Opt» lines fr angie we 5) paceneus.sude6 eek as + [ened nestor angie © rio qa Coe 5. Starting with a new workflow, select Geology > Wbi > Processing > Pad concatenation and orientation from the menu, 6. Choose LWD-Rotary imagers as the tool type. Filln the Data Type selection window, as shown in the figure. Teciog Wellbore imaging8, Drag-and-drop the file MaxWell_ 1DLIS-3 9. Verify that the inputs and parameters are set according to the configuration in the figures. ie he ee 10. The LWD-Rotary imagers option is used for many measurement types, so itis best, to spacify the family of the output array on the Output Variables tab of the Properties window. Set the family to Borehole Image Array Resistive. Techlog WellooreTmaging %11. Set Apply mode to Save and click Apply. Because no caliper has been defined to associate with the image, the following dialog displays. 112, Later in the training, you will associate a caliper. For now, click Cancel, vat dvatin: [064 ‘ise soman: (Wile) 8100 8110 Sucks 8 Ohad ne GE WEUSE eh Techiog Wellbore imaging %13. are available with the data set, so you will create a bit size variable to Use as a caliper for dip pick Click Platform > Techdata > Data editor 14. In the Data editor dialog, drag-and-drop the TDEP variable from the MaxWell_- ‘1Diis_3B data set o create a bit size variable, 1, Type the equation, as shown, place the cursor inside the right box of the equation and press Enter to propagate the value in al the rows. 16. Save the variable. 17. In the Properties window, set the units to in, 40 mageweur t > E ra.ie 2m asain ene 4 A nucevaus awa 1004128 Mesies # © EE) wave 105 Mesum, + EE) maven 105938 esc qi Meee $s ey Techiog Wellbore imaging 5nada Dey “hake Kant = Cofpw 18. dips, borehole image arays i jation) hole ind {Caliper} In addition, they must have the properties of orientation type and depth of investigation (Ol). . Choose the ARRAY_WBI_IMG array and set the properties in the Properties window, as shown in the figure. ieee ea ene ey ae | tet ve Description ‘Deep Button Resistivity Image I ‘Varisble type (EB natrix array Saas Sas rere bey a oe bat I oom Reference hole deviation name Reference hole atimth na ‘The orientation value of -3.21° reflects the fact that the first of the 66 sectors of the GVR is centred on the reference direction, and the edge of that frst sector (ie. the first sample in the array) must therefore be half a sector anticlockwise from the reference direction WARNIN ‘DOI, focus depth, or electrical penetration is important for dip picking, A as it must be added (x2) tothe calipers to calculate dip because, for ‘most tools excluding ultrasonic imagers, the measurement comes from behind the borehole wall. For LWD tools, this DOI is often very significant. if you do not know what DOI to use, contact the logging _company. 19, (Optional) Repeat the process with the high resolution images In the Maxvvell_- 1Diis_2B data set using the UHRI_CORR array. Techlog Wellbore Imaging 38'ARRAY_WBL_CORR age oventain® 18s 770-3 —we 180770 | Lesson 2 Oriented LWD Array Preparation y In most cases, LWD data are delivered as an array that has been oriented, either by means of post processing or by reference during acquisition. NOTE: If data are referenced during acquisition, the results can be presented either as an array or as individual single sampled variables. If referenced during acquisition, the reference is to either Top of the hole or to North. Reference can be to North if the deviation is less that a specified value, usually 3 to 5 degrees based on the logging contractor and tool. It the reference is set to Magnetic North, orientation property must be set to correct the orientation by the magnetic declination amount. In these cases, little processing is required but some parameters must be set for you to interpret the image. Techiog Wellbore imaging 38Exercise 1 Preparing a Previously-Oriented LWD Array This exercise shows you what steps need to be taken to prepare an LWD image when the image data are already oriented to a reference. To prepare a praviously-oriented LWD Array: 41. Inthe MaxWell_-1Diis_608 data set, set the family for the GR_IMAGE array to be Borehole Image Gamma Array. 2. From the MaxWell_-1Dlis_38 data set, drag-and-drop the DEVI, HAZI, and BS variables into the MaxWeil_-1Dlis_60B data set. oo 3, Inthe Resampling tool dialog, accept the proposed settings and click Apply. NOTE: The DEVI variable is already present in the MaxWell_-1Diis_60B data set, but you will overwrite this variable with the higher sample rate variable. — am | ‘The variable IMAGE-WELLS MaxWell-1Dis,608.DEVI alread exists. What do you want to do? (7) save as new version U) overwnte the exist 1 Ape 4. Choose the GR_IMAGE array and, in the Properties window, set the following parameters, as shown in the figure: © Orientation type ‘+ Oriontation * Dol + Associated caliper, hole deviation, and hole azimuth. toy m ona snaieboe “compat Lonoiat econ 1 retaton oe ep tte ole | oo 2 1 wt 056 s Techlog Wellbore Imaging ©The Orientation parameter for an image array defines an angular offset for the start of the first sample of the array from the orientation reference. This is very important for LWD images in which image sectors can be referenced so that they either start at the orientation reference or are centered on the orientation reference, such as the Top of hole or North. your image og. Ifthe first sector is centred on Top of hole/North, then the Orientation parameter must be set to ~((360/no. of sectors)/2), ie. to minus half of one sector. For example, for an 8 sector image the value should be set 10-225. ‘WARNING: Contact your logging company to understand the reference for the sectors on 1 sector. In this case, they easily can be converted into image arrays using the Data editor to merge the variables into an array with appropriate parameters set in the Properties window. The order in which the individual variables are merged into an array is very important. ‘TIP: LWD image data sometimes come in the form of single sampled variables for each ? Review Questions ‘© What are the important properties to be set in the Properties window for an LWD image @ array? + Ifyou have a 16-sector image in which the first sector is centered to the Top of Hole, \what values must you set for the Orientation type and Orientation properties? Summary In this module, we you learned about: ‘+ orienting LWD borehole image data ‘+ setting parameters in the Properties, jow for oriented LWD image data. “Techlog Wellbore Imaging aNotes Techlog Wellboreinading @a Module 5 _ Dip Picking Techlog functionality provides a means to pick dips, change dip display properties, and prepare imported dips for display in Techlog, Learning Objectives ‘Aiter completing this module, you wil know how to: & + create dip classifications + pick dips in Techlog ‘+ visualize dips while picking + edit picked dips, Lesson 1 Dip Picking classification scheme specific to one project or a scheme that is easily shared between projects ‘and among users. You can add dips to previously picked dips, edit dips, and modify dip display properties. There are five dip picking modes: Techlog can be used to pick dips simultaneously from multiple image logs. You can create a dip y Full sine wave picking | Pick full sine waves on features using point to point picking. Partial sine wave picking | Pick partial sine waves on features which do no! extend the entire way around the borehole. Stretchy sinusoid picking | Fit sine waves to features by using your cursor as an editable sinusoid, Induced fracture picking | Pick induced fractures in the borehole wall by defining the start and end points of linear features. Breakout picking Pick borehole breakouts by fitting a parallelogram over the breakout feature ress the Shift + S shortcut to cycle between the dip picking modes, object selection, and q? interactive selection mode. Refore you can pick dips on a horehole image array, the array must have the following properties defined (Figure 10). These properties are normally set automatically during processing, * orientation type © depth of investigation * associated caliper variable “Techiog Wellbore imaging @‘+ associated hole deviation variable ‘+ associated hole azimuth variable. CS repetin FF (EB Object Varinble hance WELLD FAL 16 1771 1S01n ARRAY, WEL) ble te anton Figure 10 Parameters of the image array needed for dip picking Exercise 1 Picking Dips Dip picking is done in a normal LogView layout. To pick dips: 1. Open a Logview layout in one of these ways: + Selc Platform > Techplot> Logview Ht © Press Ctrl + Shift + PL. 2. Drag-and-drop the GR, ARRAY_WBI_H and ARRAY_WBI_Dynamic variables from the IMAGE_WELL2 FMI_16_1271-1501m data set. 3. Deactivate the optimized display. ing and zooming but i should be a. Choose the image and, on the Display options tab, select Optimized display > Horizontal > Activate. b. Set the property to no. 4. (Optional) Add any other variables to the layout. Sot the display settings you wish to use. Seta suitable scale. This is usually 1:20 or a more expanded scale for vertical wells; picking with a scale that is too compressed can introduce serious errors. 7. Select both ofthe image arrays in he layout and click Right Mouse button > |“ Techlog Wellbore Imaging a eiOR Select Processing > Create a dip variable from the menu of the layout This adds a dip creation track to your layout. TIP: Dip creation tracks are recognizable by their beige background. 1301. 1302 ice nanin oat ‘om nan ue aL Lon Ia dip creation track does not display, check the output window for warning messages. These are the most common reasons why this problem might ocour: + the required information (Figure 10) is missing from the image array properties * caliper has no unit or the unit is incorrect * hole deviation has no unit or the unit is incorrect, * hole azimuth has no unit or the unit is incorrect. 8. Ifyou already have a dip creation track and you wish to activate dip picking for another image array in your layout, choose the array and click Right Mouse button > Enable the dip picking || or select Processing > Enable the dip picking. 9. When a layout contains a dip creation track, the properties of the layout contain an oxtra tab, tho Dip creation tab. Techlog Wallbore imaging 6[Smeets a tpi | | NOTE: Each option in this Properties window is explained in the help files. To access the help for dip picking, set the focus on the layout and press F1. The Logview main page displays with a link to detailed help. - 10. Open the Dip classification window before you begin dip picking. You can open the window in any of the following ways: «Select Geology > Whi >Processing > Dip classification from the Techlog menu, ‘* Select Advanced > Dip classification from the Layout menu. + Click Right Mouse button >| object). ‘+ Press shortcut © when the focus is on the layout ‘The Dip classification window is a standard Techlog window and behaves the same way as other windows such as layouts or crossplots in the layout (layout must be the active When dip picking is activated and the layout is the active object, the icons for the five dip picking modes display on the mouse mode toolbar. Techlog Wellbore Imaging 6Full Sine Wave Picking To pick dips using full sine wave mode: 1. lek ful sine wave mode EB] on te mouso mado totbar to lk fl sine waves onthe mages, 2. In the Dip classification window, choose a dip type. < + tx it i 2 ‘ross beading sional suace Deformed bes [SD tow quatty [MSD High quality “conductive face Resse fracture aut Induced trate BEEEEEEEEEE! RODKKLRAARN (shui CH Pele YG company (YG enon 3. To start picking dips, left-click on the image to add points, After you have added three points, a sine wave is drawn but you can keep adding points until you are happy with the fit of the sine wave to the surface. The figure shows an example near 1307.5 meters. wulomalicaly draviing a sine wave afer adding three points is default behavior, ut you can turn this off in the Properties window. Techlog WellboreTmaging oF5. Points can be edited after you add them. When you position the cursor over a point, the cursor changes to this shape i. 6. Place the cursor over a point, then press and hold the left button to move the point. 7. Press the Delete key to delete the point. 8. When you are happy with the fit of the sine wave, right-click or press Enter to validate it. [ NOTE: The dip tadpole displayed in the dip track represents True Dip. Techiog Wellboretmaging 69. Practice adding dips and changing the dip classification, 10. To edita validated dip: a, Place the cursor over the sine wave on the image, The cursor changes to took like this: BB, b. Press Shift and left-click to make the sine wave editable, c. Move, add, or delete points. d. Right-click to validate. 11, To delete a dip, place the cursor over the sine wave in the image track or over the tadpote inthe dip track. When the cursor changes to “#,pross Delot WARNING: Be careful when deleting dips. If another object (for example, a track or variable) is selected in the layout, the action will delete these other objects if the cursors not asplayed as “8°. you see tis dialog when trying to delete a dip, click No to prevent additional objects from deletion, (Do you vant fo remove the selected ‘objects trom the yout? ee mode must be Breakout or Induced Fracture, respectivel 12. To change the classification of a picked di ‘a. Choose a dip type in the Dip classification window NOTE: To delete a breakout or induced fracture pick from the image, the picking a b.. Select he interactive selection model c. Brush over the dips. select dips in a dip creation track, deselect any dip type selected in the Dip WARNING: When you change a dip classification, it cannot be undone. If you only wish to a classification window by clicking Uneolect 13, Manually picked dips are automatically given a quality value of 1 (scale 0-1). To change the quality value: a. Place the cursor over the dip and right-click. b. Right mouse click > assign a quality value or use the shortcut @ Assign a quality value Q Techlog Wellbore Imaging BPartial Sine Wave Picking LJ Features may be discontinuous around the borehole, such as when there is truncated cross bedding or bedding cut by a fault. To pick these types of features, use the partial sine wave picking mode. To pick dips using partial sine wave mode: 4. Click partial sine wave picking mode |) on the mouse mode toolbar. 2, Atthe counter-clockwise end of the feature, left-click to add a point (for example, 1,348.1m). ‘The position of the first point is critical, as the partial sine wave is drawn ‘clockwise from this starting point. You can add more points in any order. ] NOTE: Partial sine waves are edited in the same way as full sine waves, but you must be in the partial sine wave mode to do this. Techiog Wellbore imagingStretchy Sinusoid Picking G To pick dips using stretchy sinus mod 1. Click strotchy sinusoid mod nthe mouse mode toolbar. When this mode is activated, the cursor becomes a sinusoid. 2. Tocditthe sinusoid: a, Move the mouse forward and backward to change the depth on the plot. b. Move the mouse left or right to change the azimuth of the dip (position of the trough or sinusoid). , To edit the amplitude of the sinusoid, click and hold the left mouse button and move the mouse forward and backward. 3. To validate the dip, right-click. Breakout Picking Borehole breakout is picked by drawing a parallelogram over the borehole breakout, Gy To pick dips using breakout mode: Click breakout picking mode Lt onthe mouse mode toolbar. 2. Left-lick on one of the upper comers of the breakout to add a point with a dotted line attached to it 3, Move the cursor to extend the line horizontally left or right from the picked point (for example, 1,351.5m) 4. Left-click on the other upper comer of the breakout to add a second point and create a parallelogram attached to the curser. Techlog WellboreTmoging 75. Move the cursor so that the parallelogram covers the borehole breakout and left- click to fix it in place. 6. Adjust the parallelogram by moving the comer points. 7. When you are happy with the fit to the breakout, right-click to validate. Breakouts are represented in the dip track with the symbol [21 The long axis represents the azimuth of the breakout with respect to North, while the lateral position of the symbol fepresents the dip magnitude of an imaginary plane passing through the breakout and the center of the well. If the well is vertical and the breakout is vertical in the borehole wall, this value is 90°. ry NOTE: Techlog allows you to independently pick each side of the breakout in the woll, for two reason: Brzakouls ore not always symmetica! around the horahola a icking both sides of a breakout separately allows for better statistical information on the breakout properties. 8. To delete a breakout pick from the image, set the mode to breakout and press Delete. Techiog Wellbore Imaging 7Induced Fracture Pickin, Gl To pick dips using the induced fracture mode: 4. Cok indice rate peng modell on te movse ode oat. 2. Left-click on one end of the induced fracture to add a point connected to the cursor by a dashed line (for example, at 1,302m). 3. Lefi-click on other end of the induced fracture; the line is now positioned on the induced fracture. 4, Edit the pick by moving the end points. 5. Right-click to validate. Induced fractures are represented in the dip track with the symbol [&]. The tine through the circle represents the azimuth of the induced fracture with respect to North, while the lateral position of the symbol represents the dip magnitude of an imaginary plane following the fracture and passing through the center of the wel. Ifthe well ia vertical and the inducod fracture is vertical in the borehole wall, this value is 90°. 6. To delete an induced fracture pick from the image, set the mode to induced fracture and press Delete. TIP: To display breakout and induced fracture data in a rose diagram, you can choose the azimuth mirror option (LI icon) on your rose diagram. Techiog Wellbore Imaging 3Ll Saving Picked Dips To save picked dips: 1. Save your dip data by selecting the dip variable in the header of the dip creation track and choosing Save > The variable from the layout manu (OR Right mouse click > Save variable ‘# ). You will be prompted to enter a data set name and a name for the Dip variable (choose defaults inthis case). WARNING: When saving a dip data set an entirely new data set is created Therefore, if you choose to overwrite a dip data set that contains other variables from those already created (For instance, rotated dips after structural dip removal), these will be lost. ‘When you save dips from a dip creation track, a data set is created but this data set is not linked to the dips in the creation track. New picking will not update the saved data set, The dips in the creation track are always unsaved so care must be taken, before deleting. Itis recommended that the automatic save reminder is used (Dip Creation tab in properties of the layout). 2, Save and close the layout; you will use it again. Special Considerations for Breakouts and Induced Fractures In some software packages, breakouts and induced fractures are picked by fitting a sine wave as an imaginary plane which passes through the feature on both sides of the borehole. This can be done in Techlog but itis not the recommended procedure. Ifeatures are picked using a sine wave, the dip azimuth of the feature is at 90° to the azimuth of the breakout or induced fracture. As such, they are represented using the strike, If the features are picked using a sine wave, you cannot use the breakout and induced fracture symbols to display the orientation in the dip track because the azimuth will not be the azimuth of the breakout or the induced fracture. BEST PRACTICE: It is recommended that you always pick breakouts and induced fractures using the breakout and induced fracture picking modes. This allows the breakout and induced fracture dip symbols to be used correctly, but it also __ensures that you gather a richer set of results data, Techiog Wiallbore Imaging 7 74Lesson 2 Dip Data Set Structure ‘When you save your dip picks, the saved data are displayed in the Project browser with the structure shown in Figure 11. 2 13 naming et os esiured epi 4 wo Measured Depth =m > © Apparent dine 3 imu TwueDip azimuth aga © reskouts BE cotcur Dip Classification « ip.TRU TWueDip dination dege 4, wi Holeasinuth eg 4, Hoev Hole Deviation eg © induced Fractures 22 tntonay Bb aust ip Quality | = mae ip Castation | E ine Op cstaten Figure 11 Dip data set structure Dips are saved as point data sets. The three most important variables are Dip_TRU, Azimuth, and Type. = Dip_TRU is the True dip inclination variable (Figure 12). Before Techlog can display picks directly as tadpoles or plot correctly in stereonets and other interpretation plots, dips must be associated with an azimuth and type variable. This is done automatically for dips picked in Techlog, but the variables must be set for imported dips. (9 rece Sng te tai fant Fawr epi t | Fi ot “o | urges | nile 5 aiantenisatesrable pe Figure 12 Properties of the True dip magnitude variable Azimuth is the true dip azimuth variable. It is associated with the true dip variable but does. not itself have specific properties. ‘Techiog Wellbore imaging 7% gType is the dip type variable (Figure 12). Itis associated with the dip variable. A Colour and @ Shape variable are associated to it that allow Techlog to determine the display properties for each dip type. S Properies ox [FObjee Varisbie @AGEWELL2 ang fests el ‘Won none eon tat | taut Sampingrate aa ay [orenot tage Fay (i cstiation Conpaibieit | tong et Fai nit Desaipton ‘anatte wpe Coourasoeteamnbie Clout Harte asoustedvanbie Shape fatete Figure 13 Properties of the dip type variable Dip, azimuth, and type are the three principal variables that are needed from a dip interpretation log and the most common data types shared between platforms, With the exception of the data stored for the breakouts and induced fractures, most of the other data saved is related to displaying and manipulating the data in the software. Colour Stores the display color for each dip. When a dip variable is dragged to a layout or other interpretation plot, Techlog uses the association of the type variable to determine the type of each dip. Techlog uses the association of the colour variable to the type variable to determine the display color. Shape _ Stores the display symbol for each dip. Techlog uses the association of the shape variable to the type variable to determine the display symbol. HAzi The hi at the depth of the dip. This is useful for borehole bias = correction in fracture counting a wverting from true to apparent dips. HDev The hole.deviation at the depth of the dip. This is useful for borehole bias Correction in fracturé counting and for converting from true to apparent dips. InfoArray An array of data needed by Techlog to enable redrawing partial sine waves, breakouts, and induced fractures on the images. Figure 14. Apparent dips Techiog Wellbore imaging 7Apparent A set of apparent dips (Figure 12) is stored for each image used during dip dips picking. The apparent dip can be different for each image because of: ‘+ differing orientation references (North or Top of hole) ‘+ different depths of investigation. ‘The variables for each picked image are given a prefix of the image array name. ‘The apparent dip is saved relative to the orientation reference of the image from which the features are picked, WARNING: In this context, the term Genie ama to mean the dip of the surface eae he barehale. 16 true dip is dependent on this dip aréthe orientation of 1 borehole. The term she not be confused with the apparent dip of a surface in alline of section. edges “Image Array The apparent dip inclination of the feature in the borehole (Figure 15). Name”_Dip_APP This is associated with the apparent dip azimuth, dip height, and dip type variables, The orientation type is defined as a property US. Propetien penis ade ‘obit Ve MAGEWEL2 ning ips ARRWNELH. Dp APP ‘enon nanber ‘ersion status aw adie Datnet Taling sess Samating rate unknown Uinta dale any “Agparen ip nc lyewiable ype ‘ompae it tong it Feniy anit eon Desration “arable oe Jina scenes vale Dp height avocstedverbie Clason seeded vrble ype Figure 15 Apparent dip inclination properties Techiog Wellbore imaging 7“Image Array The apparent dip azimuth of the feature in the borehole relative to the Name” Azimuth — borehole image orientation reference. Image Array The height along the hole of the sine wave in the borehole wall. Name_DipHeight Information about the picked borehole breakouts (Figure 16) is stored in a group of variables called Breakouts. The suffix (N or TOH) means North or Top Of Hole. Project: Di\NotBackedUp\Techlog-ProjechWBI Manual =| Family. JUnit (G] pmcic_s271-1501m Measured Depth —m CE) raw Measured Deoth | 4+ 1B ann is wextundbeh | we Measured Depth m | © ppprrentips of scimuth ‘rue Dip Azimuth dega 40 breakouts Sf brekoutAnuth.N cog A&E ereskout nent ® SE Breakout Obes Ang cen E eresout natn. ego Figure 16 Breakout variables, Breakout_Azimuth_(NorTOH) — The azimuth of the borehole breakout relative to the orientation reference used in the image on which it was picked, Breakout_Height_(NorTOH) The height (along the hole) of the breakout feature in the borehole wall. Breakout _Omega_Angle_(Nor The angle the feature makes with a line parallel to the TOH) axis of the borehole This is measured counter-clockwise. Breakout Width_(NorTOH) The angular width of the breakout. See Figure 17 for an explanation of Omega angle and Azimuth. Information about the picked Induced fractures (Figure 17) is stored in a group of variables called Induced fractures. The suffix (N or TOH) means North or Top Of Hole. | et bape ee siiacsiniiicneca me tii Ol RSE pi aS 1418151 (oie: oaictmnceaip\eciog Rojec Maran [Fenty [fee iota q n Figure 17 Induced fracture variables “Techiog Wellboreimaring 7%Induced_Fracure_Azimuth_(N or TOH) The azimuth of the induced fracture relative to the orientation reference used in the image on which it was picked, Induced_Fracure_Height-(N or TOH) The height (along the hole) of the induced fracture in the borehole wall. Induced_Fracure_Omega_Angle_(Nor The angle the feature makes with a line TOH) parallel with the axis of the borehole. This is measured counter-clockwise. ‘Omega angle and the breakout and Induced fracture azimuth are illustrated in Figure 18. Azimuth 1 North or Top of hole Figure 18 Omega angle and breakout/Induced fracture azimuth Techlog includes automatic dip picking capability. The key feature of this capability is that it is completely integrated with manual dip picking. You can mix manual and automatic picking and, when picked, automatic dips can be reclassified and edited in the same way as manually picked dips. Lesson 3 Automatic Dip Picking | Exercise 1 Picking Dips Automatically 7 1, Open the Logview layout you saved in the previous lesson. Open the Dip classification window. 3. To continue picking in a layout you saved with an active dip creation track, click one of the icons to choose a dip pick mode. eles) Techiog Wellbore Imaging 7%TIP: You can continue picking where you left off in the previous lesson. 4, a automatic dip picking you must click full sinusoid, point to point picking mode 4 i 5, To activate automatic picking: the layout as the active object, right mouse click > automatic dip picking OR In the layout menu select Advanced > Automatic dip pi OR In the properties of the layout: a. Click the Dip creation tab. b. Select Automatic dip > Activate. ©. Set Activate to yes. os a 19) One tue Qetroarvs Mo GED | cra ‘A snes 28 omnes) fcitts LB sees ua 2 aaemaico 3 we aay a i + Posting ‘enps ie 8. Start picking single dips. To do this: ‘a. Set the Pick mode to Local. b. Select a dip type in the Dip classification window. 7. Click on a feature in the etatic image (for oxamplo, 1,318). Techiog Wellbore Imagingdo not retum as good a result due to enhanced local variations. 8. Pick several 9. NOTE: Automatic dip picking should not be done on dynamic images. These images | in local mode with different values of the parameters. In the Dip Creation tab of the Properties window, set the pick mode to Windowed, 40. Click anywhere on the static image and the algorithm will try to find all the dips that fit the defined criteria, Remember that picked dips can be edited or deleted just like with manually picked dips. PERG eae Retgrence SAI 22 [por 1270 0] 0 dege 1470 1472.! icv ei 411. Try processing usina the Global pick mode. 412. When finished automatic dip picking, make sure to deactivate automatic picking before resuming manual picking or the automatic picking will restart when you left- click on images to pick dips. Techlog Wellbore Imaging aLesson 4 Add the Dip Type to the Classification Automatically Ifthe dip types are not in the classification when dip data are imported into Techplot, the types can be added automatically with an action available in the Project browser Exercise 1 Automatically Adding the Dip Type In this exercise, you will import some dips into Techlog and add their types to your dip classification. To automatically add the dip type: 1. Load the XML file IMAGE-WELL2_DIPS-FINAL.xm! from the directory Whi Training Data sets. You can do this either by dragging and dropping the file into the Tech workspace or by opening the import buffer and browsing to the fle location using 2, When dips are loaded to Techlog, itis important that you set the required associations, as discussed in the previous lesson. Set the associations, as shown in the figure. operty_ Name ‘p_tau ‘Yerson number 1 ‘Version status “owe and ites Dataset OS-FINAL Sampling rate unknown, sn fami, “angle yy True Dip Incination amity variable ype ip Unie segs Compatible it Long ist Famiy unit sega Desenption ‘Yaabe pe < aie ‘Asinuth anzocated variable Almuth Cltstiationstsochted variable ype ‘Yrabe ssocsed forthe avality Qual 3. Choose the Dip_TRU variable in the Project browser. 4, Click the right mouse button and select Generate Colour and Shape variables, Techiog Wellbore Imaging 2HE Poetbomer Qe pene eh A | Project DivotBackedup\Techiog PrjecsWBIManual = Farly 4 nteets | 4h macewett2 | + (2) os Menureddenm om | { Mennuedepth om | © Appmentaps | Laat Te ip Asmuth 4eg2 | © ereskouts Cel Dp cistiaton |e Dip.TRU Global management ws Operate » How O indicating Seren tneproecbrower FS Cr free n Cie Cee. on B vos X_ Deitedetnte sninscet © maxceoweu? [3 raningstvsvay |" OvPtete A Mace wes: }) Copy setection ctr meee |) Paste selection jresampling) tots cha tenpite cosspits ate management itoprans BM Assonto any > ‘Aad to ases stem » Define a reterenc converts Name Group management ‘Version number © Group. Datatitering and comparison an F coente iter cues fae © ceaeconationa scion cae Famiywaablebpe Copan pvovinhbie Une pure vats coapeasciin (il Conpore nat re Sprite plot eaten enipk |e Game colurand shopevarbis Desciption Variable be Dip conversion fru apparent inh nO Fay et eon eras arene ore gD) Satora Pt aaa [ee Wanostpict 4 last moaiition [Z comuitve ap pot bate Tine He (Interactive help FlashHTMt) A This action is designed to look at the Type variable and add a colour and shape valve for each dip, according to the settings in the dip classification. Techiog Wellbore imagingHowever, i the dip types present in the data set are not already in the dip classification system, this Dip classification dialog displays. New types ae found in the vrsble BUAGE-WELL2.DIS FIAL.Dip. TH. Do you wanto add them tothe dracon? Folaer User © Poet (oe 5. For this exercise, select Project. The dip types that were in your data sets are added to the dip classification, 6. Open the dip classification window by selecting Geology >Wbi >Dips handling > ip Classification. vex idee Carbonate being Shale bedding Uutptagie! Bouneaey Sendtenebedelng Senator amination Erorona boundary Heterttnic beading Detachment edcing oss bedding Etovona sutace Detomed bed MSD ton quty MSD High quay Conde acre eit tactre fruit Induces race Srestout Mean none NA DOAKLANNANAAAAR AAA BRERRBERBRRBRBEEx x xxx xxx | jab set Y| om Project | G3 Company (7) [id Techiog Because the dips did not exist in the dip classification before, they were added with the default colors. 7. Double-click on the name of the dip ta change its colour and shape properties in the Type edit window. Techlog Wallbore ImagingBhs! sini ¥ sar empty cle | S emptyret empty bangle of empty diamond empty ta x 8. After you set the colour and shape for each dip, repeat step 4 to create the colour and shape variables from your new dip classification. Exercise 1 Displa' ig Dips 1, Open a Logview layout in one of these ways: * Select Platform > Techplot > LogView Bn + Press Ctrl + Shift + P\L. 2, _Drag-and-crop the Dip_TRU vatiable from the DIPS-FINAL data set, Lesson 5 Dip Display in Logview This lesson shows some of the functionality available for displaying dip data in Logview. NOTE: To display dips correctly in a Logview layout, the dip variable must have an ww associated azimuth variable; ifnotitis displayed with Azimuth = North, To display | the dips correctly by type, you must also associate a Type variable. Type variables ‘must have the format ALPHANUMERIC. The data are displayed in an ordinary dip track. Unlike a dip creation track, this track has no background color. Techiog Wellbore imaging ae BClassification Detachment Deformed bed Cross bedding $Breakout ‘Heteroithic bedding ‘induced fracture | Erosionel boundary ‘Sandstone lamination [Sandstone bedding ‘Carbonate bedding Lithotogical boundary ‘Conductive fracture Shale bedding Reference Dip_TRU (m) 3. Select the dip variable in the header of the dip track. 4, Inthe Properties window, click the Classification tab. a, Change the display properties for each type. b. Set the Display to yes or no to show or not each type on the plot. Techiog Wallbore imaging a5. Switch the display properties back to the default settings by selecting the dip variable and right mouse click > Reload the original classification Processing > Reload the original classification. 7 eondudive racture she ge aa wee or by selecting 6. Display the dips as apparent dip sticks in a defined line of a section: ‘. Choose the dip variable in the plot. b. Click the Display options tab in the Properties window. c. Set the lay type property to Sticks. ‘S Properties a objec rable 6 TRU, Anes ea SGSA IS! ened |. conten Ip te ae ‘som ncmnonatane + Stas | Techlog Wellbore Imaging a7. The dips are displayed as apparent dip sticks in a line of section defined by the Projection orientation property. This value defines the left edge of section, In the figure, you are viewing the dips in a N-S section viewed from the West, lo towards the East. ant fst tomy bok ss o ‘Dip TRU dega Projection orlentation * i 1:10 1280 1285 | 8. Set the line length for the sticks individually on the Classification tab. Sopa «0846: 0 name.) ints Bon atene 18 Prone Tetnose 9. When you select the dip variable in the layout, the icons on the contextual menu which you see when you do right mouse click change to show actions specific to dip variables, such as launching dip interpretation plots (stereonets, walkout plo!s and cumulative dip plots). These plots will be discussed in a later module. Techiog Wellbore imaging od7 Review Questions @ © For breakouts and induced fractures, what do the dip and azimuth variables represent? ‘+ When saved dips are added into a Logview track, how are the colour and shape defined? + Ifyou are provided with data comprising only dip, azimuth and type, what do you have to do to display it correctly in Techlog, with colors and symbols? Summary In this module, you learned about: + picking dips manually using the various dip picking modes + editing your picked dips + picking dips semi-automatically ‘© updating the dip classification after importing new dip types ‘+ changing dip display properties. qo Igo 240 365 h taduted fracfer ¥ bractk out ~ 4» Fractwed ( faut t )) Sinnwa. Srrochure \ ‘ hal Vieegh® ky ts wl QA te pgerub obfe True dp bat ile wd! 13 deviahee Oe bps eyporn® oP and the Pefrane Calas gle tho apparent dip Techiog Wellbore imaging 8 AtectlyNotes Techlog Wellbore imagingModule 6 Dip Interpretation Plots Techlog provides dip vector walkout plots and cumulative dip plots to interpret changes in dip azimuth and dip magnitude, respectively. Stereonet plots have a full range of functionality for visualizing dip data distribution, or for determining mean ip or a rotation axis for selected dips. Multivell stereonet plots are particularly useful for fracture characterization in multiple wells, Learning Objectives After completing this module, you will know how to: * create walkout and cumulative dip plots ‘* manipulate stereonet plots + get dip statistics post stereonets on a map. Before proceeding with this module, load the files IMAGE-WELL2_Index.xml, IMAGE- WELL3_DIPS-FINAL.xml, and IMAGE-WELL3_Index.xml to your project by dragging and dropping them in the Techlog workspace. Walkout plots, also known as azimuth vector walkout plots or dip vector plots, are very useful for visualizing trends in dip azimuth and finding changes in those trends. They consist of a plot of unit vectors for each selected dip, plotted end to end from the deepest to the shallowest dip point. Zones of consistent dip azimuth plot as straight lines and changes in the orientation of the walkout plot indicate changes in dip azimuth. Lesson 1 Walkout and Cumulative Dip Plots y Cumulative dip plots have a similar function, but they highlight changes in dip magnitude. They consist of a crossplot of sample number on the X-axis versus the cumulated value of the dip magnitude on the Y-axis. Changes in the slope of the plotted line indicate changes in dip magnitude. ‘Walkout and cumulative dip plots can be used in combination by launching a daughter cumulative dip plot from a parent walkout plot, or vice versa. If a daughter plot is used, changes to the filter or the zones selection in the parent plot are also applied to the daughter plot so the two plots show the same dip data. Techlog Wellbore Imaging 3Exercise 1 Working with Walkout and Cumulative Dip Plots In this exercise you will learn how to create walkout and cumulative dip plots and how they can be linked, as well as some of their display properties and functionality. ‘To work with Walkout and Cumulative Dip plots: 1. Open a walkout plot in any of these ways: From the menu, select Geology > Whi > Plots > Walkout piot, oR a. Select the dip va le in the Project browser. b. Right-click and select (variable plot creation) Walkout plot. OR a. Select a dip variable displayed in a layout. This includes dip variables used during dip picking. b, Select Open > Walkout plot from the Layout menu, oR When the focus is on the dip variable, right mouse click > a), | 7} NOTE: The samo oplions are available to open cumulative dip plots. you opened an empty walkout plot from the Geology > Whi > Plots menu, drag- ‘and-drop the Dip_TRU variable from the IMAGE_WELL2 DIPS-FINAL data set into the dip variable drop area in the walkout plot window. ‘The Azimuth variable, Color mode and Variable filter panels are automatically populated with the associated azimuth, color, and type variables, respectively Techlog Wellbore Imaging, a3. Open a linked cumulative dip plot by selecting Open > Cumulative dip plot in the walkout plot menu or with right mouse elick > [=| Watsovt Seve Open Edt Otsplay Properties 4 a ae Lie ae te fuck, fap A net thdepth | | but the Chong. | TWA iP dicection '0.1R (Gen) Ath Ges) 4, The cumulative dip plot opens without a variable side box panel, as itis controlled by the parent walkout plot. 5. In the walkout plo, the dip types displayed can be chosen in the Filter variable panel. In this case, choose the low energy bedding types. Press Ctrl + Left-click to select several types. The cumulative dip plot updates to show the same dip type selection. Techiog Wellbore imaging 3voto bee hee Ty cPTTTT | TEtid 6. Make a selection using either the interactive selection or polygon selection tool. Polygon selection is best for a walkout plot. Interactive selection is slower because plotted points are not actual data; instead, they are calculated points. The statistics box displays the number of selected data points, the number of data points plotted, and the total number of data points in the variable over the plot range, {rom top to bottom, respectively, FA 7. Display the vector mean of all displayed data or of displayed and selected data by ‘choosing options in the Display menu, as shown in the figure, fat Oia “ ‘su EE Fatwadowaieay Ff Th devi sete cate BE Wiethemenvter eet ES Ounysteon ony cessone = 656):5/011 Secon 2(4 = 29) 5/018 ‘Techiog Wellbore imaging m48. Fractures are typically displayed using a strike walkout plot in which the vector ‘drawn is in the strike orientation. Because strike is a trend and not a direction, you must choose whether to plot the East or West strike direction. On the Filter tab: a. Change your dip lype selection to Conductive fracture, b, Select Display > (Walkout type) Strike. ‘bet oA muctoeu “(ops eeu Strike Walkout plot HAGE-WELL2.IPS-FINAL Reference (on: (1271.49 - 1499.02) Fanon shvebeaong | ‘ie-TRU (eae) sit (80) ‘Sipe ter: ‘Wont Condon ctv, Stereonet plots in Techlog provide a comprehensive range of dip visualization and statistics functions. Projections available are simple azimuth and strike histograms (rose diagrams), polar plots, Schmidt plots and Wulff plots. Data can be visualized as lines (dip and azimuth), planes or poles to planes, in either upper or lower hemisphere projections (Schmidt and Wulff pots). Stereonet plots can be used in many ways: Lesson 2 Stereonet Plots j + standalone plot # ina track of a layout: + single plot which can be scrolled along the well + plot per fixed interval + plot per zone, “Techn Welibore imagingar walk + PUN Sel eel OR Eni esl oe pada SRE ae! aay Exercise 2. Working with Stereonet Plots In this exercise, you will add stereonet plots to a track in a layout and explore the functionality of stereonets. To work with stereonet plots: 1. Open a Legview layout in one of these ways: ‘+ Select Platform > Techplot > LogView a) © Press Ctrl + Shift + PL. 2. Drag-and-drop the Dip_TRU variable from the IMAGE_WELL2 DIPS-FINAL data set e into the layout. fre’ —— a ee 3. Click Quick zone creation *%, in the mouse mode toolbar and create an arbitrary set of zones in the dip track. You will use these zones to illustrate how to control plots using a zonation, 4, Save your zones by selecting the dip variable and selecting right mouse button > Save the zones. ReRASOOH sco ume ry (m: (eee F zco0. Eom nt. i Be tenant somes Lat osotenrne a : Ince ne B® ‘oth a 5. Select the dip variable and add a stereonet track, per zones: Select Insert > plot > Stereonet plot per zones in the Layout menu. OR Cok right mouse button > BE) ‘A Stereonet plots dialog asks which zonation you wish to use. Please select one dataset, Tet int the ale ack a ae 6. Choose the group of plots by clicking the text ‘Group stereonet plot’ in the header of the track Techiog Wellbore imaging7. Choose the dip types to be displayed on the Filter tab of the Properties window. CB utara EEA eases SEL repens a { Ookaseiaeen eae Fe BE Duty etn ae |) fa Sui beaaing fe Lele Boundary jet Covonateneeaing 308 Sandton bedding es ovenstbounday, ine Hetoitn bec ro being Duceweid Rewer 162890 TORT Rene 8 Change the plot type on the Display options tab of the Properties window for the {group or click one of the icons on right mouse button menu: ® Simple polar plot Schmidt (equal area) plot ® Rose diagram Wulf (equal angle) plot WARNIN Wilf plots. This is done on the Display options tab of the Properties window, for the group, by setting the Projection hemisphere property to upper or lower. 9. Change the track to plot on regular intervals: ‘a, Select the group. jako care to select the correct projection hemisphere for Schmidt or ; b. Click right mouse button > from the contextual menu. OR Select Edit > (Generate) per depth interval 10. Change the display properties of individual plots in the group: a. Select the group. b. Unlock the group by clicking right mouse button > lock/untock. aH > eGo 0B) es beat momento [seo SMC X date ow ‘Techlog Wellbore imaging a©. Choose an individual plot. 4. Change the properties of the plot in the Properties window. 11, Launch a standalone stereonet plot, in one of three ways: a. Select the variable. . Click right mouse button > ® or select Open > Stereonet plot in the menu of the layout. OR On the Techlog menu, select Geology > Whi > Plots > Stereonet plot. OR a. Select the dip variable in the Project browser. b. Right-click and select Variable plot creation >Stereonet plot. 12, When plots are launched from a Logview layout, the variables to be used are already defined and the variable side box is hidden by default. Liste the variable side panel by clicking on the [icon on the right hand side of the plot. 13, Choose a plot type by clicking the appropriate icon in the right mouse button menu or in the Display > Display type menu. In this instance, choose Schmidt plot 2, 14, Switch between lower Q. and upper ™ hemisphere projections using the Edit > projection hemisphere menu or the right mouse button menu. 15. Select your dip types to display using the Filter tab of the variable side panel 16, Turn onioff or select the Rose diagram type using the Display > Rose diagram ‘menu or by choosing the rose diagram type on the right mouse button menu. @ vin ® Asin miro © stike WARNING: The azimuth mirror rose diagram type is intended only for the display of induced fracture and breakout azimuths. when you wish to display a symmetrical rose diagram. 17. Data points can be displayed in any of four ways: % 20. Tum on contours display from the Display menu or by clicking right mouse button 21. Color the contours according to count value: 1a. Click the Data density tab of the Properties window. b. Select Contour > color mode > by palette. Techiog Wellbore imaging22. Display Vector means of the displayed dips or the selected dips: Select Display > global vector mean, OR Select Display > Vector mean by selection. 23, Display a best fit great circle to a selection of poles by selecting Display > Great Circles by selection from the mer == ‘The orientation of the great circle displays in the legend below the plot (Figure ), showing the orientation of a plane in which the selected poles lie. ‘The square point displayed represents the pole to this plane. If the selected points are related by cylindrical folding, this point would represent the projection of the axis ofthe fold, “ 9g Dénud Onl tor payets-{ atrd fo Idny a Techlog Wellbore imaging 700[DSA ORS TINA, visiiiaiiinrtiunisiuiasailteh dts) | steeonet See E6t_ Duplay set opeues @ ‘Sterconet: IMAGE-WELL2.DIPS-FINAL as iB (%) 5 | io) | 1 1] | I s | Cin TRU ope) / Ama ese I Simple fitter: | “ype: Hetero bedding Lithologial boundary Shae being | Great crcles: | Selection 2(0 = 539): 86 / 219 a) Figure 19 Best fit Great circle Lesson 3 Dip Reclassification in a Plot Dip interpretation plots can be used to filter and reclassify dips. The following exercise gives a simple example, Exercise 1 Reclassifying Dips This exercise shows how you can use filters to select dips with particular properties and reclassify them to a new dip type. To reclassify di 4, Make a copy of the IMAGE_WELL2 DIPS-FINAL data set. 2, Drag-and-drop the GR ourve from IMAGE_WELL2 FMI_16_1271-1501m data set into your new data set. This causes a resampling window to open. 3. Click Apply without changing the parameters. 4, Choose the Dip_TRU variable from your new dip data set. 5. Opena stereonet plot by right-clicking and selecting Variable plot creation > Stereonet plot. Techlog Wellbore Imaging 106. Onthe Filter tab of the variable side box, choose only bedding surfaces and lamination surfaces. 7. Switch to Schmidt plot S). 8, Select Edit > Advanced filter > Define to define a filter using the GR variable. This is a simple filter using the GR to define low energy bedding. (96) at) 9. Click polygon selection toot “| onthe mouse mode toolbar o choose al of the displayed dips with the filter applied 10. Close the polygon by clicking the middle mouse button. 11, Select the data points by pressing Enter. 12. On the Filter tab of the variable side box, click the Add new element icon. | —_ ed Na 2 This allows you to add a new dip type tothe fier list New sbel mane (Lowenergy8eaaing 13. Click OK and the fier lst is refreshed with the new value. This means the plot will no longer be fitered by type. 14. On the Filter tab of the variable side box, click the Re-assign the selection icon, Re-assign the selection 15, Reclassify the selected dips to your new classifivalivn. 16. Save tho new classfcation by clicking Save [lal on tho Filter tab of tho variablo side panel. Techiog Wellbore Imaging 12ible, 2) Saini |File name ype 1 As anewversion ok) ( 17. By default, the dip is saved as a new version. If you are sure you wish to change the classification, uncheck the As a new version box and click OK, In this instance, you created a new data set for the exercises so changing the classification is acceptable. SeL)| 18. If you saved the dip as a new version or with a new name, you must associate the new dp type variable to your dip variable in the Properties window (see Module 5, Lesson 15). Lesson 4 Stereonet Plot Displays on a Map y ‘Stereonet plots can be displayed for multiple wells in a map. This is useful for looking at changes in structural dip, fracture orientation, in-situ stress directions, or palaeotransport directions on a field scale. Exercise 1 Displaying Stereonet Plots on a Map yr In this exercise, you will create and save a stereonet and view it for two wells on a map. To display stereonet plots on a map: 4, Open a stereonet plot using the IMAGE_WELL3 DIPS-FINAL data set. 2. Onthe Filter tab of the variable side panel, filter the dips so that only the Conductive fracture, Resistive fracture, and Mixed fracture types are displayed. Click Rose diagram ® as the plot type. Click Strike histogram ® as the histogram type. ‘Save the stereonet by selecting Save > stereonet from the menu bar. Close the window. From the main Geology menu, select FieldMap > Basemap. ‘Choose IMAGE-WELL2 and IMAGE-WELL3 wells. Drag-and-drop the wells into the Wells drop area on the map. eerneaee Techiog Wellbore Imaging 103No ttle Ordinace axie Abscissa axie 4 10. In the Project browser, choose the plot you saved in step § and the Plots drop area on the map. F Techiog Wellbore imagingPB so ininnesatnainananiniasinininalninit Bacemap: {Wetght - wth} Cam): (0.35773 - 10.669) Ao mace we? "postion em) : X potion (em) NOTE: Display of stereonet plots on a map is controlled by data set name. The map po cisplays plots using only data sets with the exact same name as the data set ] ___ which was used to create the original saved plot. ~ 11. Change the way the plots are displayed in the map: Choose the Basemap plot. 12. Configure these options: + Position: + Top ~ plotis displayed at the surface location + None plot is not displayed * Bottom — plot is displayed at the deepest (MD) point of the well in the index data set + Automatic - plot is displayed at the center of the current zone(s) when, displaying by zones using the zonation dock window. Techiog Wellbore Tagg Ts© Edit ype: * All changes to the stereonel properties (see step 13 below) are applied to all plots * Selection - changes are applied to the selected plot(s) only ‘* Size: Define the plot size on a nominal scale of 1-10 13. Change the plot propertios by selecting one or more of the plots in the map with a left-click or by pressing Ctrl + Left-click. The Properties window shows the stereonet plot options, a Fi Dove om nen 14, Use the Filter tab of the variable side box to fiter by dip type. Review Questions + How do you create a Walkout plot and Cumulative dip plot that are linked so they always show the same data? ‘+ How would you display in a stereonet plot the vector mean of a subset of the displayed dips? + Isit possible to show stereonets per well on a map if the data sets in each well have different names? Summary In this module, you learned about: + launching walkout and cumulative dip plots ‘+ launching standalone stereonet plots or adding stereonet plots in a layout track ‘+ filtering plots by dip type = viewing dip statistics ‘+ Viewing stereonet plots for multiple wells on a map. Techog Wellboretmaging 106— Aamutk hi Story AZinw He, pote Diagrais - sh - Schawch't plyt vol f ne” » ~ Mami sphors VOPR Le 0 sp rien ® Fe ty: Notes, +, ee i ‘sea Bie batted be leuk sit S for sual hansen’ bimey ley but sept eons Techiog Wellbore imaging 107‘Techiog Welbare imaging 108Module 7 Automatic Dip Computation The automatic dip computation method in Techlog is based on @ modified version of the Mean Squared Dip (MSD) method in GeoFrame. It works on the basis of an interval correlation algorithm between selected pairs of sensors to compute displacement vectors which should alllie in the same dip plane. The dip plane is then calculated as the best fit plane containing all of the displacement vectors that have a correlation greater than a specified cutoff All interval correlation dip computation techniques must be treated with caution. Because they are a purely mathematical computation of dip, the results do not necessarily represent real surfaces and may reflect dipping surfaces different from those for which you wish to find the dip. Individual computed dip values are at depths corresponding to the center of the correlation window and reflect the best dip found for that window. As a result, they may not correspond to features when displayed overlaid on a borehole image or dipmeter displayed as pseudo images. Learning Objectives ze After completing this module, you will know how to: ‘+ compute automatic dips. * apply the important parameters, «perform repeated computations to get the best dip results. Lesson 1 Automatic Dip Computation th FMI Data In Techlog, automatic dip computation is available for pad based images and for dipmeters. For pad-based images, the dip is computed using a predefined set of buttons for each pad. Correlations can be done in a search window which is referenced either to the borehole or to a defined plane. The defined plane can be horizontal, can be set at a fixed value by the user or can use a variable to define the search plane at each depth. For the FMI, the computation is done using the pads only. The flaps are not used as pad/flap offset due to incomplete speed correction can cause systematic errors, Similarly for the Dual ‘BMI too}, the computation is done with the pads of one tool only. Techlog WellboreToaing 108Exercise 1 Using Automatic Dip Computation Before beginning this exercise, go the help (© or F1) and read the page on automatic dip. computation for a more comprehensive explanation of the parameters and their significance. | Automatic dip computation See emsrii cmon meme state, ZS eeoo eon Fo To use automatic dip computation: 1, Select Geology > Whi >Dips handling > Automatic dip computation. 2. Inthe Data type selection window, set the tool type as FML_8. 3. Choose the families shown in the figure. (et ineaiaiabiaias ORI si cacsincas atic) oe rie Sere NS conn il ine: fester Bact vas DB ropwrenoie tiation ih terete Pec Ara Aes i aa ace |OUW | (aaa lm Irae noe +) [etenton tain fen) tana Bveng regia de [nat 4. Click Create, 5. When the window opens, drag-and-drop the IMAGE-WELL2 FMI_16_1271-1501m data set from the Project browser into the workflow. 6. Configure the inputs shown in the figure. Techlog Wellbore Imaging 110nos tings do cnodiiol| A Boo bMS is oa) 7. When the window opens, the _dynamic version of the pad arrays are selected by default as these are the last created variables, ‘To quickly choose the _H version, right-click on variable name in one of the cells in the Input tab and select Quick selection. mcewez conn con. ROACH 2 hwwmandsencnetenenie | as | a [Remove the current column ows * fais XX. Reno he wit cons uz z enor st Fes Ld 1 Paoneten coy | Select the variables containing the pattern: *H 0K} [cancel 8. Onthe Correlation parameters tab, set the correlation parameters shown in the figure. Tectiog Wellbore imaging TiIe pawoaicas|s] eels) WNL ia see | orn eRe) aa | Sent refed & foorh ols, @ TIP: Settings different from the default are highlighted, sous : " Fo a 30 eon: e ogi Meese tn les lire Betaengs Heeaheantaerslss Dettmer) Jane Ge ae ae ace” 4 +e WARNING: The depth of investigation is populated according to the tool parameters. For simple dipmeter tools, which are treated in a generic, fashion, the depth of investigation must be set manually. 9. Leave the input data parameters set to their defaults The search plane parameters are greyed out because, for this fist pass, you are ‘searching relative to the borehole. 10. Set Apply mode to display and click Apply. We 11. This first pass dip picking can now be refined by using these dips to define the search plane, @ Make the changes to the Correlation parameters tab shown in the figure. TIP: Settings different from the default are highlighted Techiog Wellbore maging m2Depth etinvesignton fo). /0396 ez He! 12, Because you specified that you wished to use a plane to define your search plane parameters, the Search plane parameters tab is now active. Set the parameters as shown in the figure. 13. Set Apply mode to save and display and click Apply. Techlog Wellbore Imaging ms14. To verify your dip computation results are reasonable: a, Drag-and-drop the ARRAY_WBI_dynamic variable from the IMAGE-WELL2 FMI_16_1271-1501m data set into the layout. b. Activate the dip creation (see Module 5). ¢. Drag-and-drop the trueDipAutodip variable from the FMI_16_1271- 1501m_Autodip data sot into the dip creation track, The automatic dips are displayed as sinusoids over the image. 15. Save your workflow with an appropriate name. Review Questions ‘+ How would you exclude data from a faully pad from the computation? + How do you refine your search parameters to focus the search on a particular orientation? Summary In this module, you learned about: ‘+ caloulating dips automatically from processed image pad arrays. + using a first pass to further refine the dip computation by defining the search plane, “echiog Wallbore Imaging 14Notes is ‘Tethlog Wolbore inasing“Techiog Welibore imaging cda oie: Completing this module, you will know how to: Module 8 Structural Dip Removal To-study palagotransportirections or local palaes indicators, structural dip must be _fomoved from the dip data. i.e. surfaces that were deposited horizontally must be restored to horizontal so that the original atlitude of palaeotransport indicators (for example, cross bedding or slumps etc.) can be studied. ‘Structural dip removal is also required for reasons such as determining the original attitude of a set of fractures that may be been subject to a later regional folding event, or removing the structural dip above an unconformity to determine the palaeodip at the time of resumption of deposition. on‘ agring Objectives = Ven + “calculate structural dip «remove structural dip from a dip data set. > a eiferien beds (Sh, LS. a.) Structural dip is defined as the dip of surfaces that were originally horizontal. Bear in mind that local effects, such as fault drag or growth faulting for example, can mean that local structural dip is different from the regional dip. Structural dip may not be constant over a borehole interval. You must determine zones of consistent structural dip, otherwise a mean structural dip will not represent the true structural, dip in any part of the well Lesson 1 Structural Dip and Dip Zones y Structural zone boundaries must be chosen with care. You should have a geological reason for the change in dip evident in the data. These reasons might include, for example, a fault, fold, unconformity, or subsidence. ‘The exercises in this module use data which may not show a strong justification for defining structural zone boundaries. Nonetheless, you will define different structural dip zones to show the functionality and see how a different structural dip can be removed from each zone. Exercise 1 Identii g Structural Dip Zones [| In this exercise, you will recognize structural zones in an interpreted dip data set. To identify structural dip zones: 1. Create a Logview layout for IMAGE-WELL2 with: © Calipers + GR ‘+ Static and dynamic FMI images + Dip_TRU variable from the DIPS-FINAL data set. Techlog Wallbore Imaging a72. Create a walkout plot from the dip variable and fier for low energy bedding surfaces ‘and bed boundaries only. n tot Dip epenes ‘Aiouth Wlkout plot: IHAGE-WELL2.O1PS-FINAL Reference (m) (1271.49 - $499.82] sandstone asinwton 982 Stale bedang ©ip_TRU (dep) / Ait (deg) AA NOTE: There are no obvious changes in dip azimuth. The kink in the plot may be caused by differential compaction or drape above and below the main sand bodies. 3. Right mouse click > [to open a daughter cumulative dip plot. On the cumulative dip plot, notice a subtle change in dip magnitude that is now apparent. Techiog Wellbore Imaging 18| eae @ 4, Use the Interactive selection tool in the cumulative dip plot to choose roughly the two different intervals. 5. Select Display > Vector mean by selection in the walkout plot to show the mean, dip of each selection. The difference between both is evident. 6. Itis not clear in the Logview layout what might be the geological justification for change in structural dip. TTechiog Wallbore imaging 757. For the purposes of this exercise, assume itis related to a depositional change at the base of the sand (1,485m). jm £50 1480 rm A Exercise 2 Determining Structural Dip In this exercise you will create a zonation to reflect the structural dip zones and use the stereonet plot to calculate the dip for each zone. To determine structural dip: 4. With the focus on the Logvlew layout, cick on the Quick zones creation [8 icon in the mouse modes toolbar and create two structural zones in the dip track: Top to 1,485m and 1,485m to bottom. 2. Select the dip variable. BCrek Stauled2gn him Right mouse click > Save the zones ll to save the zones as Structural_dip_zones. ick Ll in tne mouse modes toolbar totum ofthe zone creation mouse rede. Press the space bar to clear the interactive selection. Delete the zone description track added when you saved the zones. Close the cumulative dip plot and walkout plot. You have defined a simple structural zonation. To determine the structural dip of each zone, you will use a stereonet plot because it allows you to easily identify outiors. Nooe 8. In the Logview layout, select the dip variable and right mouse click > @ to open a standalone atereonet plot. 9. Change to a Schmidt plot. 10. Set the limits of the stereonet to 30 degrees on the Limits tab of the Properties. window, Techlog Wallbore imaging 201a camara reins ns tS gee Soom we oe 11. Choose the lw energy bedding (as in step 2 ofthe previous exercise). 12. In the Zonation dock window, choose your Structural_dip_zones zonation and Zone_1. (= ‘eR (ne) manana | stop er: | {enwin Sredural Oi sonee | | 14. You can see the mean structural dip by looking at the vector mean. Tectiog Wallbore imaging{tis best to view the vector mean after making a selection with the Interactive or Polygon selection tool to prevent outiars from being included in the computation. ‘eyecare Simo te eto: Scalp soe 7 Gent Serene steer onto: tector Oso Techiog Wellbore Imaging m216. Leave the stereonet plot open. It will be useful when populating the structural dip to the structural dip reioval method. Lesson2 Structural Dip Removal Method y The Structural Dip Removal method allows you to define the dip types from which you will remove structure and specify the structural dip to be removed over each zone. Exercise 1 Using the Structural Dip Removal Method In this exercise, you will use the Structural Dip Removal method to create a rotated dip data set. For each structural zone, the structural dip you determined in the previous exercise will be removed to restore the data to their orientation at the time of deposition. To use the Structural Dip Removal method: 4. Open the Structural Dip removal method by selecting Geology > Wbi> Dips handling > Structural dip removs 2. Choose the families shown in the Data type selection window. ata ‘oma ype atnanment le Ha i {Hany gqlgtscnmonnen =) (Gain inn | A moots BB |RM rrowen by rcnstn | (BAS, wa 7 1] E ie (eeneee. a) oe } | FA vccrucawmn Gls | comers | amen | | i evense aps ana 3. Click Create. 4. Drag-and-drop the IMAGE_WELL2 DIPS-FINAL data set into the workflow. 5, Verify that the inputs are set as shown in the figure. settings (VLE structural dip removal eative di ~) (ll (| aisplay @ Zenation_ |. Parameters. | [__Pataset [Pip incnation| Din om | tlves IAG. 12 DIPS-FINAL Dip. TRU > Azim 6. Press F1 to see an explanation in the user guide of all of the options; not all of the options are used in this exercise. Techlog Wellbore Imaging mB7. Inthe Zonation dock window, choose your Structural_dip_zones zonation. 8, Choose Zone_1 and Zone_2. 9. On the Zonation tab in the workflow, populate the table with the structural zones: Click Insert zones from the zonation dock window oR Press shortcut Ctrl + G. 10. On the Parameters tab, choose the dip types from which structural dip must be removed. ib tea Ld Adore l=) Wa D A (G | mo | tomer ie i Fe wet | Tors |_tn_| ton be Os a ‘| : 8 we de SO re:y> sear a nao a TM wanes ane | || 0) Pewmatn sop ame | eee ve 12. Use the stereonet to obtain the values of mean dip to remove for each zone, —— 1 gear tere |_e_| tata os 0 bo ante ete Aone Re ae Sena EEE 5 WARNING: You must ake special care when using a variable to define structural dip instead of a mean dip or a value of structural dip at the top and bottom ee: Techiog Wellboreivagingof the zone. The data set must contain a dip type that is representative of the local structural dip at each interval where its present and which does not have outliers. An example of a suitable dip type might be a mean dip of low energy bedding created by dip downsampling that has been ‘merged back into the data set. 13, Set Apply mode to save and display and click Apply. (a aarp] Deven eta ‘eee ve Sten co finer {once ey ‘Sain ace Pe 14, The rotated dips are shown in Figure 19. Peameemaneenn ae |g (m) 1:250 Dip TRU * 1475 ross nies et aero = Figure 19 Plots of input dips and dips with structural dip removed Like other dip data, the rotated dips can be used in layouts as well as steroonet, walkout, and cumulative dip plots. Walkout plots are particularly powerful for looking at palaeotransport data, @ TIP: Structural dip removal is especially suifed to Saving parameters to the zonation dala sel (Figure 20). You can then restore the parameters in a new workflow from the zonation data set. TTechiog Weilbore Imaging mS2) a Figure 20 Saving the parameters to the zonation data set zonation. gq? TIP: When you save parameters to the zonation (Figure 21), they become variables in the [A Petet bowser Paton nto henen | ftom ito Remon (an) B. dintpe to remove EB putin ove {Mean az to Remove (eg) mean dip to Remove (eos) B memoa top tam to Reno tes) 4, Topp to Remove ea) Bo 1B Zone __ = Aonedesciton bE Figure 21 Parameters saved in the zonation TIP: When you create a new data set or reciassify dips, you can restore the parameters (0 @ ‘workflow (Figure 22) and reuse or modify them as required. Techlog Wellbore imaging 6emt |_ tp | tion Inet es it ne i nen a | ents wie ean ae nae ‘ * 5 # pie ye Sine) ao. a [Bes ght, | iaen Tele Tie eto it i niin five} ono sia fonts” vumney 24 * Figure 22 Restoring parameters Review Questions * Why must you be careful if you use the option to remove structural dip using a variable? Summary In this module, you learned about: ‘+ sing the tools in Logview and dip interpretation plots to find structural zones ‘+ removing structural dip zone by zone to create a new rotated dip variable, Techiog Welibore Imaging 1Notes Techlog Wellbore tmaging 7 7 asModule 9 ‘Fracture Counting Understanding fracture density along a wellbore is a key part of the fracture characterisation workflow. Because fracture density seen in the wellbore is biased by the borehole: orientation, observed fracture densities must be corrected for borehole bias. Itis also important to understand fracture distribution in terms of distribution by type and distribution by fracture set. Sets may be defined on different criteria, such as fracturing mode or orientation, The Dip feature counting method in Techlog allows fractures or dip typos to be counted by type and fracture set or other flags. It also computes fracture density and corrected fracture density variables. Learning Objectives & After completing this training, you will know how to: ‘+ create fracture count and density logs ‘+ correct fracture density for borehole bias ‘+ count fractures by fracture set. Although overall fracture density is important information, it is more important to be able to understand the distribution of individual fracture sets. Fracture sets may be defined on the basis of fracture characteristics, such as fracture fil, timing, or fracture style. Itis also important to define fracture sets by orientation, for several reasons: Lesson 1 Simple Fracture Orientation Set Definition y ‘© to.understand optimum drilling directions © directions of waterflood movement * the relationship between orientation and fracture network permeability timing and cause of fracturing, and others. In Techlog, the multi-well stereonet plot can help to define field wide fracture orientation sets, Techiog Welibore imag 1Exercise 1 Defining Simple Fracture Orientation Sets In this exercise, you will use the multi-well stereonet plot to identify fracture sets in two wells and create a flag curve that will allow these fracture sets to be counted individually. To define simple fracture orientation sets: 1. Open a multi-well stereonet from the by selecting Geology > Wbi > Plots > Stereonet plot (multi-well). 2. Choose the families shown in of the Data type selection window. uum [i sce 1 eee ‘) | | A maces Gi |feorane | = 4 4 cece aes | is Sovinen | > (otter 8 onsen 1 | mone Geers) Gat 3. Click Create. 4. Inthe Project browser, filter on the data set DIPS_FINAL in IMAGE-WELL2 or IMAGE-WELLS. 5. Drag-and-drop both wells into the wells drop area of the mult-well stereonet plot. 6. Fitter on faults and fractures only; do not include induced fractures. Change the plot type to Schmidt plot with your preferred hemisphere projection and showa strike histogram, 8, Tum onthe contours. Techlog Wellbore imaging 7309. Set Color mode to by palette on the Data density tab of the Properties window for the plot. 10, Right-click and select Remove the current filter to remove the filter on the Project browser. ‘Two fracture sets are visible on the plot, although the boundaries between the two sets are not completely clear. WARNING: In realty, the number of fractures in IMAGE-WELL2 is too low to say that they are distributed with the same orientations as those in IMAGE- WELLS. This example is used merely toilustrate how this workflow can be applied to multiple wells. 411. Use the Interactive selection tool or the Polygon selection tool to flag the fractures in the NNW-SSE striking set. 12, Click the middle mouse button to close a polygon. 13, Press Enter to select the fractures inside the polygon. Techiog wellbore imaging isi14, Ifyou used the Polygon selection tool, select Edit > Polygon > Delete the polygons in the menu to clear your polygons. Note that the fractures remain selected 15. Long left mouse-click the Interactive selection tool icon. 16. To change the selection to 2, hover over 2 and click on Select. gerd 1 cabo ot ew, tater oe ied “mts mse Techlog Wellbore imaging 1318. Select Edit > Polygon > Delete the polygons in the menu to clear your polygons. Once again, the fractures remain selected. 19. Long left mouse-click the Interactive selection tool icon. 20. Select Create a labeling variable from selection. ma » a> > a4 , } Ad one colour on the itu, TB Ustinseaisavon omaset ist > X owtee. a Se WF Lord tomvarabie.. 21. In each data set in the plot, a new variable is created that flags each selected fracture with a value of either 1 or 2, depending on the selections you used. 4h IMAGE-welt2 4 (2) onsen Mesiued Dea. mm | Ba Fairing tocture sets General Fag unites (4h mace weus | 4 C2 ois. rnv Mesturea bes. fe Ba Taining trate ets Gener Flog unless Layouts Inatstempite Techog Wellbore inaging 33y Lesson 2 Fracture Counting ‘The Dip Feature counting method allows counting of any type of features in dip data sets. It works on a multi-well, multi-data set basis, Step Interval vs. Count Interval By default, the step size is assigned the same value as the window size. However, itis possible to set them at different values (Figure 23). Should you do this, the count value returned at each depth (step) is the count in the window interval; because the step value does not match the window length, the sum of all counts at every depth is not equal to the sum of all features to be counted 101 Window/10 tap TOR Window? step ses Figure 23 Step size compared to window size For example, if the step size is less than the window size, some features are counted more than once. The count value is not normalized, but the density value in such cases is normalized to the depth units. The result is a correct density value at each count step. ‘The main reason you might wish to count using a step size less than the window size is to ‘generate a running average fracture density curve. This can sometimes offer a better indication of the overall trend in fracture density as well as the relative position of the highest fracture densities in a given window. Techiog Wellbore inaging BaFracture Density Correction in Techlog The fracture density correction used in Techlog is based on the Terzaghi correction method, in which the fracture density is corrected by the 1/ cosine of the angle between the borehole and the pole to the fracture. In Techlog, this is done in 3D resulting in a correction that is based on the 3D angle between the pole to the fracture and the borehole. For example, this angle = 0 when the fracture is perfectly orthogonal to the borehole. The correction is not reliable for fractures which are nearly parallel to the borehole because the correction factor tends towards infinity. As a result, the maximum angle is limited at 85 degrees by default, The bias correction is not done by flagging a fracture as belonging to a fracture set and correcting by the orientation of that set. Such an approach adds an extra element of uncertainty. Instead, each fracture is given a correction factor according to its orientation relative to the borehole. The corrected density is calculated as the sum of the correction factors per unit length, ‘Take an example of 100 meters of borehole with 10 fractures at 0 degrees (fracture orthogonal), 10 fractures at 45 degrees and 10 fractures at 87 degrees to the borehole. Fracture count = 30 Uncorrected fracture density = 0.3 fracturesim Corrected fracture density = (10 x(1/Cos0) + 10x(1/Cos45) + 10x(1/Cos85))/100 = (10+14.142 + 114.737)/100 = 1.389 fractures /m From this example, you can see that the fracture density correction is highly uncertain when very few fractures are counted. In such cases, the outcome is heavily influenced by the presence of just a few fractures close to parallel to the borehole, Exercise 1 Counting Fractures In this exercise, you will use the Dip feature counting method in Techlog to calculate (7 fracture count and density variables for each fracture type in each orientation set. To count fractures: 1, Open the Dip Feature counting method by selecting Geology > Whi > Dips handling > Dip feature counting 2. Choose the families shown in the Data type selection window. RPO arccacsnataiitinntissrcasiorsnuniliininiscraatnienbsta tess iat ° ou = a fisccens |S cee Mog Actas i et Ear pees Dire > (ele Devin | |Bl He Beton a eet (roa, tags cnn Soames] (eal Techiog Wellbove imaging oer eee eae:3. Click Create. 4, Drag-and-drop the DIPS-FINAL data sets from IMAGE-WELL2 and IMAGE-WELL3 into the workflow. 5. Verify that the inputs shown in the figure are selected. (64 nee courting] =) [ainiy | PE $00 flan. tenavon |_roranetes | Use Gen] Wel | Ove [Oi Be| Oo Incnaon ip Azimuth oe even] Hole Any) Fog Cue ME er pucewm2 ops yee > De. esau wee haw Pang tac et Dyes“ DUAGEWELLD OPTI pe Op.IR) van vHbes Hkh Hg tacts ie i “Ie 6. Press F1 to see an explanation in the user guide of all of the options; not all options are used in this exercise. NOTE: Zonations are deliberately not supported in this method, as the features ‘can be counted over @ continuous interval and summarized separately by zone using other tools in Techlog. The Zonation tab is used only to set a top and bottom for the counting interval. 7. Define the features to be counted. Use Right mouse-click > Fill up/Fill down to extend the selection to each well 8. Set other parameters, as shown in the figure (select Conductive Fracture, Resistive Fracture, Mixed Fracture and Fault). WARNING: Bear in mind the difference between the count and density curves and the implications of setting a step interval different from the count interval. nso wd tes Cnet orn et a Micewes spect a : som ie 2 R Si a 9. Set Apply mode to save and display and click Apply. ‘Anew data set is created in each well. Ifthe data set already exists, a new version is created. In the example, the variables in each data set are organized into three groups (Figure 24): DipFeatureCounting, Flag_1_DipFeatureCounting, and Flag_2_ DipFeatureCounting. Techlog wellbore Imaging TeMeasures Depth ft Measured Depth ft Measured Depth fe 4 © DipFeaturecounting B cendvaveecur.cOUNt peut unten | |, conductive fracture DENS Dip Density A” { Consuetive fracture DENS.C Dip Density tym | B const Die ceunt nes | | bensumt Dpoenity am | benesuntc Dpdenity am B reut_counr ip Count nitiess raut_oens: Dip Density tym 4 Fout_oens.c Dip Density 1/m B sneearacure cour Dpcount utes (ined fracture DENS Dip Density 17m Crete 0€N5.¢ Dp deny am Beste rare. counT Dpcomt unites este tate DENS Dipdensty am esse tac Dens ¢ Dippenity im » Flag. DigFestureCounting | Fg. 2-DipFeaturecounting Figure 24 Variables organized in groups The group DipFeatureCounting contains a count, density, and corrected density variable for each fracture type selected for inclusion. In addition, the group contains a count, density, and corrected density for the sum of all types. The Flag_1_DipFeatureCounting and Flag_2_DipFeatureCounting groups contain the same set of variables computed only when the flag value used is = 1 (fracture set 1) or = 2 {fracture set 2), respectively. ‘A new variable is also saved in the input dip data set; Terzaghi correction factor. This is a weighting given to each dip in the data set according to its orientation relative to the borehole. It has a minimum value of 1 for a feature perfectly orthogonal to the borehole. The ‘maximum possible value is equal to the cosine of the maximum angle allowed for bias correction. The default = 85 degrees so the maximum value is ~11.4737).. Review Questions * Which tool Techlog allows you to study the orientation of dip data from multiple wells e in one plot? + Ifyou do not define a mean orientation per fracture set, how can you compute a corrected fracture density per set? Summary In this module, you learned about: * using interactive selection in the muliwell stereonet plot to define fractures sets and flag each fracture according to its set + generating fracture count, density, and corrected density curves: by type, by fracture set, and for the global population. “Techlog Weilbore imaging WwNotes Techlog Wellbore imaging cyModule 10 Image and Dip Display in 3D Vue The 3D Vue module in Techlog allows you to display multiple wells in a 3D environment along their true well rajectory. In addition to plotting simple variables represented as a tube along the well, you can plot raster images of borehole image logs with interpreted dips represented as planes in their true 3D orientation, 3D borehole shape plots can also be displayed along the well trajectory. Learning Objectives ~ After completing this module, you will know how to: d * create a raster image version of a borehole image array and display it along the well trajectory in 3D Vue + display dips and 3D borehole shapes along the well trajectory in 3D Vue. Lesson 1 Image Display in 3DVue y The 3D Vue module allows you to display the borehole image as a tube wrapped around the borehole along the well trajectory. Dip data can be displayed as planes cutting the borehole. This feature is useful for visualizing fracture orientations and density, for understanding whether horizontal wells are driling up or down stratigraphy, and understanding the location of faults or folds and thoir effects on the structural dip. To display a well in 3D Vue, the Index data set must be present in the well. The image array ‘must be converted to a raster image variable before you can display the image log along the well trajectory. Exercise 1 Displaying Images in 3D Vue (7 In this exercise, you will create a raster image from your borehole image array and display this image and the interpreted dips along the well trajectory in a 3D window. To display images in 3D Vue: 1, Open a Logview layout. 2. Drag-and-drop the ARRAY_WBI_H array variable from the FMI_16_1271-1501m data set. Deactivate the optimized display. Select the displayed image variable, Create a raster image In one of three ways: Right mouse click > Raster image conversion. OR Select Processing > Raster image conversion. OR In the Project brows “Techiog Wellbore imaging 9‘a. Select the image variable to be converted. b. Right-click > (Variable management) Raster image conversion. Any of these actions creates numerous short ng files in the Images folder inside the project folder. The Techlog variable created is actually a series of links to these files; the raster image is displayed in a manner similar to a core image. The new raster image inherits the properties of the original image array, including orientation, DOI, associated caliper, and so forth. As a result, you can perform dip picking directly on the raster image. 6. Open.a 3D Vue window by selecting Geology > 3D Vue > 30 Field viewer. 7. Verify that the Index data setis present in the well. This is necessary before you can display wells in a 3D Vue window. 8. Drag-and-drop the ARRAY_WBI_H_Img variable from the FM_16_1271-1501m __Img data set into the 3D Vue window 9. Click and hold the left mouse button and move the cursor to rotate the display. 410. Click and hold the right mouse button and move the cursor forward or backward to navigate along the well 111. Click and hold the middle mouse button and move the cursor forward or backward to zoom in and out. 12, Choose the well name in the Variable panel of the 3D Vue window. 13. In the Properties window, change the following properties. (Transparency Set this to no to fill the gaps between the pads. Interpolation ‘Set this to a high value to display the image at the best resolution. ‘Smooth ‘Set this to no to prevent smoothing of the images. 14, Drag-and-drop the Di »_TRU variable from the DIPS-FINAL data set into the plot. Techiog Wallbore imaging 70——— ne 3 “Teaver ee (Optional) a. Right mouse click > "1 to open the Variable panel. Choose a well or variable in the Variable panel of the 3D Vue window. Change the dip types to be displayed and their display properties using the Classification tab in the Properties window. A borehole shape plot, based on multi-arm caliper measurements or an array of radius values can be plotted along the well trajectory in 3D Vue. Values can be from logging while driling (LW), a calibration of an ultrasonic travel time image or other sources. Lesson 2 Borehole Shape Plots in 3D y Exercise 1 Displaying a Borehole Shape Plot in 3D Fy This exercise shows you how to plot the borehole shape in 3D along the well trajectory. To display a borehole shape plot in 3D: 1. Open a 3D Vue window by selecting Geology > 3D Vue > 3D Field viewer. 2, Specify the well to be used by dragging a simple variable from the Project browser into the 3D Vue window. In this instance, drag GR from the FMI_16_1271-1501m data set in IMAGE-WELL2 3. Right mouse click > Borehole shape 4, Inthe Borehole shape dialog that opens, choose the data set, the caliper/radius. variables, and the orientation curve, as shown in the figure. Techog Wellbore imaging wi+) asain ene Deana (aa ae Ce to choose the correct option in the use as calipers/use as radius button, A WARNING: Make sure the calipersiradil are listed in the correct order. Also, be sure ‘which is located on the top of the left-hand side panel. For example, if radius variables are used and the option to use as calipers is mistakenly chosen, the plot will reat the 6 radii as 6 diameters and draw an incorrect hole shape. 5. Change the Z-axis limits. f needed, refer to the previous exercise, Lesson 1 Exercise 1 Displaying Images in 3D Vue. 6. Choose the well in the Variable panel ofthe plot. 7. Onthe Display options tab of the Properties window, set these values: ‘+ Interpolation property = 15000 ‘+ Number of facets = 60. + Radius = 30. ‘+ Trajectory > display = no. Select the 3D Vue window by clicking on the ttle bar. In the Palette dock window, choose the palette and set the scale. ? TIP: Remember the palette scale is in radius values, as shown in the example in the figure. Techiog Wallbore Imaging Ta10. (Optional) Change the display properties of the borehole shape plot on the Borehole shape tab of the Properties window after choosing the well in the Variable panel of the 3D Vue window. —————————— eee Review Questions @ * How can you create a raster image from a borehole image array? ‘+ Why should the interpolation property be set to a high value when viewing images in 3D Vue? ‘+ What will happen if you use radius variables in a borehole shape plot without selecting the use as radius option? Summary In this module, you learned about creating raster images from borehole image arrays and displaying: * raster images in a 3D window + dips on the images along the well trajectory * 3D borehole shape along the well trajectory. 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