Smoothing Reactor & Reactive power Control
off
HVDC System
By
B
y
Prof. Bhim Singh
Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Hauz Khas, New Delhi
Delhi--110016, India
[email protected],,
[email protected]
(+91)
+91)--11
11--2659
2659--1045
Smoothing Reactor
z
Smoothing reactor is connected before the DC filter and in
series with the converters
It smoothingg the DC current
IT also serves as a buffer between the converters and the DC
line
li
The Size of the reactor depends on various requirements
including the reduction of ripple in the current
Functions of Smoothing Reactor
z
They reduce the incidence of commutation failure in inverters
causedd by
b dips
di in
i the
h AC voltage
l
at the
h converter bus
b
They prevent consequent commutation failure in inverters by
reducing the rate of rise of direct current in the bridge when the
direct voltage of another series connected bridge collapses
They smooth the ripple in the direct current in order to prevent
the current becoming discontinuous at light loads
They decrease harmonics voltages and currents in the DC Line
Functions of Smoothing Reactor
z
They limit the crest current in the rectifier due to a short circuit
on the
h DC line
li
They limit the current in the valves during the converter by pass
pair operation, due to the discharge of shunt capacitance of the
DC line
The last three functions are not relevant for Back-Back HVDC
system
Inductor value for DC transmission lines - 0.27 H to 1.5 H
Inductor value for Back-to-Back system - 12 mH to 200 mH
Smoothing Reactor
z
Sizing of the reactor is done not only from the above
consideration
Also from the point of view of minimizing the effect of low order
harmonics resonance in the AC/DC system
It is necessaryy to avoid the series resonance of the DC system
y
at
fundamental frequency and also at the second harmonics
The inductor value must remain constant with variations in the
direct current
The smoothing reactor also helps to limit the fault current in the
DC line
Smoothing Reactor
z
It is also necessary to have to small reactor of the order of 5 to 10
mH on the line,
line to protect the converter station from the
consequences of lightning strokes to the line
The advantage of having the reactor at the ground side is that it
allows the converter ground faults to be cleared by converter
control
The insulation level of the reactor also is reduced for this location
of the reactor
Location of Smoothing Reactor
Equivalent Circuit for
calculating Ripple
Peak current as a function of Smoothing Reactor
Effect of Reactor on dc line current
Reactive
R ti Power
P
Control
C t l
Reactive Power Control
z
The converters in HVDC are line commutated, which implies
that the current initiation in the valve can only be delayed with
reference
f
t the
to
th zero crossing
i off the
th converter
t bus
b AC voltage
lt
This results in LAGGING power factor operation of the
converters
Requiring reactive power source connected at the convrter bus
for better voltage control
Reactive Power Control
z
The reactive power source that are used vary from switched
capacitors
p
to static VAR systems
y
The operation with weak AC system can be problematic due to
voltage instability and dynamic overvoltage
The ease of control of firing angles make it possible to operate
the converter as a static VAR compensator in addition to power
conversion
Variation of Qd with Pd
Control strategies
z
The region
g
of operation
p
of a converter bridge
g is bounded byy the
limits on the current and firing angle
The region is bounded by
z
Minimum characteristics
Mi i
Minimum
characteristics
h
i i
Constant rated DC current
Operating Region of Bridge om Pd-Qd
plane
l
Rectified and Inverter diagrams
Alternate Reactive power control
characteristics
h
i i
z
There is need to modifyy the reactive ppower characteristics of the
converter station either by
Choice of the reactive power sources
Adjusting the converter control characteristics
The alternate control strategies are
1. Constant Reactive power characteristics
1
2. Constant Leading power factor characteristics
Alternate Reactive power control
characteristics
h
i i
Variation Vd, Id with Pd &
For
constant
Reactive power
Variation Vd, Id with Pd &
For Leading
power factor
constant
Sources of Reactive Power
z
AC system
y
AC filters
Shunt Capacitors
Synchronous Condensers
Static VAR systems
Reactive Power Sources at Bus
Q Supplied by the AC System
1-Ph Thyristors controlled Reactor
Current Control in TCR
Lower order Harmonics Vs Conduction angle
Variation Fundamental & THD
Control System for TCR
FC (fixed capacitor) - TCR
Steady state characteristics of SVS
Thyristors Switched Capacitor
Loss Comparison of FC
FC--TCR & TSC/TCR
