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. . . . . .. .. . . . .

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......

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k?ik<tiA

,.
,.

,,,
,:.

FACTORS CONTROLLING
THE ORIENTATION
AND DIRECTION
OF HYDRAULIC
FRACTURES
,

.. ,

q!

.,

,.

by

___

-.
\
1.

R.

Dunl;p$

;Soconv
Mobil
Fiel-d:-Research
Dallas,
Texas

Oil

Company,
Laboratory-

Inc.

. . . .... .

.-

. ...+...-- . . .. .. ...... . . .. . ..

. . . . . . _.

.. . . ... .

FACTORS CONTROLLING
THE ORIENTATION
AND DIRECTION
OF HYDRAULIC
FRACTURES

Introduction

The

to

have

rock

three

determined
pressure

in

an

uneven

in

fixed;

matrix

of

mutually

by

the

the

overburden

underground

formation

stresses,

load,

tectonic

stress
it

is

orientation

this

and

with

matrix

extent

stress

of

of

loads

which

and

induced

produces

axes
that

are

fluid

usually

principal

condition

fractures

considered

loads,

these
the

be

magnitudes

structural
of

distribution

may

the

,.

The,combination

formation.

directions.
the

an

perpendicular

horizontal

controls

oriented

lkrgely

by

hydraulic

thq

stress.

means.
When

a bore

conditions

aroupd

Venants

principle,

v[cinity
is

the

of

the

local

pressures

hole,is
the

bore

area

drilled

hole

changed.

these

stress

hole,

they

around

required

are

to

the

througf~

Although

changes
are

bore

initiate

a formation

are

according

confined

particularly
hole,

that

hydraulic

to

to
the

immediate

significant
controls

the

Saint

because
bore

it

hole

fractures.

, -. .,.

Stress

Conditions
The

plate
following

that

around.a

loop
is

Cylindrical

s~ress

a cylindrical

around

subjected

Hole

b axial

toa

hole

compressive

in

a semi-infinite

load

s defined

relationship.

..
where
ro
~=

Q=

loop

stress

at

r and

92

psi

maximum

axial

load

(a

principal

stress),

psi

minimum

axial

load

(a

principal

stress),

psi

radiusof

radial

6.

=.

in

hole
distance

from

direction

of

center
axial

of
lo~d

hole

.. .
,-

...

by

the

~N
AND DIRECTION

OF HYDRAULIC

This
more

paper

presents

significant

factors

underground

describe

Four

stresses

figures

propagation

detail,

Also

regional

data

principal

may

formation

have

A preferred

data

is

presented
figu{es,

made

which
eleven

st$esses

illustrate
show

how

references.

. . ...

used

azimuthal
to

and

and

procedure
be

effect

to

to

use

fracturing

by a biaxial
variation

pressure

of
on

local

rock

breakdown

pressure,

fracture.orientation

are

discussed

between

the

that

of

shows

magnitudes

determine
A

overburden

stress

in

pressure,

stresses.

developed

direction.
the

that

formation

evaluate
and

developed

produced

borehole

tectonic
is

of,the
fracturing

are

the

of

controlling

stresses,

as

some

thehydraulic

relationships

are relationships

in

of

that,illustrate

The

pressure,

discussed

involved

a borehole

presented

Factors

An analytlca.1
pressure

to~be

arourid

a borehole.

fracture

discussion

Theoretical

are

considered.

horizontal

known

conditions

around

also

a theoretical

formations.

stress

1oad.

is

ABSTRACT

of

FRACTURES

this

pressures

of

whether

simple

procedure.
with

hydraulic

~he.three

vertical

analysis

vary

how

fractures

of

some

field

Field

data

are

time.

Fjve
,:

-2It

is

seen

at

large

the

values

and

9.

the

hole

(@ly

the

of.

the
of

A maximum

loop

stress

direction

of

minimum

the

Since

at

principal

developed

stress

given

in

values

Figure

ion)

~,
.

and

relative

the

the

and

is

of

and

biaxial

load

around

not

aquall

180

which

shown

Z70,

hole

stress
are

surface

The

in

the

hole

which

the
is

Figure

is

=a).

greater
Thus

it

is

the

naturally

equal
of

the

magnitudes

of

the,biaxial

3 @2

possibie

Under

this

even

without

maximum

around

regional

equa12,

this
bore

general

holes.

it

equal
is

seen

a cylindrical

(biaxial)

minimum

loop

of
to

stress

loop
three

that
hole

stresses
type--of

though

ik

in

is

most
condition

When ~
!2 and

str%;;

bore

stress

is

with
the

underground
probably

certain

to

compressive

would

tend

hole

pressure.

0 and

r w:len

ieast

loads

ne~ative

at

principal

e definite

biaxial

at

becomes

subjected

is

minimu~t

decreases.

of

times

wh&

to

Qecckes

minimum

minimu;n

stress

maximum

tensile

maximum
of

principal

a materiai

there

the

i? c p stresses

tensiie

application

is

stresses

the

the

principal

abovej

1800)

The

A plot

of

0 = 0,

have

of

~).

ratio

condition

maximum

the

the

with

stresses.
axis

minimum

stress

variation

(at

even

3 and k show the

to

the

stress

to

hoi~

ioop

loop

strqss

bore

as

~2

minimum

Figures

From

to(3

that

the

minimum
toward

maximum

seen

than

the

to

the
stress.

orientation
are

formations
exists

;z

the

of

is associated

,/

1$

(r

magnitudes

a formation

directed

ratio

minimum

stresses.

fracture

most

0=
This

0 =90

the

only

is

increases

around

biaxial

and

it-is

3 @2, the

IQcations

Since

loads

at

the

on
loop

axial

~ at

in

always

the

2.

stress

of

is
fi

versus

p-rincipal

of

the

stress.

upon

only

stress.

at

around

doesthe

developed

versus

discuss

r =a

stress

loop

(tens

is

fracturing

we wII1

stress

fi

equal

principal

depend

dependent

When

principal

vertical

stresses,

loop

least

are

0.

stress
is

is

Iocali%ed

loop

of

maximum

stresses

loads.

loads

stress

loop

ii

stress

axial

independent

a plot

and

loop

compr&sive

diretition
is

concentration

r the

when

loop

which

stress

of

become

minimum
the

that

unequai.
are
around

not

,.
. . .. . .... .. ..

.-

..
~

-3
Stress

Conditions
The

stress

pore

the

in

rock

bore

effects

of

region

of

porous

bore

hole

An
in

model

Fluid

and

the

5.

The

illustration
Figure

the

is

and

the

in

is,also

inducyd
must

the
exerted

fracture.
be considered

and

.,
to

describe

regions

a solid,

the
the

formation

- a bore

assumed
porous.

at

non-porous

boundary

describing

a: porous

region

to exist

and

stress

hole,

non-aorous

imposed

components

a2

exists

pressure

of

used

are

between

model

in a porous

pressure

stresses

three

boundaries

stress

q+Q2

surface

of

hole,

boundary
of

fluid

model

bore

describes

conditions.

consists

the

rekglon.

treatment

fracturing

mathematical

surrounding

under

formation

(1)

material.

fluid

andthe
on

Equation

in
elastic

and

ing.

hoie;syrface
,
these
pressures

This

the

d;

sol

afractu

determination

conditions.

given
isotropic,

solids

is not

A simple

Formation

relationship

During

the

the

Underground

ina

spaces.

agains$

an

theoretical

conditions

formation

The

in

surrounding

both

the

re9ions.

conditions

is

the porous matrix

given

region

ii

are:

q-q
-

(i+34

~~(1-n)y

44COS
r~

2e-fPe+Pa

(2)

~
r2

{4)
I

where

R=

effective

average

radial

?j=

effective

average

loop,

effective

average

matrix

~;

... . .

stress,

shear

stress}

psi

psi
psi

principal

horizontal

(regional)

stress,

psi

r2 =

minimum

principal

horizontal

(regional).

stress)

Psi

radius

of

=-

radial

distance

.-=:. bore

P
..a
P

-------

matrix

stress}

maximum

,.
...

matri,x

q=

$
.: --- . . .
.

in

bore

hole

direction

from
of

center
maximum

ho.11.p.ressurg~...ps!

formation

pore

format.ioh

porosity

.. ., -.,+- _- ;- .. .. ..... .. . ... . . . . .

of

pressurej

hole

principal

,.

. . .._.__..

horizontal

5treSS2

. . . . ...

. .. ..

~
.. . ~ .

psi

. . ... .... .. .. ... .. . .

. .. -..

.. -- . .. .

..-.Y

,----

. . . . ...- . . . . . . .,. ...-

+
A COMP ete

der!vatlon

Tile

stress

average

matrix

stresses,

in
,,

microscopic
porosity.

qatrix

strbss

at

rock

and

(4)

IS

m~de

9iv~n,

inthe

of

these

Since
Equation

equation

location

the

gives

(r,

the

strqsses

wiil

These

stresses

are

matrix

matrix!

region

be

,~1~

the

t~

as

pressure

the

borehole

are

subjected

the

rock

Therefore

it
of

than

the

When

horizontal

is
least

vertical

effective

fracturing.
at

this

any

equation
stresses

For

convenience

stresses~

and

tectonic
on

forces.

vertical

subjected

str@sses

to

press,ure

Criteria
formations

be overcome
apparent

before
that

brittle

compressive
stress,

the

stresses,are
stress

smail

radius.

underground
must

In

regional

load

of

that

and

over

total

overburden

length

Most
..,,

Of

of

region.

the

Fracturing

shapes

stress

care

only

the

area.

stressesj

type

porous

referred

the

loop.

Il.

borehp~e

to

,.

the

geometry

an

matrix

of

Formation

compressive

loop

effect

when

pore

appreciably

for.this

average

outside

by

grain

by

the

compared

plane

controlled

stresses

henceforth

and

describe

(5) neglects

applies

forces

porous

produced

vary

is

in

sizes
upon

wiil

conditioris

matrix

solid

these

long

the

wheref

variations

above

is

effective

horizontal
in

Equation

the

effectlve~

variations.

fracture

~) within

principal

existing

stress
fracturing

gives

~/(i-f)

dependent

therefore

are

is

normal

unequal,
to

the

to

can

fracturin9
If

stress.
plane

of

,. ,;

describe
microscopic
,
Scheidegger4
de-fines
a
\

differ~nt

relationships

localized

vertical

(5).

are

and
The

maw

(4)

do not

localized

UP of

stresses

and

@m=

neglects

is

(3))

boundaries.

as follows,

conditions

average

(2)j

relationships

grain

Microscopic

in location:

the

(3)~

Equations

relationship

changes

is

(2))

These

or

boundary

and

in

grains

The

particles.
grain

t~rms

stresses.

Actually.porous

the

Equations

x.

Append

This

of

least
the

direction

any

large

be placed
5,6
will

horizontal

compression
plane

of
of

compressive
in
occur

alon9

stress

is

will-be

mjnimum
the

tension.

minimum

less

vertical.

h~rizontal
horizontal

-5is a preferred
between
ieast

plane

for

vertical

formation}stresses,
compressive
of

the

pre$sure~

required

to

necessary

vertical

are
or

these

Fracturing

Horizontal

fractures

tensiie:strength
against

the

defined

is

of

rock.

to

difference

the

plane
,.

of

hole,
than

Therefore,

it

are

is

separately.

induced

the

a bore

fractures

ope.m;

around

that

is

Assuming

formation

around

initiate

fractures

produced

be expressed

required

are

is

the

concentrations

conditions

stress

the

can

.Pa

strongly

stress

maintain

Horizontal

initiation

more

usually

consider

tensile

exerted

large

propagate

to

A.

the

Th@larg6r

stress.

Because
different

fracturing.

a borehole

greater

than

vertical

condition

the

as

horizontal

vertical

componentsof

for

mathematically

when

force

are

fracture

follows:

iT3+%#
(5)

(Fi)h >
(Pi)h

where

?3
Pj

compressive
most

under

affect
...

of

Pa

effective

average

vertical

principal

vertical

stress,

vertical

these

fre~
initial

tensile
of

and

contain

of

to
matrix

intrinsic

fracturing
important

necessary
for
initiation
,..:.:
. -:.-----

usually

stresses
fractures,

initiate

horizontal

stress>

psi

psi
I If

the

rock

smail

can

be

intrinsic

withstand

to

matrix

generally

small

materials
where

.are

red

requ

strength

rocks

stresses

rocks

conditions

An
.-

pressure
psi

matrix

relatively

well
bore
fracturing,

formation
lity

.(r13-fPe+sh

=
h
tensile-strengths

The

abi

?l+sv=

compared

neglected.

fractures
large

are

strengths

the

The

fact

that

reduces

the

also

tensile

small

to

However,

stresses.

and
can

the

,.

rock

is

appreciably

pressures.
limitation
of

must
horizontal

be placed
fractures.
. . ... ...... . . .

upon

the,

conditions

To.p~oduce

vertical
.-

-.

___

. .

._

*_,

.-

.,.,.

-6stresses

in

against

the

smooth

hole.

but

this

and

probably

rock.

be

of

against

These

stress

for

the

the

rock.

Once

against

hole

extra

horizontal
(Pa

is

required

at

of
to

is

generally

fracture

propagation

is

given>by

der

vertical

stresses

hole

give

there

or

vertical

simple.

Vertical

the

small

is

faces

of

however,

the

the

fracture7.

fracture-and

Some additional
in

small.

The

fracture

of

friction

the

condition

.-

F3

where

a-j

?3+pf

>

(pp) h

well
bore
fractures,

a,

pressure
.

fPe

+ Pf

pressure
psi
loss

Pa

in

required

fracture,

to

propagate

horizontal

psi
-,

B.

Vertical
The

presence

of

conditions
while

the

stress

for

effective

be more

the

the

less

fracturing
around

pressure

average

pressure
or

vertical

concentrations

determine

determine
may

Fracturing

conditions

required
than

the

required

matrix

are
hole.
to

stresses
to

propagation

complicated

propagate
pressures,

These

initiate

away

from

them.

the

bore

initiation

depending

by

localized

vertical

the
stress

fractures>
hole
pressures

upon

fracturej

(6)

Op)h

components

the

of

c~ponents

started,

extremities

fluid

overcome

sideof

relatively

the

strength.

matrix

the

fracturesj

propagation

the

be exerted.

fracture

the

requirement

>

to

on

pressure

Pf)

of

fluid

formation

effect

is

horizontal

surface.face

facilitate
any

pressure

In:tiate

produced

at

appreciable

relatively

the
are

hole

a horizontal

are

must

a pressurized..cylin

bore

pressurized

propagation

eliminate

this

in

concentrations

essentially

but

to

force

etierted
of

produce

in order

conditions

ends

conventional
to

of

forces

the

enough

of

exerted

stress

bore

large

the
for

are

high

exettedat
in.a

penetration

force

vertichl

irregularities

conditions

and

is

fhereforei$

ei$her

force

the

not

components

areno

force

is

rock.

verticai

There

A force

sufficient
of

formation,

vertical

in.... the
must

the

tihe

;.
...--..+

-7-
The
the

rock

stress

requirement

matrix
is

at

larger

requirement

for

the

theinitiation

bore

than

the

expressed

hole
ibop

be

a verticai

of
streqsed

mathematically

that

so

(horizontal)

fracture
the

tensile

loop

is that
tensile

strength.

This

is

(7)
where

~~)r%

minimum

effective

loop

matrix

stress

at

bore

hole~

psi

%0
= hori.zontai

Sk
The

direction

that

loop

o;
stress

The
Equation

the

Inequality

is

loop

stress

The

minimum

stress

Equation

relationship

loop

the

isdetermined

the

(3)

hole

psi
by

the

fact

tensipn.

around

bore

reduces

@,-

bore

ofmaterial$

(7)

in

Equation

~2(

at

strength

negative

r = a,

(~e)r%=

in

considered

Putting

(3).

tensile

hole

given

by,

to:

@cos2e-fPe

occurs

is

at

(8)

-Pa

e equal

go zero.

?*)r=a= ~~~-~- fpe-pa

(9)

e=o
To

initiate

vertical

fracturing,
.

(.lPe)r%

3 (T2-

i,-

fPe-Pa<sh

(lo)

e=o

(Pi)v
vertical
(loop)

in

Equation

(10)

fracturing)
strength

is

theboreh

assuming
is

probably

olepressure

Pa
Here

no penetration,
;,

small

compared

with

the

requrred
again
regional

to
the

initiate

horizontal
stresses,

,..

,.
.
+
.,

-8fj

and

when

the

quantity

(10)

can

control

also

shows

~2t

and

how the

principal

a va;ue

as

is

over

me

1}

the

is

twice

fl.uld

the

is

term

dependent

the

pressure

principal

that

Equation

Equation

upon

(when

seen

in

pressure.

pre5sure

effective

it

strength

breakdown

This

formation

the

I reakdown

pressure
stress:

a vertical

stresses

around

stresses.

The

plane
of

the

fiuicl

greater

given

plane

the

been

(10)
,,

effective

can

vary

from

~l=3~2)~oa,

matrix

determined

stress

the

by
in

compressive

compressive

(when.

the

matrix

the

the

localized

effective

matrix

matrix
iS

fractures

stress

and

for

the

Vertical

fracture

conditions

through

,.

stress

stress.

minimum

in

the

propagated

compressive

.,of

ieast

defining

is

principal

pressure

than

relationship

ieast

least

this

has

fracturing

of

the

along

between

fracture

the-hoiej

direction

propagate

is

iS

Howevert

Once

is

ected.

?2)

the

neg

of

initiation

as,the

be

P,)

magnitude

matrix

low

that

generally

(3 f12 the

average

value

can

stress.

The

propagation

of

to.

will

when

formation

normal

the

difference

fluid

pressure

.theoreticai._

vertical

fractures

as:

e=o
At

large

r,

( Fe)r*~

P2

fpe

.-,

?2

I
..

Pa =

where

(Pp)v

(Pp)v

fractures
hole

and

c.

is
and

fracture

the
Pf

?~

well
is

the

f- Pf

bore

Effect

that

of

of

faces.

lost

the

Penetrating

relations
exert

pressure

pressure

the.extremities

The
fluids

>

With

required

in

the

to

fracture

propagate
between

vertical
the

bore

Fluid

directly
a penetrating
,,

Pa

fracture..

discussed
force

(ii)

thus-far

have

against

the

assumed
surface

non-penetrating
.
of the bore

fluid
a more gradual
pressure
- . . ..- L ----- -, *

hole

and

gradient
.-.

..

.:. .-

-..
...- ,.. .. . .. . ..

exists.

Howevert

the

total

differential

Is

the

Therefore).the

matrix.

essentially

Independent

the

same

fluids.

vertical

for

fractures,

of

as

a given

it

is

____

. .

within

fractures

for

pressure

gradient

propagate

to

fluids

by

pressure

the

required

It
the

initiation

is

non-penetrating

The

areas,.of

Relationship
Stresses

is
the

shows

formation
$he

the

of

bore

procedures.such
fluidsj

etc.

rnaterially
five

borehole

essentially

stresses

is

and,the-

fractures.

can

from

of

tha~~r

of

required

treatment

suggests
thed[fference

to
the

Formation

degree

treatment

bore

this

of

fractures

conditions

use

For

underground
vertical

by

the

hydraulic

of

penetrating

hole

a short.distance

direction

the

an

stress

within

the

pressure

is

be done

and

study

in

undercutting)

hole.

to

* ,
in

Total

propagate

a certain

bore

interest

fracture

describing

to

the

such

gradien~

ohiined

and

stresses

conditions

propagate

results

Localized
to

can

to

on

.relations

reaming,

nothing

fiuid

pressure

Pressures

matrix

varied

diameters)

Scheideggerg
so

be

pressure

Canadaa.

fractures.

stress

to

fracture

requ!red

perforating,

independent
It

effectiV~

matrix

required

In

thepressure

However;
affect

pressure

~ @m

as

by

exerted

difficult

penetration

theoretical

induced

hoie

fluid

which

force

that

is

fiowing

Fracturing

the

the

both

direction

around

of

the

over

reduce

amount

pressures

of

Field

Hvdraulic

that

control

effects

can

initiate

area

increased

hole

actual

on

illustrated

An examination
fracturing

The

Pembina

between

bore

to

the

This

the

primarily

required

increases

fracturing

depend

pressures

certain

around

vertical

hole.

pr~ssuie

formation.

fracturing.

will

bore

the

Penetration

area

initiate
aff~cts

estimate.

affect

the

stress

to

around

may

contacts

thelocalized

penetration

.!.

nature

penetrating

however.

fluid

necessary

the

pressure

penetration

pressurized

and

of

a matrix

exertedupon

,
Fluid

on

force

L._

that

(say;
reason,

induced

,
will

over
the

fractures

are

variables,
relationships
produce
use

of

between

and

between
propagate

two

new parameters

the

two

principal

regional
vertical
AC
regionai

and

-1ostresses

and

principal

is

~m

regional

the

mean

stresses

value
in

of

terms

the

two

of.~,~

regional
and

stresses,

The

@mare:
(12)

Using,

the

equality

initiate

vertical

well

pressure

(11))

in

(Pp)v

Comb ning

and

This
fracturing

pressure,

and

quantities

in

Hubbert

of
.-

and

that

Equation

Wiliis2

the

stress

and

required

bp

to

becon&

~
(14)

a function

Since

it

ciaim

of

rm~

~;
I

(16)

~linitiation

pressure.

for

can

be measured,

difference

in

the

rock,

of

the

rock

be

it

cannot.

concentration
aCfecting

at

is

is

the

true

the

unknown

regional

stresses
friction

is

loss.

questionable.

investigators>
th}s

in

propagation

extremities

the

writer.

,.

essentially

extensi$m.
... ---- -t

proppgatlon

fetilingof

that

fracture
-<..

from

pr~ssure,
,
the oniy

term

Other

regional

A~

fiuid

strength

it
it

the

and the

neglected.

!between

estima~ing

initiation

of

considered,

difference

a means

oneobtans

fracture

the

fracture

the

(15)

between

can

strsmgth
As. a factor
. .
.-

fractures}

is

eliminate

pressure
are

vertical

f~+Sh-2pf

is

claim

be

to

difference

strength

should

pressure

Pe+Pf

the

(i6)

and

fractures

(15)

fonmation

Scheidegger,

~m

A@

Ar

data.

horizontal

term

and

provides

relative,importance

the

eliminates

The

inciuding
that,

(14)

the

the

propagate

relationship

hydraulic

.,

to

@m

pressure

~ the

of

terms

pm-%A~

shows

propagation

A@

termsof

(16)

stresses.

in

rqquire~

Equations

Equation

(10)

fpe+Sh

(Pi)v-z(pp)v

Equation

29m-2i@

bore

(Equation

in

fractures

(Pi)v
The

Iim!t

-.

Howeverj
--,--.
-.

-- --- ---

strength

can

where

there

Under

certain

affect
is

with

When
fracture

be

most

can

regional

vertictii
will

stresses,,

formations

or

it

in

fractures

strength,

but

,formetions

regional

Intrinsic

ls

S!WIII

may be large

Therefore,

stresses.

larger

the

maximum

principai

it

in

compared
is

regional
can

formation

only
can
. .. . .
fracturing

principal

stresses

formation

is

Not

to

the

believ6d

in

a formation

fractures

the

the
is

seen

determined

evaluate

fracturing.

each

it

the

discussion

should

maximum

stress
be

known,

the
*

A@

in

le,ast

the

pressure

can,

principal

the

of

the

from
three

~tres~

tm~=- -----..=...:%J%J

and

Is

proportional

stress

@2

to propagate

and

~,

tie estimated

induced

determined

required

can

of

,of

vertical

stresses

~,.

more

direction

magnitudes
. e_.-.

Ap

stress

~rincipa!_regional

vaiues.of
@i

the

, the

overburden.ioad

The

o!~~

@irection
.,
. ..

The

direction

principaf

a formationbe

actuai

the

no preferred

A@

the

the

zero,

values

When

by }he

by

stress
of

formation

the

evalua~ed.

With

fracturing

above

positive

hut~he .

be

(11)),

hydraulic
The

also

determining
is

stresses

is

of

formation.

regional

that

al

followed.

determined

(Equation
maximum

value

in

is

specified.

pre~sura~

can

of

there

and

loss
in
,,
are
known

(i6)

important

for

stress
be

generally

depth

equal

be

friction

Equation

between-regional
wili

and

WhenL@

directionof

direction

fractures

measured

are

the

in

fractures

However~

in

strength

extremely

vertical.

stresses

rock

parameters
is

difference

this

vertical

all

quantity
of

be

assurance

to

stresses,

competent

the

Actually~

of

fracturing.

fractures

is

in

fractured

disconnected

regional

This

principal

it

naturally

ne91ected.

be obtained,

direction

the

between

reasonai?le-values

AP

of

difference

in-regional

azimuthal

especially

(16),

relatjon

The

pressure}

extensive

the..difference

except

In

possibly

comparisoti

for

apprecl~ble

containing

s,tr~ngth~can

wi~b

an

conditions

formations

breakdown

the

directly.

vertical

magnitude
Therefore,

be determined

from

pressures,
shows

that

conditions
emphasized

accurate
and

here}

the

field

datacan

results

however,

that

of

be

used

hydraulic

this

entire
.L:.

- ..

------

-12procedure

is

based

upon

initiate

fractures

accuracy

of

the

achieved

in

measuring

to

propagate

and

these

Fracture

induction
the

hole

and

densities,
induction

Sample

Analysls

of

amount
,.
pressures.

Field

and

bottcm

hole

This

Hodges

type

exerted
head

data

fluid

friction

arrival

times

pressure

fall-off

treatment

log

fracturing
are

shown

the

and

a value

an

pressure

Ad

the

are

included

three
in

and

perforation
can

the

also

the
the
for

6,

both

at

In
in

pressures

logs

formation,

the
of

fluid
the
show

loss

in

and

and

With

assumption

well

regional

loss

in

regional
into

the

Equat}on

stresses,

(16)
These

fracture,

rate

of

Bottom

formation

hole
fluid

a strength

for

these

data

fracturej

stresses.

pressure

a fracture

pressure,

of

the

the

the

propagation
the

pressure

hydrostatic

also

Oklahoma.

principal

Carter

of

6 is given

Figure

and

treatments.

County,

friction

this

surface

friction

the

orientation..

fracturing

These

column,

how hydraulic

fracture

evaluation

fluid

logs.

illustrate

permits

located

principal

Figure

stresses

by completion

penetration

reading

injection.

of
data

locaiized

surface,

a surface

fluids

for

estimation

measured
and

on

determine

tubing.

pressure,

pressure
rock

the

the

a well

may

hydraulic

but

in

after

induction

to

gives

formation

of

data

actual

different

for

the

,.

simultaneously

only

effect
of

fleid

used

recorded

not
the

damping

be

during

against

pulse

some

can

pressures
of

and

permit

of

10

fluid

horizontal

Data

An examination
pressures~

of

hole

required

accurately.

upon

bore

the

least

be affected

in

to

accuracy

pressure

the

fairly

depend.

required
The

the

hole

by

be measured

can

upon

bore

determined

a result

and

fracture

Godbey

The

howeverj

as

pressure
raptures,

depend

Irregularities

affect

fracturing

usually

and

variables.

patterns

is

the

propagatef

pressures.

pressures,

bore

treatment

can

to

naturally

fractures

and

between

required
will

vertical
stress

difference

that

procedute

principal

around

the

Substituting
gives
calculated

values

of
results

-13Dlrectional

Orientation
T~e

in

the

area
and

direction

design

are

of

fractures

flood

this

fractures

of

to

follows

horizontal
of

used

to

importance

in

estimate
possible

a fracture

to

determine

may

equipped

with

purpose

by

be
of

the

direction

of

measuring
12-
Pettitt
.

fractures

are

have

obtained

a preferred

it

of

that

can

of

great

is
be

possible

of

been

may

in

a hole

shallow

rubber

used

for

azimuthal

and
this

show

depths

also

devices,

soft

data

to

it

acoustic.ai

experimental

degree

method

data.

made

at

the

azimuthal

fractures

have

are

of

may

devices,

even

verticai

of

stresses

vertical

davices
These

Any

geologic

packers

of

fractures

actual

areas

scratching

injection

wells

direction

regional

some

of

orientation

the

from

Experimental

and

the

local

patterns..

verticaI

predicted.

in

packers,

used.

fractures

whether

stresses

the

directional

Fraser

vertical

vertical

be

can

regional

the

be determined}

direction

Special

tracers

indicate

injection

displacement

When

anaiysis.

of

experimentally.

that

the

direction

can

direction

whereas

direction.

fractures

determine

the

favorable

and

in

Location

to

may

important

fractures

direction.

have

verticai)

be particularly

vertical

breakthroughs,

data

stresses

vertical

can

parallel

should

preferred

regionai

direction

Iine

rapid

or

since

a fixed

fracturing

(horizontal

Iikeiy

or

to

plane

Analysis

fractures
11

in

along

lead

Fractures

vertical

patterns

wells

along

Vertical

oriented

would

located

be

of

generally

production

be

of

conclusively

and

that

the

orientation.

Conclusions
,A theoretical
of

the

utility

general
in

of

well

conclusions

hydraulic

fixed

a bore

formation

treatment

matrix

pressure

concerning

The

well

bore

stresses

data

have

stresses

rock

matrix

in

an

underground

of

stress

in

ali

directions

degrees
hole.

These

stresses

forces,
and the format
on
. . . . . ___
. . . . . . . ___

. .

of

and

led

to

ant!.their

appraisal

the

foi

lowing

significance

fracturing.

1.
has

study

are
fuid

produced

formation
prior
by

the

at
to

a given

penetration

overburden

point
by

loadj

tectonic

pressure.

-.

. .

<

..

.. .
.

.. ... ...

.-.

...

,,

,.
,

,.

-142.
unique

The

localized

distribution

pressures

rat

to

against

the

formation

The
the

rock

reduced

matrix

pressure

The

hole.

is

dependent

produces

magnitude

and

primarily

upon

around

initiate

a bore

the

beyond

if

the

the

controls

Fracture

fractures.

somewhat

hole

initiation

pressurized

localized

fluid

stress

can

area

for

Most

azimuthal

direction.

fractures

can

pressure

data.

7.

be

The

geological

the

bore
o

the

Thes~

matrix

stress

conditions

are

independent

cannot

be controlled.

and

required

to
as

cal

fractures

The

degree

azimuthal
data

from
and

mined

dete

distance
fractures

ng fluids

vert

some

propagate

pressure

penetrat

at

to

procedures
The

6.

stresses

required

obtained.

5.

from

the

condition

required
be

treatment

same

stress

can

fractures

the

around

a formation

ion).

determine

well

through

strasses

probably

4.

of

localized

pressure

be exerted
(penet

localized

hole

stresses.

The

hydraulic

a bore

condition

these

matrix

3.

of

stress
of

horizontal

the

presence

fractures

1s for

preferred

of

in

direction
designed

vertical

by experimental

is

i.vttation
of

essentially

non-penetrating

propagated

carefully

direction

or

it
are

of

from

propagate

hole

fluids.

a preferred,
of

vertical

hydraulic

fractures

fracturing

may

be

estimated

Dr.

M,

R.

measurements.

Acknowledgement
The
for
used
for

his
in

author

assistance

in

this

work

permission

to

wishes

and

the
to

publish

to

express

development
the
this

management
paper.

his
of

appreciation
the
of

to

theoretical
Socony

Mobil

stress
Oil

Foster

relationships

Companyj

Inc.

.,

---

. .

FIGURE
O~~RESS

VARIATION
A

HOLE

SUBJECTED

TO

I
AROUND
A 61-AXIAL

LOAD

o = o IN DIRECTION, al

b=

mm
30,w

cz2

...

I&l
a
fin

..

-1

o
AZIMUTHAL

90
DIRECTION

FIGURE
VARIATION
HOLE WITH

OF MINIMUM
THE RATIO

8,

t 80
DEGREES

2
LOOP STRESS AT A
OF B1- AXIAL
LOADS
-

.,-

--

9-..A..

--

---

l.

-. .-

1-

1
RATIO

ii
----- . .. .
-.
. . . ..

..

OF

21
REGIONAL

3
,STRESSES,

4
%62

Cq

;,

_..

.. ...

.. . .

.,

FIGURE

, VARIATION
OF LOOP STRESS
WITH
AZIMUTHAL
DIRECTION

ap3c2
.

P*=O

=z3u
%

:. ,

PLANE OF
MINIMUM
cOMPRESSIVE

STRESS

..

-..

-.

. . .. .

. .

. . . -.. ..-.

.. . ... . . . .

, ,.
..

FIGURE
VARIATION
WITH

RADIAL

OF

DISTANCE

4
LOOP

STRESS

FROM

CYLINDRICAL

HOLE

.;O ..-

--

RADIAL

.>. . ..

..

~a-- .--, --4a... ..-. ..-.~~

DISTANCE

FROM

CENTER

..._.....6a.. _

OF HOLE, r
,

. .

----- ..-

. ~., .

-.

FIGURE
MATHEMAT!CA,L
THEORETICAL

,---

MODEL USED IN DERIVING

*
.-

...

..

FLUID
BOUNDARIES

..

..

..

.,

. .,.

\l

..
.

w\/e

\.

. ,>~l..::

-J-J-

B-

XII

POROSITY,
PORE

0UNDAR%

PRESSURE,

PQ

CONDITIONS

r=

fP~ =

Or-

fP~ =

((r, + CT*)
,2

t... .

-. .. ... . .. . .. .... . ..
.... . .

(a, + cr*J

((7,- cx~)

___.2 . ....

_._2._.-

. . . . . ... . .. .. ... . . .. .....-- .....---..

Cos

20

Cos

20

-.

f ,
$

FIGURE

I
. .

PRESSURE

LOG

DURING

FORMATION - TUSSEY

PERFORATIONSBREAK DOWN

PRESSURE,

(Pi )V= 3100

PROPAGATION

PRESSURE,

(pp)v

)
(

LIME
TO 2889

,.
/
.

i[

o
m;

2450

psi

!,570

= 2280

a]

3850

psi

PERFO~ATK)NS

/--,
{/-\

/\
\
\
\

---- .\

U=p)v

P~

/
b
1
f

(assumed)

/
AT

psi

= 0.80

PRESSURE

psi

C2

I 000

(7

cr3
\

Jf--

r3 =,2880

2000
M

-1
o
r:
a

Ac

~Si

~--.

>:
v)

Id

CALCULATED STRESSES

FT.

PRESSURE, Pe = 200 psi

4060
,, :

U:
u;
On

TREATMENT

FORNIATIO~
FORMATION

Iii
Q

FRACTURING

2874

FROM:

%
\

\8

GODBEY ~ HODGES- i?EE IO

SURFACE PRESSURE
..

!.

. .. .

-..

APPENDIX
Derivation

region
the

of

Stress

Let

@r!2

lil

~e)

(Figure

porous

are

Component

5)

and

and

by

represent
u
and
rye

~e

@rJ

The

region

given

Relationships

Fe)

relationships

the
be

stress
the

between

components

in

stresses

in

matrix
these

stress

components

Biot

(1)

e-

T*

= the

where

Pe

of

matrix,

the

derived

pe+ (pe

(2)

(3)

stress
this

from

produced
stress

a stress

is

by

the

pore

fluid.

if

equal

to

fPe.

The

stress

0 which

function

satisfies

the

is

the

porosity

components
biharmonic

can

be

equation.

(4)

The

general

solution

of

is

by Timwhenko

coordinates
solution

is

quite

long

conditions

for

the

formations

be

finite

ied.
(region

i!l =

Under

0=

these

i 1)
(Ar2

in

the

given
and

(A1r2

+ Bi4

equation

model

and

single

two-dimensional

(Reference

1,

the

D)

relationships

requiring

that

this

stress

problems

116).

by

imposing

all

stresses

solution

function

This

for

in

polar

general
the

boundary

and

can

be

the

porous

de-

greatly

simplif-

medium

to

cos,2e

function

p.

However,

valued,

5 reduces

+$+
r

for

compli~ated.

conditions

Figure

stress

The
function

and

+Br4+>+D)

Similarly

-.

given

this

+sO

log

for

region

coii

2e + aoi

between

the

(5)

r +bor2

iil

can
log

stress

be expressed

as

(6)

r +bor2
components

and

the

stress

-(7) ------- ----:

are
-@r

-=-;-g

+---

&
-3;2

--- - ---!

(8)

. .
.4

The

stress

stress

in region

components

function

into

Ill

are

obtained

(7), (8),

Equations

by

substituting

the

(9)

and

a
(2A

,~=

+ 4B

r2

- ~

- f+Bl

.= 4A

r2

.$-*)COS

+*

2Q

+ 2b01
(10:

,,

-(2A

~~

*)

i2Bl

Cos

+7 a.

29

+ 2b01
a

(2A

rz

26

+6Br

The
system

are

values
evaiuated

a second

axial

modified

to

of

this

equai

~ he

of

the

the

frcm

coefficients

-+

B,

C,

(Reference
initial

used

in

for

the

(ii)

+zbo

(i2)

sin2e

Al,

the

modei

29

-*)

constants

90

describe

cos

- +r

by Timoshenko

stress

system

+$-)

and

D!

12 page
stress

this

2e

constants

sin

stress

By superimposing

(Figure
and

a uniaxial

80);

these

study

cos

for

can

5).
2e

For
terms

be

region
are

,,

to

(13)

61-Q

(2A

+ i2B1r2

(2A

+6Br2

+$)

(14)

(i+3g)

(r,. %

Sp,ecific

values

determined

same

the

as

the

constants

At,

t,

B)

C}

(1-3$

and

+2

will

not

<)(15)

be

here.
The

for

-$$--~)

those

constants

stress
given
will

component
In
be

relationships

Equations
represented

describing

(10)2
..

by

(il)j
the

same
..

and

(i2].

letters

region

Ii

For

this

without

are

the

the

region
primes.

.
ili

.-

A-3
With

the

coefficients

remaining

of

constants
At

biaxial

the

load

the

that

external
system

cos

need

2e

sin

be evaluated

boundary
(Figure

and

5)

(r
are

=00
given

29

terms

are

a~,

the

stress

known,

b:,

ao)

the

and

only

bo.

components

for

by

(16)

(17)

(T*)

=-*(

~-~)

(18)

sin20

r=oO
Putting

in

r=

~)

Substituting

Equation

(10)

= -

r=d

this

value

in

yields

2A =0s ze

Equation.

zbo

(19)
. ..

gives
q+~

2A

28

COS

+ 2bo

++(

r,

~)

2e

cos

and
Al

=-*

b.

At
given

the

% (

bore

i,-

q)

(20)

.,

(21)

@,+-@

hole,boundary

(r

= a)

the

radia

matrix

stress

by
a
+$

+$)cos2e

The
since

coefficient
the

the

cos

2e

term

n this

relationship

stress

at

aii

iocat

ons

the

of

radial

on

bore

must
hole

(22)

+ 2bo

vanish

surface

must

be constant.

n.)

=-

a.
.&

7h

(23)

-.

.
.

.-

-,

A-4
A fluid

boundary

also

considered

(Fr)
r=a+fPe=P

(
Combining

is

Equations

to

exist

at

the

bore hole, therefore

(24)

a
(23)

and

(24)

gives

a.
+2bo=Pa-fP

(25)

e
1

At

the

boundary

b the

following

stress

component

relationships

exist
(rr)r=b=(Fr)r=b

O-e)r=b = (

These

stress

relationships

coefficients

for

equations

(7)r=b

must

2A

the

must
cos

2e

apply

terms

in

+ fPe

(1)

+ fPe

(2)

for

all

values

the

regioffal

of
stress

0,

therefore
and

matrix

the
stress

be equal

12Bb2

+$

2A +

12Bb2

(26)

+ $

,-..
2At

+ $

Substituting

++

Equations

Equations

(1)

and

(26)

(2)

2A+$

and

+#

(27)

into

(27)
the

relationships

expressed

by

gives

&

+ zbo
a.

~+2bo
Solving

.-

.
~..

+ 2bo

=$

-~

for

b. 1 and

bo
...

=bo+$fPe.=k.(

a.

~ombining

(28)

+ fPe

2bo+ Pe
with,
@l

Equation
+

f12)

(29)

(21)

(30)

.,

..

.-

..

A-5

therefore
b.

( r, + r2 -

Combining

tp2 -

( r,

(31)

(3 ) with Equation

on

Equat

2fPe)

(25),

2 fPe)

= Pa - fPe

1-

a.

Pa

=
1

Also

substituting

Equation,4(30j

1,=

load

for

the

the

st~es.s

(28),

it

Is

so)

ao,

By using

system.

cos

261 and

bo~

sin

components

20
for

and
the

terms
the

b.

have

values

given
~orotis

~(1+3$4$)cos

2e+
r

q+@?2.
= ~(l.~)

Iij=

that

(33)

In

been
for

eva

uated

b.

and

ao,

regi~h

II

can

~a-*(~+@2)

be

a2
+ +(1+3

-~(1+34cos

2e

[Pa

+(

@,+r2)]

given

coefficients
15)

[
i(rl+q

-2fPe)

2
fPe+ Pa ~
r2

2e -

$4+)COS
,r
r

the

the

deterfi~ned~

~2 +2
.

for

(13),(14),and(

Cquatlons

q q

g=

seen

the constants

biaxial

Equation

o
All

into

W(

r,+

(34)

-Zfpe)

r
q+
u ---#l+

p2
$)
r

-~(1+34cos

2e

fpe

Pa$

(35)

(36)
I

.-

.. .. . ..-.
.,. .

,:
d

. .

.. . . .

_..

. . ..

..

. -

. .

..

REFERENCES

..

1.

Tlmoshenko~
McGraw-Hill

S.,
and Goodler,
J. N,,
Theory
Book Company,
Inc.
(1951)~
P.

2.

Hubbert,
Trans.

K., and Will

Reference

1,

4.

Scheidegger,
Macmillan

A. E.,
Company,

5.

Nadai,
A.,
Theory
Book Company,
Inc.
Tlmoshenko,
Company,

Inc.,

PhYs
1960,
of

9*

Scheidegger,
Crust.
Godb~y,
Formation
Crawford,
Fractures

12,

Fraser,
Determine
Fracture}i,
Petroleum

13.

Biot,
M.
AnIsotropic
1955

J.

E.,

K., and
Fracturing

of

Materials,

W. F.,
and
Extension}

Hydraulic

Hodges,
H.
Operatlonstl

work

D.,

Colllns,
R.
Recovery,

lTheory
Solidtz

Porous

Solids,

Part

11,

McGuire,
Trans.

F.,
and Justen,
AnExample
of
World
Petroleum

Ed.,

Fracturin9t}~

on

Media,

2nd

3rd

Revised

Ed.,

Ed.,

Ed.,

McGraw-Hi

i).

van

Nest

W. J.,
iThe Mechanics
252.
AIME (1954)~ W)

J. J.,
lThe Pemblna
Oil
a Low Permeability
Reservoir),
Congress,
Sec.
11, p. 173,

the

Stresses

in

the

Earths

I!Pressure
Measurements
Durin
65-69 (195!
, Trans.
AIME,
~,
E.,
Estimated
Trans.
AIME,

D., and Pettitt;

A.,

Throucih

Fracture

unpublished

P. B.,
and
on Secondary
C.

2nd

of Flow
22.

and

Strength
of
1956.
March

Kieschnick,
Induction
and

A,

cs
p.

Flow

Stevens,
L. C.,
Bird,
S.
Fieldj
Alberta;
Canada
Proceedings
of the Fifth
June
1959.

E.,

of

llMe~hanics

s, D. G.$
153-168.

(1950).

8.

11.

S.,

Elasticltv,

116.

Harrison,
of Fracture

page

&!Q~

7*

10.

..--.

(1957)~

3.

6.

M.
AIME

of
330,

).

Effect
of Vertical
m,
192 (1954)?

Results
of a Field
Test
to
of a Hydraulically
induced
FormatIon
Annual
Fall
Meeting
of the Sot.
of
Gctober
8-11,
1961.

of Elasticity
and
Journal
of Applied

Consolidation
Physics~
&

for a Porous
No. 2, February

and

. .

. .