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Definition: A System of Linear Equations Is Said To Be Homogeneous If It Can Be Written in The Form A X 0. Otherwise, It Is Non-Homogeneous

The document defines key concepts related to systems of linear equations and linear independence/dependence of vectors: - A homogeneous system of linear equations is one where the constant terms are all equal to 0, otherwise it is non-homogeneous. - The columns of a matrix A are linearly independent if the only solution to the equation involving the columns is the trivial solution, otherwise they are linearly dependent. - A set of vectors spans a vector space if any vector in the space can be written as a linear combination of the vectors.

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abdulrehman999
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166 views

Definition: A System of Linear Equations Is Said To Be Homogeneous If It Can Be Written in The Form A X 0. Otherwise, It Is Non-Homogeneous

The document defines key concepts related to systems of linear equations and linear independence/dependence of vectors: - A homogeneous system of linear equations is one where the constant terms are all equal to 0, otherwise it is non-homogeneous. - The columns of a matrix A are linearly independent if the only solution to the equation involving the columns is the trivial solution, otherwise they are linearly dependent. - A set of vectors spans a vector space if any vector in the space can be written as a linear combination of the vectors.

Uploaded by

abdulrehman999
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DEFINITION:

A system of linear equations is said to


be homogeneous if it can be written in
the form A
x=
0. Otherwise, it is nonhomogeneous.
EXAMPLE:


3x1 + 5x2 = 0
6x1 + 2x2 = 0

HOMOGENEOUS

3x1 + 5x2 = 1
6x1 + 2x2 = 0

NONHOMOGEN.

THEOREM:
Suppose the equation A
x=
b is consistent for some given
b, and let p be a solution. Then the solution set of A
x=
b
is the set of all vectors of the form
w
= p + v
h,
where v
h is any solution of the homogeneous equation A
x=
0.

THEOREM:
Let A be an m n matrix. Then the
following statements are logically equivalent:
1. A homogeneous system A
x=
0 has
only the trivial solution.
2. There are no free variables.
3. Number of columns of A = Number
of pivot positions.

DEFINITION:
Vectors v
1, . . . , v
p are said to be linearly
dependent if there exist scalars c1, . . . , cp,
not all zero, such that
c1 v
1 + . . . + cpv
p =
0.
Vectors v
1, . . . , v
p are said to be linearly
independent if the vector equation
c1 v
1 + . . . + cpv
p =
0
has only the trivial solution.
EXAMPLE: Vectors


2
1
2 = 1 ,
v
1 = 1 , v
2
4
are linearly dependent.
Vectors

1
2
v
1 = 1 , v
2 = 1 ,
2
4
are linearly independent.


3
v
3 = 5
6

3
v
3 = 5
7

THEOREM:
Let A be an m n matrix. Then the
following statements are logically equivalent:
1. A homogeneous system A
x=
0 has
only the trivial solution.
2. There are no free variables.
3. Number of columns of A = Number
of pivot positions.
4. The columns of a matrix A are linearly independent.

THEOREM:
Let A be an m n matrix. Then the
following statements are logically equivalent:
1. A homogeneous system A
x=
0 has
a nontrivial solution.
2. There are free variables.
3. Number of columns of A > Number
of pivot positions.
4. The columns of a matrix A are linearly dependent.
5. At least one column of A is a linear
combination of other columns.

1. Let

2. Let

0
0
1
3 = 0 .
2 = 1 , v
v
1 = 0 , v
1
0
0
(a) Are v
1, v
2, v
3 linearly independent?
(b) Does {
v1 , v
2, v
3} span R3 ?

0
0
1
3 = 2 .
2 = 1 , v
v
1 = 0 , v
0
0
0
(a) Are v
1, v
2, v
3 linearly independent?
(b) Does {
v1 , v
2, v
3} span R3 ?

3. Let



0
0
0
1
v
1 = 0 , v
4 = 0 .
3 = 0 , v
2 = 1 , v
2
1
0
0
(a) Are v
1, v
2, v
3, v
4 linearly independent?
(b) Does {
v1 , v
2, v
3, v
4} span R3 ?
4. Let

1
0
v
1 = 0 , v
2 = 0 .
0
1
(a) Are v
1, v
2 linearly independent?
(b) Does {
v1 , v
2} span R3 ?

1. Let

2. Let

9
7
5
3 = 4 .
2 = 2 , v
v
1 = 0 , v
8
6
0
(a) Are v
1, v
2, v
3 linearly independent?
(b) Does {
v1 , v
2, v
3} span R3 ?

9
7
5
4.
3 =
2 = 2 , v
v
1 = 0 , v
12
6
0
(a) Are v
1, v
2, v
3 linearly independent?
(b) Does {
v1 , v
2, v
3} span R3 ?

3.
Let

5
9
9
7
4.
v
1 = 0 , v
4 =
3 = 4 , v
2 = 2 , v
12
8
6
0
(a) Are v
1, v
2, v
3, v
4 linearly independent?
(b) Does {
v1 , v
2, v
3, v
4} span R3 ?
4. Let

7
5
2 = 2 .
v
1 = 0 , v
6
0
(a) Are v
1, v
2 linearly independent?
(b) Does {
v1 , v
2} span R3 ?

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