Solving Dynamics Problems

in Maple
Brian D. Harper
Mechanical Engineering
The Ohio State University

A supplement to accompany
Engineering Mechanics: Dynamics, 6th Edition
by J.L. Meriam and L.G. Kraige

JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.

New York Chichester Brisbane Toronto Singapore

CONTENTS

Introduction
Chapter 1

5
An Introduction to Maple

Numerical and Symbolic Calculations

Assignments, Names and Variables
Functions
Graphics
Differentiation and Integration

7
9
11
13
20

Solving Equations

22

Chapter 2

29

Kinematics of Particles

2.1 Sample Problem 2/4 (Rectilinear Motion)

2.2 Problem 2/87 (Rectangular Coordinates)
2.3 Problem 2/120 (n-t Coordinates)
2.4 Sample Problem 2/9 (Polar Coordinates)
2.5 Sample Problem 2/10 (Polar Coordinates)
2.6 Problem 2/183 (Space Curvilinear Motion)
2.7 Sample Problem 2/16 (Constrained Motion
of Connected Particles)

30
34
39
41
45
48

Chapter 3

53

Kinetics of Particles

50

3.1 Sample Problem 3/3 (Rectilinear Motion)

3.2 Problem 3/98 (Curvilinear Motion)
3.3 Sample Problem 3/17 (Potential Energy)
3.4 Problem 3/218 (Linear Impulse/Momentum)
3.5 Problem 3/250 (Angular Impulse/Momentum)
3.6 Problem 3/365 (Curvilinear Motion)

54
57
59
61
63
66

Chapter 4

69

Kinetics of Systems of Particles

4.1 Problem 4/26 (Conservation of Momentum)

4.2 Problem 4/62 (Steady Mass Flow)
4.3 Problem 4/86 (Variable Mass)

70
73
75

4 CONTENTS

Chapter 5

Plane Kinematics of Rigid Bodies

5.1 Problem 5/3 (Rotation)

5.2 Problem 5/44 (Absolute Motion)
5.3 Sample Problem 5/9 (Relative Velocity)
5.4 Problem 5/108 (Instantaneous Center)
5.5 Problem 5/123 (Relative Acceleration)
5.6 Sample Problem 5/15 (Absolute Motion)

Chapter 6

Plane Kinetics of Rigid Bodies

6.1 Problem 6/29 (Translation)

6.2 Sample Problem 6/4 (Fixed-Axis Rotation)
6.3 Problem 6/98 (General Plane Motion)
6.4 Problem 6/104 (General Plane Motion)
6.5 Sample Problem 6/10 (Work and Energy)
6.6 Problem 6/206 (Impulse/Momentum)

Chapter 7

Introduction to Three-Dimensional
Dynamics of Rigid Bodies

79
80
85
88
91
94
96

101
102
107
109
111
113
119

123

7.1 Sample Problem 7/3 (General Motion)

7.2 Sample Problem 7/6 (Kinetic Energy)

124
126

Chapter 8

131

Vibration and Time Response

8.1 Sample Problem 8/2 (Free Vibration of Particles)

8.2 Problem 8/139 (Damped Free Vibration)
8.3 Sample Problem 8/6 (Forced Vibration of Particles)

132
134
137

INTRODUCTION

Computers and software have had a tremendous impact upon engineering

education over the past several years and most engineering schools now
incorporate computational software such as Maple in their curriculum. Since you
have this supplement the chances are pretty good that you are already aware of
this and will have to learn to use Maple as part of a Dynamics course. The
purpose of this supplement is to help you do just that.
There seems to be some disagreement among engineering educators regarding
how computers should be used in an engineering course such as Dynamics. I will
use this as an opportunity to give my own philosophy along with a little advice.
In trying to master the fundamentals of Dynamics there is no substitute for hard
work. The old fashioned taking of pencil to paper, drawing free body and mass
acceleration diagrams, struggling with equations of motion and kinematic
relations, etc. is still essential to grasping the fundamentals of Dynamics. A
sophisticated computational program is not going to help you to understand the
fundamentals. For this reason, my advice is to use the computer only when
required to do so. Most of your homework can and should be done without a
computer. A possible exception might be using Maples symbolic algebra
capabilities to check some messy calculations.
The problems in this booklet are based upon problems taken from your text. The
problems are slightly modified since most of the problems in your book do not
require a computer for the reasons discussed in the last paragraph. One of the
most important uses of the computer in studying Mechanics is the convenience
and relative simplicity of conducting parametric studies. A parametric study
seeks to understand the effect of one or more variables (parameters) upon a
general solution. This is in contrast to a typical homework problem where you
generally want to find one solution to a problem under some specified conditions.
For example, in a typical homework problem you might be asked something
about the trajectory of a particle launched at an angle of 30 degrees from the
horizontal with an initial speed of 30 ft/sec. In a parametric study of the same
problem you might typically find the trajectory as a function of two parameters,
the launch angle and initial speed v. You might then be asked to plot the
trajectory for different launch angles and speeds. A plot of this type is very
beneficial in visualizing the general solution to a problem over a broad range of
variables as opposed to a single case.

6 INTRODUCTION
As you will see, it is not uncommon to find Mechanics problems that yield
equations that cannot be solved exactly. These problems require a numerical
approach that is greatly simplified by computational software such as Maple.
Although numerical solutions are extremely easy to obtain in Maple this is still
the method of last resort. Chapter 1 will illustrate several methods for obtaining
symbolic (exact) solutions to problems. These methods should always be tried
first. Only when these fail should you generate a numerical approximation.
Many students encounter some difficulties the first time they try to use a
computer as an aid to solving a problem. In many cases they are expecting that
they have to do something fundamentally different. It is very important to
understand that there is no fundamental difference in the way that you would
formulate computer problems as opposed to a regular homework problem. Each
problem in this booklet has a problem formulation section prior to the solution.
As you work through the problems be sure to note that there is nothing peculiar
about the way the problems are formulated. You will see free-body and mass
acceleration diagrams, kinematic equations etc. just like you would normally
write. The main difference is that most of the problems will be parametric studies
as discussed above. In a parametric study you will have at least one and possibly
more parameters or variables that are left undefined during the formulation. For
example, you might have a general angle as opposed to a specific angle of 20.
If it helps, you can pretend that the variable is some specific number while you
are formulating a problem.
This supplement has eight chapters. The first chapter contains a brief introduction
to Maple. If you already have some familiarity with Maple you can skip this
chapter. Although the first chapter is relatively brief it does introduce all the
methods that will be used later in the book and assumes no prior knowledge of
Maple. Chapters 2 through 8 contain computer problems taken from chapters 2
through 8 of your textbook. Thus, if you would like to see some computer
problems involving the kinetics of particles you can look at the problems in
chapter 3 of this supplement. Each chapter will have a short introduction that
summarizes the types of problems and computational methods used. This would
be the ideal place to look if you are interested in finding examples of how to use
specific functions, operations etc.
This supplement uses Maple 10. Maple is a product Waterloo Maple, Inc., 450
Phillips Street, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.

AN INTRODUCTION
TO MAPLE

This chapter provides an introduction to the Maple programming language.

Although the chapter is introductory in nature it will cover everything needed to
solve the computer problems in this booklet.

1.1 Numerical and Symbolic Calculations

A command line in a Maple worksheet contains a set of instructions followed by
a semicolon or colon. Pressing enter causes Maple to process the line. If the line
ends in a semicolon Maple will show the output on the next line. If the line ends
in a colon Maple will still process the line but the output will not be shown. It is a
good idea to always use a semicolon when you are writing and debugging a
worksheet. Later, if you wish, you can change the line to end with a colon to hide
superfluous or lengthy output. There are several places in this supplement where
the output will be hidden by using a colon. This is done either for trivial
assignments where output is not necessary or for those rare occasions where the
output may be several lines or even pages.
In an actual Maple session, command lines will begin with "[>" and will be red.
Output is centered and blue. In this supplement, command lines will begin only
with ">" while output lines will follow on the next line and be indented. The
order in which command lines are executed is important in Maple, however, the
order in which they are written is not. For this reason you can execute a line once
and then go back to the same line later and execute it again, perhaps getting a
different result. Thus, it is almost inevitable that something will go wrong as you
debug a program. If you get some unexpected result the first thing you should try
is re-executing your worksheet. To this end it is highly advisable to start every
session with the restart command. Then, if you need to have the program reexecute from the beginning you can select Edit...Execute...Worksheet.
Here are several examples illustrating typical numerical calculations.
> restart; # always start with restart
> 2+7-4;

8 CH. 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO MAPLE

5
> 5*12-4*3;

48
> 8^2;

64
> 3/10+12/4;

33
10

> sqrt(2);

Note in the last two examples that Maple will not show a decimal representation
of a number unless asked to do so. Converting a number to a decimal
approximation is accomplished with the evalf function.
> evalf(sqrt(2));

1.414213562

By default, the number of significant digits is 10. You can specify the number of
significant digits in the evalf command as follows.
> evalf(sqrt(2),5);

1.4142

You can also change the default with the Digits variable.
> Digits:=20:
> evalf(sqrt(2));

1.4142135623730950488

Later we will find that the evalf function can be used as an easy way to perform
numerical integration.
In the previous examples we have been using Maple as if it were an expensive
calculator. Maple is, however, much more than a calculator. It can, for example,
perform algebraic manipulations upon variables as well as numbers. Such
manipulations are generally referred to as symbolic calculations or computer
algebra. Following are several simple examples of symbolic calculations.
> (a*x+b*x^2)/x^3;

a x + b x2
x3

> %*x^2;

INTRODUCTION TO MAPLE 9

a x + b x2
x

Note that % is a shortcut for referring to the last expression evaluated by Maple.
Similarly, %% would refer to the next to last expression and %%% to the one
before that. Be sure you understand the following calculation.
> %*%%;

( a x + b x2 )
x4

Sometimes Maple does not produce the simplest form of a symbolic operation. If
you suspect this might be the case, try simplifying with the simplify command.
> simplify(%);

( a + b x )2
x2

Here is another example of the simplify command.

> (x^2+x^4)/(x^3);

x2 + x4
x3

> simplify((x^2+x^4)/(x^3));

1 + x2
x

1.2 Assignments, Names and Variables

The assignment command ":=" (two keystrokes, colon followed by equal sign)
can be used to assign an object (usually a number or an expression) to a variable.
> restart;
> x := 3;

x := 3
> We := Love +Dynamics;

We := Love + Dynamics

In the first example, the number 3 is assigned to the variable x. In the second, the
sum of two variables is assigned to a third variable We. Note that Maple is case
sensitive. We, we, wE and WE are all different variables. An assigned variable is
sometimes referred to as a name or an alias. Whenever Maple encounters We it
will automatically substitute Love + Dynamics. Thus, it is also useful to think of
assignments (names, aliases) as abbreviations. "We" is an abbreviation for "Love

10 CH. 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO MAPLE

+ Dynamics". To illustrate this feature, consider the following symbolic
calculations.
> We^2;

( Love + Dynamics )2

> 10^We;

( Love + Dynamics )

10
> We/We;

1
> Love:=9: Dynamics:= 16:
> sqrt(We);

It is important to understand the difference between the assignment operator (:=)

and the equality operator (=). := assigns an object to a variable while = defines
equalities. We'll use the equality operator primarily to write equations that we
subsequently ask Maple to solve. This will be discussed in greater detail later.
Here we will just give a simple example containing both operators.
> eqn := x^2 + y^2 = z^2;

eqn := 9 + y 2 = z 2

Here we have assigned an equality to the variable eqn. You may recall that x has
been previously assigned the value 3. Maple remembers this and automatically
substitutes 3 for x. The unassign command removes a previous assignment.
> x;

3
> unassign('x'); # note that the variable must be placed in quotations.
> x;

Listing x before and after the unassign command just reinforces the change in
assignment and is not necessary. It is important to understand at this point that
the assignment for eqn has not changed even though the variable x is no longer
assigned. To see this let's list the variable eqn.
> eqn;

9 + y2 = z 2

The reason for this is that the variable eqn was assigned when x was equal to 3.
Thus, unassigning x has no effect on that previous assignment. If you want the
name eqn to contain the variable x then x should be unassigned before eqn is
assigned. This point is illustrated by the following.

INTRODUCTION TO MAPLE 11

> eqn := x^2 + y^2 = z^2;

eqn := x2 + y 2 = z 2

> x:=3:
> eqn;

9 + y2 = z 2

> unassign('x');
> eqn;

x2 + y 2 = z 2

Now we see that unassigning x recovers the original definition of eqn.

1.3 Functions
Maple has many basic mathematical functions built in. The following table
provides a summary of those most useful in Dynamics.

Table 1.1 Built in mathematical functions.

sin, cos, tan, cot, sec, etc.
arcsin, arccos, arctan, arcsec, etc.
^
exp
log
Log10
sqrt

Trig functions, Sine, Cosine etc.

Inverse trig functions
Raising to a power, x^y = xy.
Exponential function. exp(y) = ey.
Natural logarithm.
Base 10 logarithm.
Square root, sqrt(x) = x

When using trig functions, be sure to remember that Maple uses radians by
default. Also, the number is represented in Maple by Pi while pi is just the
greek letter . As the following lines show, it is not always easy to tell one from
the other in Maple output.
> restart;
> Pi; pi;

Using Pi and pi as arguments in a function makes it clear that the first is a

number while the second is a variable.

12 CH. 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO MAPLE

> sin(Pi/2); sin(pi/2);

1
1
sin
2

All the greek letters (with the exception of the protected names Pi and gamma)
can be used by spelling out their names. Type ?greek at a command prompt for a
review of the greek letters and their spelling. Here are a few examples.
> cos(theta)+sin(Theta); tan(omega)-cot(Omega);

cos( ) + sin( )

tan( ) cot( )

It turns out that the greek letter gamma ( ) is commonly used in Dynamics
problems to denote an angle. If you do not need the gamma function (and you
probably won't), feel free to unprotect it and then use it in your problems.
> gamma:=Pi/4;
Error, attempting to assign to `gamma` which is protected
> unprotect('gamma');
> gamma:=Pi/4;

1
:=
4

Maple also allows the user to define functions. Here are two examples.
> f:= x ->x^3;

f := x x3

> g:= (x,y) -> x^2+y^2;

g := ( x, y ) x2 + y2

The syntax for defining a function starts with the usual assignment operator ":="
followed by a list of variables and then what looks like an arrow but is really two
key strokes, a minus sign "-" and a greater than symbol ">". Note that more than
one variable requires the use of parentheses. User defined functions operate
exactly like built in functions. Their arguments may be numbers, variables or
expressions.
> f(3);

27

> f(2)+g(1,2)/g(3,1);

17
2

INTRODUCTION TO MAPLE 13
> f(g(2,4));

8000
> g(duck,goose);

duck2 + goose2

> f(g(r^2,sqrt(r)));

( r4 + r )

It is important to understand that there is nothing special about the choice of

variables used to define a function. The following lines show that the structure of
the function is not changed even if x and y are assigned.
> x:=3: y:=3:
> g(x,y);

18
> g(m,q);

m2 + q 2

1.4 Graphics
One of the most useful things about a computational software package such as
Maple is the ability to easily create graphs of functions. As we will see, these
graphs allow one to gain a lot of insight into a problem by observing how a
solution changes as some parameter (the magnitude of a load, an angle, a
dimension etc.) is varied. This is so important that practically every problem in
this supplement will contain at least one plot. By the time you have finished
reading this supplement you should be very proficient at plotting in Maple. This
section will introduce you to the basics of plotting in Maple.
Simple Plots of One or More Expressions
Simple plots are easily obtained with the plot command. The simplest plot call
requires only the expression to be plotted and the range over which it is to be
plotted. There are many advanced features of the plot command allowing graphs
to be formatted in various ways. We will show the main options primarily by
way of example. For more details, type ?plot, ?plot[structure], or ?plot[options]
at any Maple command prompt ([>).
> restart; # always start with restart
> plot(5*x^2-0.5*x^3, x=0..10, color=black);

14 CH. 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO MAPLE

> f:=x^2*sin(x);

f := x2 sin( x )

> plot(f, x=-2*Pi..2*Pi, title=`x^2sin(x)`);

Plotting more than one function on a single graph is accomplished by replacing

the single function with a list of functions in brackets [].

INTRODUCTION TO MAPLE 15
> g:=sqrt(x)*exp(-x); h:=x^2*10^(-x/2);

g := x e

( x )

( 1/2 x )

h := x 2 10

> plot([g,h],x=0..5, color=black);

In an actual Maple session the two curves above would be plotted in different
colors. If you want to distinguish results by color, its a good idea to use the color
option. For example, the plot command plot([g,h],x=0..5, color=[red,blue])
would yield a graph where g is plotted red and h blue.
It is also possible, though somewhat tedious, to label individual curves in a plot.
This requires the display and textplot procedures which must be loaded from the
plots package with the command with(plots).
> with(plots):
> p1:=plot([g,h],x=0..5, color=black):
> t1:=textplot([1,0.41,"g"],color=black,font=[TIMES,ROMAN,16]):
> t2:=textplot([2.3,0.41,"h"],color=black,font=[TIMES,ROMAN,16]):

The parameters for textplot are the text and the coordinates at which it is to be
plotted. Note that the individual plot and textplot structures are assigned names.
These names are then input to the display procedure.
> display(p1,t1,t2);

16 CH. 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO MAPLE

Multiple Plots of a Single Function (Parametric Studies)

One of the most important uses of the computer in studying Dynamics is the
convenience and relative simplicity of conducting parametric studies (not to be
confused with parametric plotting). A parametric study seeks to understand the
effect of one or more variables (parameters) upon a general solution. This is in
contrast to a typical homework problem where you generally want to find one
solution to a problem under some specified conditions. For example, in a typical
homework problem you might be asked to find the reactions at the supports of a
structure with a concentrated force of magnitude 200 lb that is oriented at an
angle of 30 degrees from the horizontal. In a parametric study of the same
problem you might typically find the reactions as a function of two parameters,
the magnitude of the force and its orientation. You might then be asked to plot
the reactions as a function of the magnitude of the force for several different
orientations. A plot of this type is very beneficial in visualizing the general
solution to a problem over a broad range of variables as opposed to a single case.
Parametric studies generally require making multiple plots of the same function
with different values of a particular parameter in the function. Following is a very
simple example.
> restart;
> f:=5+x-5*x^2+a*x^3;

f := 5 + x 5 x2 + a x3

INTRODUCTION TO MAPLE 17

What we would like to do is gain some understanding of how f varies with both x
and a. It might be tempting to make a three dimensional plot in a case like this.
Such a plot can, in some cases, be very useful. Usually, however, it is too
difficult to interpret. This is illustrated by the following three dimensional plot of
f versus x and a.
> plot3d(f,x=-10..10,a=-3..3,color=grey);

The plot above certainly is interesting but, as mentioned above, not very easy to
interpret. In most cases it is much better to plot the function several times (with
different values of the parameter of interest) on a single two dimensional graph.
We will illustrate this by plotting f as a function of x for four values of the
parameter a. There are a number of ways this can be done. Below are two
methods: (a) re-assignment and (b) substitution.
> a:=-2: f1:=f: a:=-1: f2:=f: a:=1: f3:=f: a:=2: f4:=f: # method (a)
> plot([f1,f2,f3,f4],x=-10..10,color=black);

18 CH. 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO MAPLE

> unassign('a');
> plot([subs(a=-2,f),subs(a=-1,f),subs(a=1,f),subs(a=2,f)],x=-10..10,color=black); # method (b)

It is almost impossible to determine which curve corresponds to which value of a

in the above two plots. This distinction can be made either by color coding or
labeling, as discussed earlier.
Parametric Plots
It often happens that one needs to plot some function y versus x but y is not
known explicitly as a function of x. For example, suppose you know the x and y
coordinates of a particle as a function of time but want to plot the trajectory of
the particle, i.e. you want to plot the y coordinate of the particle versus the x
coordinate. Since both x and y are known in terms of another parameter (in this
case time t), it is possible to obtain the desired plot using a parametric plot in
Maple. The calling sequence for the parametric plot is plot([x(t),y(t),t=range of
t],h,v,options), which results in y being plotted versus x for values of the
parameter t in the range specified. h and v specify the horizontal and vertical
ranges for the plot.
Now let's consider a simple example with two functions f and g expressed in
terms of a parameter t.
> f:=10*t*(2-t); g:=sin(5*t);

f := 10 t ( 2 t )
g := sin( 5 t )

To plot f versus g:
> plot([g, f, t=0..2],color=black,labels=['g','f']);

INTRODUCTION TO MAPLE 19

To plot several parametric plots on the same graph one should use the display
procedure. Recall that this procedure must be loaded by typing with(plots): As an
example, consider the following expressions for x and y in terms of a common
parameter t:
> with(plots):
> y:=a*t-b*t^2;x:=c*sin(beta*t);

y := a t b t 2

x := c sin( t )

Now suppose we want to specify that a=1, b=0.5, c=2 and then plot y versus x for
three values of (0.1, 0.25, 0.5). This is accomplished as follows.
> a:=1: b:=0.5: c:=2:
> beta:=0.1:p1:=plot([x, y, t=0..2],0..2,0..0.6,color=black):
> beta:=0.25:p2:=plot([x, y, t=0..2],0..2,0..0.6,color=black):
> beta:=0.5:p3:=plot([x, y, t=0..2],0..2,0..0.6,color=black):
> display([p1,p2,p3]);

20 CH. 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO MAPLE

1.5 Differentiation and Integration

Mechanics problems often require integration and differentiation. In Maple, you
can perform these operations either numerically or symbolically. In this
supplement we will generally find symbolic results whenever possible and leave
numerical solutions as a method of last resort.
> restart;
> diff(x*tan(x^3),x);

tan( x3 ) + 3 x3 ( 1 + tan( x 3 ) )
> f:=a*sec(b*t);

f := a sec( b t )
> diff(f,t);

a sec( b t ) tan( b t ) b

Higher order derivatives can be obtained in two ways as illustrated by the

following.
> g:=a*log(b*x^2);

g := a ln( b x2 )

> diff(g,x,x,x); diff(g,x$3); # each expression evaluates the third derivative of g.

INTRODUCTION TO MAPLE 21

a
x3

a
x3

You can also use derivatives in defining functions. As an example, suppose a

particle moves in a straight line and its position s is known as a function of time.
From your elementary physics course you probably know that the first and
second derivatives of the position give the velocity and acceleration of the
particle.
> s:=10*t-20*t^2+2*t^3;

s := 10 t 20 t 2 + 2 t 3

> v:=diff(s, t);

v := 10 40 t + 6 t 2

> a:=diff(s, t$2);

a := 40 + 12 t

Symbolic integration will be performed with the int command. The general
format of this command is int(f, x = a..b) where f is the integrand (a Maple
expression), x is the integration variable and a and b are the limits of integration.
If the integration limits are omitted, the indefinite integral will be evaluated. Here
are several examples of definite and indefinite integrals.
> restart;
> int(sin(b*x),x);

cos ( b x )
b

> int(sin(b*x),x = a..b);

cos( b 2 ) + cos( b a )
b

> g:=b*log(x);

g := b ln( x )

> int(g,x);

b x ln( x ) b x

> int(g,x = c..d);

b d ln( d ) b d b c ln( c ) + b c

If a definite integral contains no unknown parameters either in the integrand or

the integration limits, the int command will provide numerical answers. Here are
a few examples.

22 CH. 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO MAPLE

> int(x+3*x^3, x = 0..3);

261
4

> int(log(x), x = 2..5); # don't forget that log is the natural logarithm

3 + 5 ln( 5 ) 2 ln( 2 )

Note that Maple will always try to return an exact answer. This usually results in
answers containing fractions or functions as in the above examples. This is very
useful in some situations; however, one often wants to know the numerical
answer without having to evaluate a result such as the above with a calculator. To
obtain numerical answers use Maple's evalf function as in the following
examples.
> evalf(int(x+3*x^3, x = 0..3));

65.25000000
> evalf(int(log(x), x = 2..5));

3.660895199

1.6 Solving Equations

Solving one or more equations in Maple is usually accomplished with the solve
command. The calling sequence for the solve command is solve(eqns, vars)
where "eqns" is a set of equations and "vars" is a set of variables to solve for.
There may be more unknowns in a set of equations than appear in the "vars" list.
If the number of equations equals the number of unknowns, Maple will return a
numerical answer. If the number of equations is less than the number of
unknowns, Maple will evaluate the expression symbolically.
Solving Single Equations
Let's consider the simple case of finding the roots of a quadratic equation,
a x2 + b x + c = 0 .
> restart;
> solve(a*x^2+b*x+c = 0,x);

b b2 4 a c
b + b2 4 a c
,
2a
2a

Here is another example.

> v:=3-6*t+2*t^2;

v := 3 6 t + 2 t 2

INTRODUCTION TO MAPLE 23

We have a general expression for v as a function of t. We can easily find the

value of t at which v = 2 as follows.
> solve(v=2,t);

3 1
3 1
+
7,
7
2 2
2 2

If we don't want to get our calculators out to evaluate the above expressions for t,
we should use the following:
> evalf(solve(v=2,t));

2.822875656, .177124344

We can also use the solve command to get a general expression for t given any
specified v = v0.
> solve(v=v0,t);

3 1
3 1
+
3 + 2 v0 ,
3 + 2 v0
2 2
2 2

As another example, assume v is a function of an angle and we would like to

find the values of at which v has a specific value:
> v:=4*sin(2*theta)-2*cos(2*theta);

v := 4 sin( 2 ) 2 cos( 2 )

> solve(v=v0,theta);

v0
1
arctan
+
2
5

v0 2 + 20
v0
+
,
10
10

v0
1
arctan

2
5

2
v0 + 20
5

v0 2 + 20
5

v0 2 + 20
v0

,
10
10

Occasionally when solving equations in Maple you may encounter the following.
> restart;
> f:=10*sin(x)=2*x^2+1;

f := 10 sin( x ) = 2 x2 + 1

> solve(f,x);

RootOf( 10 sin( _Z ) + 2 _Z2 + 1, label = _L1 )

It is beyond the scope of this chapter to get into exactly what the RootOf result
means in Maple. Suffice it to say that Maple was not able to find an exact
(symbolic) solution of the equation. There are two general approaches to
obtaining an approximate solution that you might consider in a case like this;
graphical and numerical.

24 CH. 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO MAPLE

With a graphical approach you could consider making a plot of the expressions
on either side of the equals sign and then finding where the two curves intersect.
> plot([10*sin(x), 2*x^2+1], x=0...3);

From the plot above we see that there are two solutions at x equals about 0.1 and
2.0. Of course, you might have to experiment around with the plot limits to make
sure that you have identified all the solutions. To obtain a more accurate answer
you should print the graph and then draw vertical lines at the intersections of the
two curves. The intersections of these lines with the x-axis will give the two
solutions. Another approach, which avoids having to draw vertical lines, is to
rewrite the equation so that you have zero on the right hand side.
> g:=10*sin(x)-2*x^2-1;

g := 10 sin( x ) 2 x2 1

Observe that the values of x for which g = 0 will be solutions to our original
equation. Now plot g versus x and find where the curve intersects the x axis.
> plot(g, x=0..2.5);

INTRODUCTION TO MAPLE 25

A much faster approach is to use fsolve to obtain a numerical solution.

> fsolve(f,x);

.1022700143

This was certainly quick, but note also a danger of missing multiple solutions.
Thus it is generally a good idea to make a plot even when you are going to use
fsolve. From the plot we can pick up the second solution by using fsolve and
specifying a range.
> fsolve(f,x,x=1..3);

2.007613807

Finding Maxima and Minima of Functions

The usual method for finding maxima or minima of a function f(x) is to first
determine the location(s) x at which maxima or minima occur by solving the
df
equation dx = 0 for x. One then substitutes the value(s) of x thus determined
into f(x) to find the maximum or minimum. Consider finding the maximum
velocity given the following expression for the velocity as a function of time:
> v:=b+c*t-d*t^3;

v := b + c t d t 3

> tm:=solve(diff(v,t)=0,t);

tm :=

3 dc
3 dc
,
3d
3d

26 CH. 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO MAPLE

> vm:=subs(t=tm[1],v);

vm := b +

c 3 dc
3 (d c)

3d
9 d2

( 3/2 )

Note that t = tm[1] substitutes the first of the two results for tm. The second root
is negative and thus not physically significant. Whether the result vm
corresponds to a minimum or a maximum depends on the values of b, c and d.
Let's look at a specific case:
> b:=1: c:=2: d:=1:
> tm[1];vm;
1
3 2
3

1+

4
3 2
9

4 6
9 = 2.0887 is a maximum. It
never hurts to check, though. An easy way to do this is to substitute neighboring
values of t:

In the present case, it is fairly clear that v = 1 +

> evalf(subs(t=tm[1]-0.01,v));evalf(subs(t=tm[1]+0.01,v));

2.088418159
2.088416159

Both values are somewhat less than 2.0887, verifying that we have found a
maximum. Probably the safest way to verify a maximum, though, is to plot the
results.
> plot(v,t=0..1.8, labels=[`time`,`velocity`]);

INTRODUCTION TO MAPLE 27

A simpler way to find maxima and minima is to use the exrema function.
> extrema(v,{},t);

{1

4
4
6, 1 +
6}
9
9

Note that Maple has found both a maximum and a minimum. Further
investigation would show that the minimum occurs at the negative time root
found above. The brackets {} in the extrema function allow the input of
constraints. The problems that we will consider will not have constraints, thus the
brackets will be left empty.
Systems of Equations
> restart;
> eqn1:=-P*sin(beta)+Bx-Ax=0;

eqn2:=Ay+P*cos(beta)-w*a=0;
eqn3:=P*a*cos(beta)-P*b*sin(beta)+Bx*c-1/2*w*a^2=0;
eqn1 := P sin( ) + Bx Ax = 0
eqn2 := Ay + P cos( ) w a = 0
1
eqn3 := P a cos( ) P b sin( ) + Bx c w a 2 = 0
2

Above we have three equations that we are going to solve for three variables
using Maple's solve command. Since we have more unknowns than we have
equations, Maple will solve the equations symbolically in terms of the unknown
parameters. We can ask Maple to solve for any three of the unknowns we wish.
Here we will ask Maple to solve for Ax, Ay, and Bx and will obtain three
expressions in terms of the remaining parameters P, w, a, b, c and .
> soln:=solve({eqn1,eqn2,eqn3},{Ax,Ay,Bx});

soln := { Ay = P cos( ) + w a, Bx =
Ax =

1 2 P a cos( ) + 2 P b sin( ) + w a 2
,
c
2

1 2 P sin( ) c 2 P a cos( ) + 2 P b sin( ) + w a 2

}
c
2

It is important to understand how Maple goes about assigning numbers or

symbolic expressions to names. Even though the above output has the form Ax =
expression, Maple has not yet assigned anything to the name Ax. To see this we
type Ax; in the next line and Maple returns simply Ax indicating that nothing is
assigned to the name Ax.
> Ax;

Ax

28 CH. 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO MAPLE

The assign statement is used to assign the names Ax, Ay and Bx to expressions in
soln:
> assign(soln);

The following statements are unnecessary, merely showing explicitly that the
assignments have been made.
> Ax; Ay; Bx;

1 2 P sin( ) c 2 P a cos( ) + 2 P b sin( ) + w a 2

c
2

P cos( ) + w a
1 2 P a cos( ) + 2 P b sin( ) + w a 2
c
2

We are now ready to do a parametric study. As one example, we will assume

values for P, w, a, b and c and then plot Ax, Ay, and Bx as a function of .
> P:=300:w:=50:a:=10:b:=5:c:=20:
> with(plots):
> t1:=textplot([4.2,450,`A x`]):t2:=textplot([2.7,350,`B x`]):t3:=textplot([3.2,870,`A y`]):
> plot1:=plot([Ax,Ay,Bx],beta=0..2*Pi):
> display(plot1,t1,t2,t3);

KINEMATICS OF
PARTICLES

Kinematics involves the study of the motion of bodies irrespective of the forces
that may produce that motion. Maple can be very useful in solving particle
kinematics problems. Problem 2.1 is a rectilinear motion problem illustrating
integration with the int command. The formulation of this problem results in an
equation that cannot be solved exactly except with some rather sophisticated
mathematics. When this occurs it is generally easiest to obtain either a graphical
or numerical solution. This problem illustrates both approaches. Problem 2.2 is a
rectangular coordinates problem that illustrates diff and solve. Problem 2.3 is a
relatively straightforward problem where Maple is used to generate a plot that
might be useful in a parametric study. The path of a particle is depicted using a
parametric plot and a polar plot in problem 2.4. In problem 2.5, the r-
components of the velocity are determined using symbolic differentiation (diff).
The problem also illustrates how computer algebra can simplify what might
normally be a rather tedious algebra problem. The diff command is further
illustrated in problems 2.6 and 2.7. Problem 2.7 is particularly interesting in that
it requires differentiation with respect to time of a function whose explicit time
dependence is unknown. This happens rather frequently in Dynamics so it is
useful to know how to accomplish this with Maple.

30 CH. 2 KINEMATICS OF PARTICLES

2.1 Sample Problem 2/4 (Rectilinear Motion)

A freighter is moving at a speed of 8 knots when
its engines are suddenly stopped. From this time
forward, the deceleration of the ship is
proportional to the square of its speed, so that
a = kv 2 . The sample problem in your text
shows that it is rather easy to determine the
constant k by measuring the speed of the boat at
some specified time. Show how k could be
found by (a) measuring the speed after some
specified distance and (b) measuring the time
required to travel some specified distance. In
both cases let the initial speed be v0.
Problem Formulation
(a) Since time is not involved, the easiest approach is to integrate the equation
vdv = ads.
v

vdv = ads = kv ds
2

v0

v
ks = ln 0
v

dv
= k ds
v
0

With this result it is easy to find k given v at some specified s. To illustrate,

assume that v0 = 8 knots and that the speed of the boat is determined to be 3.9
knots after it has traveled one nautical mile.
8
k (1) = ln

3. 9

k = 0.718 mi-1

(b) Here we follow the general approach in the sample problem. Integrating a =
dv/dt yields
v

dv

kt =

= k dt

v0

v v0
vv0

v=

v0
1 + ktv 0

To obtain the distance s as a function of time we integrate v = ds/dt

s

ds = s = vdt =
0

v0

1 + ktv
0

dt
0

s=

1
ln(1 + ktv 0 )
k

KINEMATICS OF PARTICLES 31

This equation turns out to be very difficult to solve for k. A good mathematician
or someone familiar with symbolic algebra software might be able to find the
general solution for k in terms of the so-called LambertW function (LambertW(x)
is the solution of the equation yey = x). Even if this solution were found it would
be of little use in most practical situations. For example, you would have to spend
some time familiarizing yourself with the function. Once this is done you would
still have to use a program like Maple or a mathematical handbook to evaluate
the function.
For these reasons it is probably easiest to find k either graphically or numerically.
Obtaining a numerical solution with Maple is so easy that there is little reason not
to use this approach. It is generally advisable though to use a graphical approach
even when a numerical solution is being obtained. This is the best way to identify
whether there are multiple solutions to the problem and also serves as a useful
check on the numerical results. Thus, both approaches are illustrated in the
worksheet below.
The usual way to generate a graphical solution is to rearrange the equation so as
to give a function that is zero at points that are solutions to the original equation.
Rearranging the equation above in this manner yields,

f = ks ln(1 + ktv0 ) = 0
Given values of s, t, and v0, f can be plotted versus k. The value of k at which f =
0 provides the solution to the original equation.
Maple Worksheet
> restart;

Although the integrations are simple in this problem, we'll go ahead and evaluate
them symbolically for purposes of illustration.
> s_a:=-1/k*int(1/x,x=v0..v);
Warning, unable to determine if 0 is between v0 and v; try
to use assumptions or set _EnvAllSolutions to true

1
s_a :=
k

dx

v0

Note that Maple did not evaluate the integral symbolically. In some cases Maple
gets a little irritating in that it cannot actually "understand" things about the
problem that are to us trivially obvious. In the present case (read the warning

32 CH. 2 KINEMATICS OF PARTICLES

message) Maple is not sure whether 0 is between v0 and v. One way around this
is to use assume to tell Maple that v and v0 are both positive. While we are at it
we will also assume k and t are positive so we won't encounter problems with the
second integral.
> assume(v0>0);assume(v>0);assume(k>0);assume(t>0);
> s_a:=-1/k*int(1/x,x=v0..v);

s_a :=

ln( v0~ ) + ln( v~ )

k~

> s_b:=v0*int(1/(1+k*v0*x),x=0..t);

s_b :=

ln( 1 + t~ k~ v0~ )
k~

The tilde (~) follows any variable for which something has been assumed.
It should also be pointed out that this problem only occurs in later editions of
Maple. For example, Maple 6 evaluates the two integrals without needing any
assume statements. Now we move on to illustrate a graphical and numerical
solution to our problem.
To illustrate the graphical solution, take v0 = 8 knots and assume that the boat is
found to move 1.1 nautical miles after 10 minutes.
>
> v0:=8: s:=1.1: t:=10/60:
> f:=k*s-log(1+k*v0*t);

4 k~
f := 1.1 k~ ln 1 +
3

> plot(f,k=0..0.5,color=black);

KINEMATICS OF PARTICLES 33
> plot(f, k = 0..0.5);

The above graph shows that k is about 0.34 mi-1. Now let's try a numerical
solution with fsolve.
> fsolve(f = 0,k);

0.

Here we have found the solution k=0 which is not physically significant. Let's try
again specifying a range.
> fsolve(f = 0, k, 0.3..0.4);

.3392305334

This illustrates the importance of the graphical approach. If we had not first
plotted f versus k we would have a hard time specifying a range for Maple to
search for a root. Now let's see what we get using the symbolic solve command.
> solve(f=0,k);

0., .3392305334

Since Maple was unable to find an exact (symbolic) solution to the equation it
automatically reverted to a numerical approach and actually found both solutions.
We showed both approaches (solve and fsolve) in this problem since it doesn't
always turn out this nicely.

34 CH. 2 KINEMATICS OF PARTICLES

2.2 Problem 2/87 (Rectangular Coordinates)

A long-range rifle is fired at A with the projectile
hitting the mountain at B. (a) If the muzzle
velocity is u
400 m/s, determine the two
angles of elevation which will permit the
projectile to hit the mountain target B and plot
the two trajectories. (b) Determine the smallest
muzzle velocity that will allow the projectile to
strike at B and the angle at which it must be
fired. Repeat the plot for part (a) and include the
trajectory of the projectile for this minimum
initial velocity.
Problem Formulation

Place a coordinate system at A with x positive to the right and y positive up. The
initial components of the velocity are,

(v x )0 = u cos

(v y )0 = u sin

The acceleration is constant with components a x = 0 and a y = g . Integrating

these two accelerations twice and applying initial conditions yields (see page 44
of your text if you need additional details),
x = ucos t

y = usin t -1/2gt2

Plotting y in terms of x for different times t will yield the trajectory of the
projectile. This type of plot is called a parametric plot since the items plotted (x
and y) are each known in terms of another parameter (t).
Anytime you have a projectile motion problem and you know the coordinates of
a point on the trajectory (our point B) you should solve for x and y (as we have
done above) and then obtain two equations by substituting the coordinates of the
points. These two equations can then be solved for two unknowns. Note that in
most cases one of the two unknowns will be the time of flight.
Part (a) Substituting x = 5,000 m, y = 1,500 m and u = 400 m/s gives
5000 = 400cos t

1500 = 400sin t -1/2(9.81)t2

KINEMATICS OF PARTICLES 35

We will let Maple solve these two equations simultaneously. Maple actually
finds four solutions, however two of the four can be discarded since they involve
negative times. The other two solutions correspond to the two solutions shown in
the illustration accompanying the problem statement. The results are,

1 = 26.6 and 2 = 80.6

Part (b) It should be intuitively obvious why there must be a minimum initial
velocity below which the projectile cannot reach B. How do we go about finding
it? We still have the two equations for the coordinates of point B,
5000 = ucos t

1500 = usin t -1/2(9.81)t2

however there are now three unknowns (u, , t). Suppose for the moment that the
launch angle were given and we were asked to calculate the required initial
speed u so that the projectile strikes B. In this case we would have two equations
and two unknowns. From this observation we see that u is a function of from
which we get our general solution strategy:
(a)
(b)

Eliminate t from the above two equations and solve for u as a

function of .
Differentiate this function with respect to to find the location of
the minimum.

Solving the first equation for u gives

u=

5000
t cos

1 2
gt . This equation is
2
now solved for t = 2(5000 tan 1500 ) / g which can be substituted back into
u to give

Substituting into the second yields 1500 = 5000 tan

u=

5000

cos 2(5000 tan 1500) / g

We will let Maple differentiate this equation and solve for the minimum speed
and the associated launch angle. The result is
umin = 256.8 m/s at = 53.3

36 CH. 2 KINEMATICS OF PARTICLES

Maple Worksheet

> restart; with(plots):

> x:=u*cos(theta)*t;

x := u cos( ) t

> y:=u*sin(theta)*t-1/2*g*t^2;
y := u sin( ) t

g t2
2

> u:=400: g:=9.81:

> solve([x=5000,y=1500],[theta,t]);

[ [ = 0.4556954358, t = 13.92051641 ], [ = 1.406557685, t = 76.45200773 ],

[ = -2.685897218, t = -13.92051641 ], [ = -1.735034968, t = -76.45200773 ] ]

Note that Maple has found four solutions but that two can be excluded because
they have time being negative. The two angles are substituted back into x and y to
get the two trajectories.

> x1:=subs(theta=0.455695,x);y1:=subs(theta=0.455695,y);
x1 := 400 cos( 0.455695 ) t

y1 := 400 sin( 0.455695 ) t 4.905000000 t 2

> x2:=subs(theta=1.4066,x);y2:=subs(theta=1.4066,y);
x2 := 400 cos( 1.4066 ) t

y2 := 400 sin( 1.4066 ) t 4.905000000 t 2

> p1:=plot([x1/1000,y1/1000,t=0..13.92],0..6,0..8,labels=["x (km)","y (km)"]):

> p2:=plot([x2/1000,y2/1000,t=0..76.45],0..6,0..8):
Note the special format required for the parametric plot. In particular, note how each parametric
plot uses a different time parameter (13.92 and 76.45). This is necessary to ensure that the plots
stop at point B.

KINEMATICS OF PARTICLES 37

> display(p1,p2);

part (b)
> unassign('u');
> t[B]:=sqrt(2*(5000*tan(theta)-1500)/g);

tB := 1019.367992 tan( ) 305.8103976

> u:=5000/cos(theta)/t[B];
u :=

5000
cos( ) 1019.367992 tan( ) 305.8103976

> du:=diff(u,theta);
du :=

5000 sin( )
cos( )2 1019.367992 tan( ) 305.8103976

2500 ( 1019.367992 + 1019.367992 tan( )2 )

cos( ) ( 1019.367992 tan( ) 305.8103976 )

( 3/2 )

> solve(du=0,theta);
0.9311265606, -0.6396697662, -2.210466093, 2.501922887

Only one of the four solutions is between 0 and 90.

38 CH. 2 KINEMATICS OF PARTICLES

> evalf(.9311*180/Pi); # elevation angle
53.34810029

> u:=evalf(subs(theta=.9311,u)); # minimum muzzle velocity

u := 256.7580644

> evalf(subs(theta=.9311,t[B])); # time to reach B

32.62170207

> x3:=subs(theta=.9311265606,x):y3:=subs(theta=.9311265606,y):
> p3:=plot([x3/1000,y3/1000,t=0..32.62],0..6,0..8,color=black):
> display(p1,p2,p3);

KINEMATICS OF PARTICLES 39

2.3 Problem 2/120 (n-t Coordinates)

A baseball player releases a ball with initial
conditions shown in the figure. Plot the radius of
curvature of the path just after release and at the
apex as a function of the release angle . Explain
the trends in both results as approaches 90.
Problem Formulation

Just after release

a n = g cos =

v 02

v 02
g cos

At the apex
At the apex, vy = 0 and v = vx = v0cos. Since v is horizontal, the
normal direction is vertically downward so that an = g.
an = g =

(v0 cos )2

(v0 cos )2
g

Maple Worksheet
> restart; with(plots):
> rho[i]:=v0^2/g/cos(theta);

i :=

v0 2
g cos( )

> vx:=v0*cos(theta0);

vx := v0 cos( 0 )

> rho[a]:=(v0*cos(theta))^2/g;

a :=

v0 2 cos( )2
g

> v0:=100: g:=32.2:

> p:=plot([rho[i],rho[a]],theta=0..Pi/2,y=0..800,labels=["theta (rads)",""],title=

"radius of curvature (ft)"):

> t1:=textplot([1,500,"initial"]):
> t2:=textplot([1,140,"apex"]):

40 CH. 2 KINEMATICS OF PARTICLES

> display(p,t1,t2);

Note that as approaches 90 (/2), the initial goes to infinity while at the
apex approaches zero. When = 90, the ball travels along a straight (vertical)
path. As you recall, straight paths have a radius of curvature of infinity. At the
apex, the velocity will be zero giving a radius of curvature of zero.

KINEMATICS OF PARTICLES 41

2.4 Sample Problem 2/9 (Polar Coordinates)

Rotation of the radially slotted arm is governed
by = 0.2t + 0.02t3, where is in radians and t
is in seconds. Simultaneously, the power screw
in the arm engages the slider B and controls its
distance from O according to r = 0.2 + 0.04t2,
where r is in meters and t is in seconds.
Calculate the magnitudes of the velocity and
acceleration of the slider as a function of time t.
(a) Plot v, vr and v for t between 0 and 5 sec. (b)
Plot a, ar and a for t between 0 and 5 sec. (c)
Plot the path of the slider B and compare with
the result in your book.
Problem Formulation

The first part of this problem solution will be identical to that in the Sample
Problem in your text except that everything will be left in terms of t. To
summarize,

r = 0.2 + 0.04t 2

r& = 0.08t

&r& = 0.08

= 0.2t + 0.02t 3

& = 0.2 + 0.06t 2

&& = 0.12t

Now all we have to do is substitute these expressions into the definitions for the
velocity and acceleration. As usual, there is no need to make an explicit
substitution when using the computer.

v r = r& = 0.08t

v = r&

v = v r2 + v2

a r = &r& r& 2

a = r&& + 2r&&

a = a r2 + a2

The plot for part (c) can be found in two ways. The first is to use the suggestion in your book and
write

x = r cos

y = r sin

Now we have the x and y coordinates of the slider in terms of a common parameter t. This
suggests that we can use a parametric plot. Also, the fact that we are using polar coordinates
would indicate that we might use Maples polarplot. This provides us with the second plotting
method.

42 CH. 2 KINEMATICS OF PARTICLES

Maple Worksheet
> restart; with(plots):
> r:=0.2+0.04*t^2;

r := 0.2 + 0.04 t 2
> rd:=diff(r,t);

rd := 0.08 t
> rdd:=diff(rd,t);

rdd := 0.08
> theta:=0.2*t+0.02*t^3;

:= 0.2 t + 0.02 t 3
> thetad:=diff(theta,t);

thetad := 0.2 + 0.06 t 2

> thetadd:=diff(thetad,t);

thetadd := 0.12 t
> vr:=rd; vtheta:=r*thetad;

vr := 0.08 t
vtheta := ( 0.2 + 0.04 t 2 ) ( 0.2 + 0.06 t 2 )
> v:=sqrt(vr^2+vtheta^2);

v :=

0.0064 t 2 + ( 0.2 + 0.04 t 2 ) ( 0.2 + 0.06 t 2 )

> ar:=rdd-r*thetad^2;

ar := 0.08 ( 0.2 + 0.04 t 2 ) ( 0.2 + 0.06 t 2 )

> atheta:=r*thetadd+2*rd*thetad;

atheta := 0.12 ( 0.2 + 0.04 t 2 ) t + 0.16 t ( 0.2 + 0.06 t 2 )

> a:=sqrt(ar^2+atheta^2): # output suppressed

Part (a)
> p1:=plot([v,vr,vtheta],t=0..5,color=black,labels=["time (s)",""],title="part (a) velocity (m/s)"):
> t1:=textplot([3.35,.75,'v']): t2:=textplot([4.1,.75,'vtheta']):
> t3:=textplot([4.1,.4,'vr']):
> display(p1,t1,t2,t3);

KINEMATICS OF PARTICLES 43

Part (b)
> p2:=plot([a,ar,atheta],t=0..5,color=black,labels=["time (s)",""],title="part (b) acceleration
(m/s^2)"):
> t4:=textplot([4,2,'a']): t5:=textplot([4.5,-1.4,'ar']):
> t6:=textplot([4.5,1.2,'atheta']):
> display(p2,t4,t5,t6);

44 CH. 2 KINEMATICS OF PARTICLES

Part (c)
> x:=r*cos(theta);y:=r*sin(theta);
x := ( 0.2 + 0.04 t 2 ) cos ( 0.2 t + 0.02 t 3 )
y := ( 0.2 + 0.04 t 2 ) sin ( 0.2 t + 0.02 t 3 )
> plot([x,y,t=0..5],color=black,title="part (c) method 1: parametric plot");

> polarplot([r,theta,t=0..5],color=black,title="part (c) method 2: polar plot");

KINEMATICS OF PARTICLES 45

2.5 Sample Problem 2/10 (Polar Coordinates)

A tracking radar lies in the vertical plane of the
path of a rocket which is coasting in unpowered
flight above the atmosphere. For the instant
when = 30, the tracking data give r = 25(104)
feet, r& = 4000 ft/s, and & = 0.8 deg/s. Let this
instant define the initial conditions at time t = 0
and plot vr and v as a function of time for the
next 150 seconds. You may assume that g
remains constant at 31.4 ft/s2 during this time
interval.
Problem Formulation

Place a Cartesian coordinate system at the radar with x positive to the right
and y positive up. Since the rocket is coasting in unpowered flight we can
use the equations for projectile motion
x = x 0 + v 0 cos( )t

y = y 0 + v 0 sin ( )t

1 2
gt
2

Where x0 = 25(104)sin(30) ft, y0 = 25(104)cos(30) ft,

v0 is the initial speed (5310 ft/sec, see the sample
problem) and is the angle that v0 makes with the
horizontal. From the figure shown to the right we can
find the angle between v0 and the r axis as
= tan 1 (3490 / 4000 ) = 41.11o . Since the r axis is 60
from the horizontal, = 60 41.11 = 18.89.
With r and defined as in the sample problem we
have, at any time t

r = x2 + y2

= tan 1 ( x / y )

Now we find vr and v from their definitions.

v r = r&

v = r&

Substitution of x and y into the above equations and carrying out the derivatives
with respect to time gives vr and v as functions of time. The results are very

46 CH. 2 KINEMATICS OF PARTICLES

messy and will not be given here. Remember, though, that substitutions such as
this can be made automatically when using computer software such as Maple.
Maple Worksheet
> restart; with(plots):
> x:=x0+v0*cos(beta)*t;

x := x0 + v0 cos( ) t

> y:=y0+v0*sin(beta)*t-1/2*g*t^2;

1
y := y0 + v0 sin( ) t g t 2
2

> r:=sqrt(x^2+y^2);

r :=

1
( x0 + v0 cos( ) t )2 + y0 + v0 sin( ) t g t 2
2

> theta:=arctan(x/y);

x0 + v0 cos( ) t

:= arctan

1 2
y0 + v0 sin( ) t 2 g t

> vr:=diff(r,t);

1
vr :=
2

1
2 ( x0 + v0 cos( ) t ) v0 cos( ) + 2 y0 + v0 sin( ) t g t 2 ( v0 sin( ) g t )
2

1
( x0 + v0 cos( ) t )2 + y0 + v0 sin( ) t g t 2
2

> vtheta:=r*diff(theta,t);

vtheta :=

1
( x0 + v0 cos( ) t )2 + y0 + v0 sin( ) t g t 2
2

v0 cos( )
( x0 + v0 cos( ) t ) ( v0 sin( ) g t )

1 2
1 2

y0
+
v0
sin
(

)
t

g
t

y0 + v0 sin( ) t g t
2
2

( x0 + v0 cos( ) t )2

1+
2

y0 + v0 sin( ) t 1 g t 2

2
> v0:=5310: beta:=18.89*Pi/180: x0:=125000: y0:=216506: g:=31.4:
> p1:=plot([vr,vtheta],t=0..150, labels=[`t (sec)`,`v (ft/s)`],

labeldirections=[HORIZONTAL,VERTICAL]):
> t1:=textplot([30,4350,`v`],font=[TIMES,ITALIC,13]):
> t2:=textplot([33,4300,'r'],font=[TIMES,ITALIC,13]):
> t3:=textplot([30,3000,`v`],font=[TIMES,ITALIC,13]):

KINEMATICS OF PARTICLES 47
> t4:=textplot([33,2930,`q`],font=[SYMBOL,11]):
>
> display(p1,t1,t2,t3,t4);

48 CH. 2 KINEMATICS OF PARTICLES

2.6 Problem 2/183 (Space Curvilinear Motion)

The base structure of the firetruck ladder rotates
about a vertical axis through O with a constant
angular velocity & = . At the same time, the
ladder unit OB elevates at a constant rate & = ,
and section AB of the ladder extends from within
section OA at the constant rate R& = . Find
general expressions for the components of
acceleration of point B in spherical coordinates
if, at time t = 0, = 0, = 0, and AB = 0.
Express your answers in terms of , , , R0
and t, where R0 = OA and is constant. Plot the
components of acceleration of B as a function of
time for the case =10 deg/s, = 7 deg/s, =
0.5 m/s, and R0 = 9 m. Let t vary between 0 and
the time at which = 90.
Problem Formulation

The components of acceleration in spherical coordinates are,

&& R& 2 R& 2 cos 2
aR = R

( )

a =

cos d 2 &
R 2 R&& sin
R dt

a =

1 d 2&
R + R& 2 sin cos
R dt

( )

The components may be obtained as functions of time by substituting,

R = R0 + t , = t and = t
Differentiation and substitution will be performed in Maple. The results are,

a R = (R0 + t ) 2 2 cos 2 (t )

a = 2 cos(t ) 2 (R0 + t ) sin(t )

KINEMATICS OF PARTICLES 49

a = 2 + (R0 + t ) 2 sin (t ) cos (t )

Maple Worksheet
> restart;with(plots):
> unprotect('Psi');theta:=Omega*t;phi:=Psi*t;R:=R0+Lambda*t;

:= t

:= t
R := R0 + t

Even though there are some obvious simplifications in this case, we still write the
most general expressions for the spherical components of the acceleration. In this
way we can consider other types of time dependence without modifying the
worksheet.
> a[_R]:=diff(R,t,t)-R*diff(phi,t)^2-R*diff(theta,t)^2*cos(phi)^2;

a[_theta]:=cos(phi)/R*diff(R^2*diff(theta,t),t)-2*R*diff(theta,t)*diff(phi,t)*sin(phi);
a[_phi]:=1/R*diff(R^2*diff(phi,t),t)+R*diff(theta,t)^2*sin(phi)*cos(phi);
a_R := ( R0 + t ) 2 ( R0 + t ) 2 cos( t )2
a_ := 2 cos( t ) 2 ( R0 + t ) sin( t )
a_ := 2 + ( R0 + t ) 2 sin( t ) cos( t )
> Lambda:=0.5:Omega:=10*Pi/180:Psi:=7*Pi/180:R0:=9:
> tf:=Pi/2/Psi; # time at which =

tf :=

2 .

90
7

> p1:=plot([a[_R],a[_theta],a[_phi]],t=0..tf,labels=["time (s)",""],

title="acceleration (m/s^2)"):
> t1:=textplot([11,-.5,'q'],font=[SYMBOL,13]):
t2:=textplot([11,.29,'f'],font=[SYMBOL,13]):
t3:=textplot([11,-.19,'R'],font=[TIMES,ROMAN,13]):
> display(p1,t1,t2,t3);

50 CH. 2 KINEMATICS OF PARTICLES

2.7 Sample Problem 2/16 (Constrained Motion of Connected Particles)

The tractor A is used to hoist the bale B with the
pulley arrangement shown. If A has a forward
velocity vA, determine an expression for the
upward velocity vB of the bale in terms of x. Put
the result in nondimensional form by
introducing the velocity ratio = vB/vA and
nondimensional position = x/h. Plot versus
for 0 2.
Problem Formulation

The length L of the cable can be written

L = 2(h y ) + l + cons tan ts = 2(h y ) + h 2 + x 2 + cons tan ts

Now, L& = 0 will be used to obtain a relation between vA (= x& ) and vB (= y& ).
L& = 0 = 2 y& +

xx&
h2 + x2

vB =

1
2

xv A
h2 + x2

The non-dimensional result is now obtained by substituting v B = v A and

x = h .

KINEMATICS OF PARTICLES 51

2 1+ 2

Even though these operations are rather easily performed by hand, it is

instructive to have Maple do them. In particular, it will be instructive to see how
to evaluate L& even though x and y are not known explicitly as functions of time.
Maple Worksheet
> restart;
> L:=2*(h-y(t))+sqrt(h^2+x(t)^2);

L := 2 h 2 y( t ) + h 2 + x( t )2

Note that we need to differentiate L with respect to time. Both x and y depend on
time, however, exactly how they depend on time is not known. It turns out that
this is not a problem. All we need to do is let Maple know x and y depend on
time by writing x(t) and y(t).
> eqn:=diff(L,t);

d
x( t ) x( t )
d

t
2
h + x( t ) 2

d
eqn := 2 y( t ) +
d
t

> vB:=solve(eqn=0,diff(y(t),t)); # solving for ydot=vB

1
vB :=
2

d
x( t ) x( t )
d

t
2
h + x( t ) 2

Now we substitute vA for xdot and h for x.

> vB:=subs({diff(x(t),t)=vA,x(t)=h*chi},vB);

vB :=

1 h vA
2 h2 + h2 2

Noting that h cancels, dividing through by vA (vB/vA = ) yields:

> eta:=1/2*chi/sqrt(1+chi^2);

:=

1
2

1 + 2

52 CH. 2 KINEMATICS OF PARTICLES

> plot(eta,chi=0..2,color=black,labels=["x/h",""],title="vB/vA");

KINETICS OF
PARTICLES

The kinetics of particles is concerned with the motion produced by unbalanced

forces acting on a particle. This chapter considers three approaches to the
solution of particle kinetics problems: (1) direct application of Newtons second
law, (2) work and energy, and (3) impulse and momentum. Problem 3.1 is a
rectilinear motion problem where solve is used solve three equations
symbolically for three unknowns. In problem 3.2, dsolve is used to solve a
second order differential equation with initial conditions. The absolute path of a
particle is then plotted using polarplot. Problem 3.3 uses Maple to study the
effect of initial spring stretch upon the velocity of a slider. A physical
interpretation of the results is also required. Problem 3.4 is a typical ballistic
pendulum problem requiring both work/energy and conservation of momentum
to relate the velocity of a projectile to the maximum swing angle of a pendulum.
Problem 3.5 is a relatively straightforward conservation of angular momentum
problem where Maple is used to generate a plot that might be useful in a
parametric study. In problem 3.6, two equations are solved symbolically for two
unknowns using solve. The maximum value of a function is then determined
using diff and solve.

54 CH. 3 KINETICS OF PARTICLES

3.1 Sample Problem 3/3 (Rectilinear Motion)

The 250-lb concrete block A is released from
rest in the position shown and pulls the 400-lb
log up the 30 ramp. Plot the velocity of the
block as it hits the ground at B as a function of
the coefficient of kinetic friction k between the
log and the ramp. Let k vary between 0 and 1.
Why does the computer not plot results for the
entire range specified?
Problem Formulation

The constant length of the cable is L = 2sC + sA

(see figure). Differentiating this expression
twice yields a relation between the acceleration
of A and C (note that aC = aLOG).
0 = 2aC + a A

(1)

From the free-body diagram for the log

[F

= ma y = 0

[Fx = ma x ]

N 400 cos(30) = 0

k N 2T + 400 sin(30) =

400
aC
32.2

Substituting N yields,
400 k cos(30) 2T + 400 sin(30) =

400
aC
32.2

(2)

From the free-body diagram for block A

[ F = ma ]

250 T =

250
aA
32.2

(3)

Maple will be used to solve the three equations above for aA, aC and T in terms of
k. Since the accelerations are constant, v A2 = 2a A d where d is the vertical
distance through which block A has fallen. Thus, the velocity of A when it strikes
the ground (d = 20 ft) is

KINETICS OF PARTICLES 55

v Af = 40 a A

Maple will automatically substitute aA yielding the required expression relating

vAf and k.
Maple Worksheet

> restart; Digits:=5:

> eqn1:= 0=2*aC+aA;
eqn1 := 0 = 2 aC + aA
> eqn2:= 400*mu[k]*cos(theta)-2*T+400*sin(theta)=400/32.2*aC;
eqn2 := 400 k cos( ) 2 T + 400 sin( ) = 12.422aC
> eqn3:= 250-T=250/32.2*aA;
eqn3 := 250 T = 7.7640aA
> theta:=30*Pi/180:
> soln:=solve({eqn1,eqn2,eqn3},{aA,aC,T});
soln := { aA = 15.935k + 13.800, aC = 7.9675k 6.9000, T = 142.86 + 123.72k }
Note that the accelerations may be either positive or negative depending on the
value of k . The largest value of k for which the block will move up can thus
be found by solving the equation aA=0 for k . This yields k = 13.8/15.935 =
0.866.
> assign(soln);
> vAf:=sqrt(2*aA*20);
vAf := 637.40k + 552.00
> plot(vAf,mu[k]=0..1, labels=["mu_k"," "], title="vB (ft/sec)");

56 CH. 3 KINETICS OF PARTICLES

Note that results are not plotted beyond the limiting value for k (0.866) that
was determined above. From a numerical point of view this occurs because
Maple will not plot imaginary answers. Whenever imaginary or complex values
result there is usually some physical explanation. In this problem, the physical
explanation is that the log will not slide up the incline if the coefficient of friction
is too large.

KINETICS OF PARTICLES 57

3.2 Problem 3/98 (Curvilinear Motion)

The particle P is released at time t = 0 from the
position r = r0 inside the smooth tube with no
velocity relative to the tube, which is driven at
the constant angular velocity 0 about the
vertical axis. Determine the radial velocity vr,
the radial position r, and the transverse velocity
v as functions of time t. Plot the absolute path
of the particle during the time that it is inside the
tube for r0 = 0.1 m, l = 1 m, and 0 = 1 rad/s.
Problem Formulation

From the free-body diagram to the right,

Fr = 0 = ma r = m &r& r& 2

&r& = r& 2 = r 02

Any book on differential equations will have the solution

to this equation in terms of the hyperbolic sine and
cosine,
r = A sinh( 0 t ) + B cosh( 0 t )
The constants A and B are found from the initial conditions. These conditions are
that r = r0 and r& = 0 at t = 0. The second condition comes from the fact that the
particle has no velocity (initially) relative to the tube. Before evaluating this
condition we must first differentiate r with respect to time.
r& = A 0 cosh( 0 t ) + B 0 sinh( 0 t )
r (t = 0) = r0 = A sinh(0) + B cosh(0) = B
r&(t = 0) = 0 = A 0 cosh(0) + B 0 sinh(0) = A 0
From the above we have B = r0 and A = 0. Thus,
r = r0 cosh( 0 t )
From this we can obtain the radial and transverse velocities,

58 CH. 3 KINETICS OF PARTICLES

v r = r& = r0 0 sinh( 0 t )

v = r& = r0 0 cosh( 0 t )

The absolute path of the particle will be graphed using polar plotting. For this we
need r as a function of . Since = 0t we have,
r = r0 cosh( )
We want to plot this function only up to the point where the particle leaves the
tube. Substituting r = 1 we have 1 = 0.1cosh(), or = cosh-1(10) = 2.993 rads.
Thus, the particle leaves the tube when = 2.993 rads (171.5).
As you will see in the worksheet below, Maple can also be used to solve the
second order differential equation with initial conditions, greatly simplifying this
problem.
Maple Worksheet
> restart; with(plots):
> eqn:=diff(r(t),t,t)=omega[0]^2*r(t);

eqn :=

2
2
r( t ) = 0 r( t )
2
t

The following uses dsolve to solve the differential equation eqn. Note how the
initial conditions are specified. D is a differential operator so that D(r)(0) = 0 is
the initial condition r& = 0 at t =0.
> dsolve( {eqn, r(0)=r[0], D(r)(0)=0}, r(t));
( t)
( t )
1
1
0
0
r( t ) = r0 e
+ r0 e
2
2

This expression is identical to that obtained in the problem formulation section

above. Now we'll use polar coordinates to plot the path of the particle.
> r:=r0*cosh(theta);

r := r0 cosh ( )

> r0:=0.1;

r0 := .1
> polarplot(r,theta=0..2.993, scaling=CONSTRAINED);

KINETICS OF PARTICLES 59

3.3 Sample Problem 3/17 (Potential Energy)

The 10-kg slider A moves with negligible
friction up the inclined guide. The attached
spring has a stiffness of 60 N/m and is stretched
m at position A, where the slider is released
from rest. The 250-N force is constant and the
pulley offers negligible resistance to the motion
of the cord. Plot the velocity of the slider as it
passes C as a function of the initial spring stretch
. Let vary between 0.4 and 0.8 m and
explain the results when exceeds a value of
about 0.65 m.
Problem Formulation

The change in the elastic potential energy is

Ve =

1
1
2
k x22 x12 = k (1.2 + ) 2
2
2

The other results in the sample problem (see your text) are unchanged,
U 1 2 = 250(0.6) = 150 J

T =

1
1
m v 2 v 02 = (10)v 2
2
2

V g = mgh = 10(9.81)(1.2 sin 30) = 58.9 J

60 CH. 3 KINETICS OF PARTICLES

U 1 2 = 150 =

1
(10 )v 2 + 58.9 + 1 (60 ) (1.2 + )2 2
2
2

This equation can be solved for v either by hand or by using Maple. The result is
v=

1
958 1440
10

Maple Worksheet
> restart; with(plots):
> U:=150=1/2*10*v^2+58.9+1/2*60*((1.2+delta)^2-delta^2);

U := 150 = 5 v2 + 58.9 + 30 ( 1.2 + )2 30 2

> solve(U,v);

1
1
958 1440 ,
958 1440
10
10

> v:=%[1];

v :=

1
958 1440
10

> evalf(solve(v=0,delta));

.6652777778

> plot(v,delta=-0.4..0.8, labels=[`initial spring stretch (m)`,`velocity (m/s)`],

labelfont=[TIMES,ROMAN,13]);

KINETICS OF PARTICLES 61

Note that no results are plotted beyond 0.65 m. Why? One reason is to
observe from the above equation that v becomes imaginary when > 958/1440 =
0.665 m. No results are plotted because Maple does not plot imaginary numbers.
But this is a numerical reason instead of a physical explanation. Usually,
imaginary answers signify a situation that is physically impossible for some
reason. One way of understanding this is as follows. If the spring is initially
compressed it will, at least for some part of the motion, be pushing up and thus
be aiding the 250 N force in overcoming the weight of the slider. If the spring is
initially stretched, it will always be pulling back on the slider. Thus the 250 N
force will have to overcome not only the weight but also the spring force. It
stands to reason then that there will be some value for the initial spring stretch
beyond which the 250 N force will not be able to pull the slider all the way to C.
This value is found from the limiting case where v = 0. Thus, the block never
reaches C if > 0.665 m.

3.4 Problem 3/218 (Linear Impulse/Momentum)

The ballistic pendulum is a simple device to
measure the projectile velocity v by observing
the maximum angle to which the box of sand
with embedded particle swings. As an aid for a
laboratory technician, make a plot of the
velocity v in terms of the maximum angle .
Assume that the weight of the box is 50-lb while
the weight of the projectile is 2-oz.
Problem Formulation

(1) Impulse/Momentum
During impact, G = 0 and G1 = G 2
2 / 16 50
2 / 16 + 50

v +
( 0) =
v b
32.2 32.2
32.2

v = 401v b
where v is the velocity of the projectile while vb is the velocity of the box of sand
immediately after impact.

62 CH. 3 KINETICS OF PARTICLES

(2) Work/Energy
Now we use the work/energy equation with our initial
position being the position where the pendulum is still
vertical ( = 0) and the final position is that where the
pendulum has rotated through the maximum angle .
U 1 2 = 0 = T + V g =

1
m 0 2 v b2 + mgh
2

where m is the combined mass of the box and the

projectile.
v b = 2 gh = 2(32.2)(6)(1 cos )
v = 401vb = 7882 1 cos

Maple Worksheet
> restart;
> vb:=sqrt(2*32.2*6*(1-cos(theta)));

vb := 386.4 386.4 cos( )

# work/energy

> eqn:=2/16*v=(2/16+50)*vb;

# impulse/momentum
1
401
eqn := v =
386.4 386.4 cos( )
8
8

> v:=solve(eqn,v);

v := 160.4000000 2415. 2415. cos( )

Now we make a substitution yielding vd which is the velocity as a function of x

where x is the angle theta in degrees.
> vd:=subs(theta=x*Pi/180,v);

vd := 160.4000000

1
2415. 2415. cos
x
180

>
> plot(vd,x=0..90,labels=["theta (deg)",""],title="velocity of bullet (ft/s)");

KINETICS OF PARTICLES 63

3.5 Problem 3/250 (Angular Impulse/Momentum)

The assembly of two 5-kg spheres is rotating
freely about the vertical axis at 40 rev/min with
= 90. The force F that maintains the given
position is increased to raise the base collar and
reduce the angle from 90 to an arbitrary angle
. Determine the new angular velocity and
plot as a function of for 0 90. Assume
that the mass of the arms and collars is
negligible.
Problem Formulation

Since the summation of moments about the

vertical axis is zero we have conservation of
angular momentum about that axis. The spheres
are rotating in a circular path about the vertical
axis. The angular momentum of a particle
moving in a circular path of radius r with
angular velocity is H = mr 2 . Thus, from the
conservation of angular momentum we have,

64 CH. 3 KINETICS OF PARTICLES

where

2mr02 0 = 2 mr 2

r0 = 0.1 + 0.6 cos( 45 0 )

and

r02
r2

0
r = 0.1 + 0.6 cos( / 2)

Maple Worksheet
> restart;
> r0:=0.1+0.6*cos(Pi/4);

r0 := .1 + .3000000000 2

> r:=0.1+0.6*cos(theta/2);

1
r := .1 + .6 cos
2

> omega:=r0^2/r^2*omega0;

:=

( .1 + .3000000000 2 ) 0

.1 + .6 cos 1

> omega:=subs(theta=x*Pi/180,omega);

:=

( .1 + .3000000000 2 ) 0

.1 + .6 cos 1 x

360

The above converts to a function of x where x is the angle in degrees instead

of radians.
> omega0:=40*2*Pi/60;

4
0 :=
3

> plot(omega,x=0..90,labels=["theta (degrees)","omega

(rad/s)"],labeldirections=[HORIZONTAL,VERTICAL]);

KINETICS OF PARTICLES 65

This diagram begins at = 90 where = 0 = 40(2)/60 = 4.19 rad/s.

66 CH. 3 KINETICS OF PARTICLES

3.6 Problem 3/365 (Curvilinear Motion)

The 26-in. drum rotates about a horizontal axis
with a constant angular velocity = 7.5 rad/sec.
The small block A has no motion relative to the
drum surface as it passes the bottom position =
0. Determine the coefficient of static friction s
that would result in block slippage at an angular
position ; plot your expression for 0 180.
Determine the minimum required coefficient
value min that would allow the block to remain
fixed relative to the drum throughout a full
revolution. For a friction coefficient slightly less
than min, at what angular position would
slippage occur?
Problem Formulation

From the free body and mass acceleration diagrams we

have,

[Fn = man ]

N mg cos = mr 2

[Ft = mat ]

F mg sin = 0

For impending slip we have F = s N . Substituting F

into the above and solving gives,

s =

g sin
g cos + r

sin
1.8925 + cos

The last two questions can be answered only after plotting s as a function of .
Maple Worksheet
> restart;
> eqn1:=N-m*g*cos(theta)=m*r*Omega^2;

eqn1 := N m g cos( ) = m r 2

> eqn2:=mu[s]*N-m*g*sin(theta)=0;

eqn2 := s N m g sin( ) = 0

> soln:=solve({eqn1,eqn2},{mu[s],N});

KINETICS OF PARTICLES 67

soln := { N = m g cos( ) + m r 2, s =

g sin( )
}
g cos( ) + r 2

> assign(soln):
> Omega:=7.5: g:=32.2: r:=13/12:
> plot(mu[s],theta=0..Pi,color=black,labels=["theta (rads)",""],title="coefficient of static
friction");

If the block is not to slip at any angle , the coefficient of friction must be greater
than or equal to any value shown on the plot above. Thus, the minimum required
coefficient value min that would allow the block to remain fixed relative to the
drum throughout a full revolution is equal to the maximum value in the plot
above. The location where this maximum occurs can be found by solving the
equation d s / d = 0 for . This can then be substituted into s to yield the
required value for min. Heres how we do this with Maple.
> dmu:=diff(mu[s],theta);

dmu := 32.2

cos( )
1036.84 sin( )2
+
32.2 cos( ) + 60.93750000 ( 32.2 cos( ) + 60.93750000)2

> solve(dmu=0,theta);

-2.127523285, 2.127523285

68 CH. 3 KINETICS OF PARTICLES

> evalf(subs(theta=2.12752,mu[s]));

.6223992940

From the above we see that min = 0.622. If s is slightly less than this value, the
block will slip when = 2.128 rads (121.9).

KINETICS OF SYSTEMS
OF PARTICLES

This chapter concerns the extension of principles covered in chapters two and
three to the study of the motion of general systems of particles. The chapter first
considers the three approaches introduced in chapter 3 (direct application of
Newtons second law, work/energy, and impulse/momentum) and then moves to
other applications such as steady mass flow and variable mass. Problem 4.1
considers an application of the conservation of momentum to a system comprised
of a small car and an attached rotating sphere. Maple is used to plot the velocity
of the car as a function of the angular position of the sphere. The absolute
position of the sphere is also plotted. Problem 4.2 uses the concept of steady
mass flow to study the effects of geometry upon the design of a sprinkler system.
One of the main purposes of this problem is to illustrate how a problem can be
greatly simplified using non-dimensional analysis. In particular, an equation
containing seven parameters is reduced to a non-dimensional equation with only
three parameters. Problem 4.3 is a variable mass problem in which Maple is used
to integrate the kinematic equation vdv = adx .

70 CH. 4 KINETICS OF SYSTEMS OF PARTICLES

4.1 Problem 4/26 (Conservation of Momentum)

The small car, which has a mass of 20 kg, rolls
freely on the horizontal track and carries the 5kg sphere mounted on the light rotating rod with
r = 0.4 m. A geared motor drive maintains a
constant angular speed & = 4 rad/s of the rod. If
the car has a velocity v = 0.6 m/s when = 0,
plot v as a function of for one revolution of the
rod. Also plot the absolute position of the sphere
for two revolutions of the rod. Neglect the mass
of the wheels and any friction.
Problem Formulation

Since Fx = 0 we have conservation of momentum in the x

direction. The diagram to the right shows the system at = 0
and at an arbitrary angle . From the relative velocity
equation, the velocity of the sphere is the vector sum of the
velocity of the car (v) and the velocity of the sphere relative
to the car ( r& ).

(G x ) =0 = 20(0.6) + 5(0.6) = 15
(G x )

Ns

= 20v + 5 v r& sin = 25v 8 sin

Setting (G x ) =0 = (G x ) and solving yields,

v = 0.6 + 0.32 sin

Now let time t = 0 be the time when = 0 and place an x-y coordinate system at
the center of the car as shown in the diagram so that x(t) is the position of the
center of the car. Since v = dx/dt and = 4t we have,
t

x = vdt =
0

(0.6 + 0.32 sin (4t ))dt = 0.6t + 0.08(1 cos(4t ))

0

The x and y components of the sphere can now be determined as,

x s = x + r cos = 0.08 + 0.6t + 0.32 cos(4t )

KINETICS OF SYSTEMS OF PARTICLES 71

y s = r sin = 0.4 sin(4t )

The absolute position of the sphere can be obtained by plotting ys versus xs. The
time required for two revolutions of the arm is 4/4 = seconds.
Maple Worksheet
> restart;
> v:=0.6+0.32*sin(theta);

v := .6 + .32 sin( )

> plot([theta*180/Pi,v,theta=0..2*Pi],labels=["theta (degrees)","v (m/s)"], labeldirections

=[HORIZONTAL,VERTICAL]);

> theta:=4*t;

:= 4 t

> x:=int(subs(t=q,v),q=0..t);

x := .6000000000t .08000000000cos( 4. t ) + .08000000000

> xs:=x+0.4*cos(theta);

xs := .6000000000t .08000000000cos( 4. t ) + .08000000000+ .4 cos( 4 t )

> ys:=0.4*sin(theta);

ys := .4 sin( 4 t )

> tf:=solve(theta=4*Pi,t);

72 CH. 4 KINETICS OF SYSTEMS OF PARTICLES

tf :=
> plot([xs,ys,t=0..tf],scaling=CONSTRAINED,labels=["x (m)","y(m)"],
labeldirections =[HORIZONTAL,VERTICAL]);

KINETICS OF SYSTEMS OF PARTICLES 73

4.2 Problem 4/62 (Steady Mass Flow)

The sprinkler is made to rotate at the constant
angular velocity and distributes water at the
volume rate Q. Each of the four nozzles has an
exit area A. Write an expression for the torque M
on the shaft of the sprinkler necessary to
maintain the given motion. Here we would like
to study the effects of the geometry of the
sprinkler upon this torque. To this end, it is
helpful to introduce the non-dimensional
parameters M = M/4Aru2, = r/u, and =
b/r where u = Q/4A is the velocity of the water
relative to the nozzle and is the density of the
water. Plot the non-dimensional torque M
versus for = 0.5, 1, and 2. Let 0 be the
non-dimensional velocity at which the
sprinkler will operate with no applied torque.
Plot 0 versus . For both plots let range
between 0 and 1.
Problem Formulation

The figure to the right shows the three components of the

absolute velocity of the water at the exit. u (= Q/4A) is the
velocity of the water relative to the nozzle. The mass flow
rate m = Q. Taking clockwise as positive, the application
of equation 4/19 of your text yields,

M 0 = M = Q r 2 + b 2 ur 0

M = Q ur r 2 + b 2

))

Now we want to introduce the non-dimensional parameters defined in the

problem statement. For many undergraduate students, non-dimensional analysis
is a very confusing topic. It is important to realize that the difficulty is really that
of determining which non-dimensional parameters are appropriate for a particular
problem. If these parameters have already been defined, as in this problem, all
you have to do is substitute. In this case we merely substitute M = 4Aru2 M,
= u/r, and b = r into the equation above. When this is done many terms will
cancel yielding,

74 CH. 4 KINETICS OF SYSTEMS OF PARTICLES

M =1 1+ 2

Setting M = 0 we can solve for 0,

0 =

1
1+ 2

Maple Worksheet
> restart; with(plots):
> Mp:=1-Omega*(1+beta^2);

Mp := 1 ( 1 + 2 )

> Mp1:=subs(Omega=0.5,Mp): Mp2:=subs(Omega=1,Mp):

> Mp3:=subs(Omega=2,Mp):
> p1:=plot([Mp1,Mp2,Mp3],beta=0..1,labels=["b/r",""], title=

"non-dimensional torque"):
> t1:=textplot([0.72,0.4,"W = 0.5"],font=[SYMBOL,12]):
> t2:=textplot([0.7,-0.3,"W = 1"],font=[SYMBOL,12]):
> t3:=textplot([0.7,-1.7,"W = 2"],font=[SYMBOL,12]):
> display(p1,t1,t2,t3);

> Omega[0]:=1/(1+beta^2);

0 :=

1
1 + 2

> plot(Omega[0],beta=0..1,labels=["b","W0"],labelfont=[SYMBOL,14]);

KINETICS OF SYSTEMS OF PARTICLES 75

4.3 Problem 4/86 (Variable Mass)

The open-link chain of length L and mass per
unit length is released from rest in the position
shown, where the bottom link is almost touching
the platform and the horizontal section is
supported on a smooth surface. Friction at the
corner guide is negligible. Determine (a) the
velocity v1 of end A as it reaches the corner and
(b) its velocity v2 as it strikes the platform. Plot
v1 and v2 as functions of h for L = 5 m.
Problem Formulation

Let x be the displacement of the chain and T be

the tension in the chain at the corner as shown in
the diagram to the right. Note that the
acceleration of the horizontal and vertical
sections are both equal to &x& .
For the horizontal section,

[Fx = ma x ]
For the vertical section,

T = (L h x )&x&

76 CH. 4 KINETICS OF SYSTEMS OF PARTICLES

F y = ma y

gh T = h&x&

Substituting T from the first equation into the second and simplifying gives,
&x& =

gh
Lx

Now we use the relation vdv = adx to write,

L h

v1

vdv =

gh
dx
Lx

L h

v12 = 2

gh
L
dx = 2 gh ln
Lx
h

v1 = 2 gh ln (L / h )

After end A has passed the corner it will be in free-fall until it hits the platform.
With y positive down we have vdv = gdy yielding,

1 2
v 2 v12 = gh
2

Substituting for v1 and solving,

v 2 = 2 gh (1 + ln( L / h ) )

Maple Worksheet
> restart; with(plots):

> v1:=sqrt(2*g*h*log(L/h));
v1 := 2

L
g h ln
h

> v2:=sqrt(2*g*h*(1+log(L/h)));
v2 := 2

L
g h 1 + ln
h

> L:=5:g:=9.81:
> p:=plot([v1,v2],h=0..L, labels=["h (m)",""],title="velocity (m/s)"):
> t1:=textplot([2,6.5,"v1"]): t2:=textplot([2,9.2,"v2"]):
> display(p,t1,t2);

KINETICS OF SYSTEMS OF PARTICLES 77

PLANE KINEMATICS OF
RIGID BODIES

This chapter extends the kinematic analysis of particles covered in chapter 2 to

rigid bodies by taking into account the rotational motion of the body. Thus, the
motion of rigid bodies involves both translation and rotation. Problem 5.1
contrasts net angular displacement and total number of cycles. The problem also
introduces the piecewise function. Problem 5.2 is an interesting application of
absolute motion analysis. Illustrated in this problem are the simultaneous
(symbolic) solution of multiple equations and differentiation with respect to time
of a function whose explicit time dependence is not known. In problem 5.3 the
velocity of the piston in a reciprocating engine is plotted versus the angular
orientation of the crank. The maximum velocity and the corresponding
orientation (of the crank) are obtained using diff and fsolve. This is a rare case
where fsolve is preferred over solve for reasons discussed in the problem. The
instantaneous center of zero velocity is used in problem 5.4 to relate the velocity
of a vertical control rod to the angular velocity of a rotating bar in a switching
device. Problem 5.5 is a fairly straightforward relative acceleration problem
while problem 5.6 considers the reciprocating engine of problem 5.3 but uses
absolute rather than relative motion analysis.

80 CH. 5 PLANE KINEMATICS OF RIGID BODIES

5.1 Problem 5/3 (Rotation)

The angular velocity of a gear is controlled
according = 12 3t2 where , in radians per
second, is positive in the clockwise sense and
where t is the time in seconds. Find the net
angular displacement and the total number of
revolutions N through which the gear turns in
terms of the time t. Plot and N for time t up
to 4 seconds.
Problem Formulation

You may want to have a look at sample

problem 5/1 in your text before continuing
with this problem. In particular it is
important to note the difference between
the angular displacement and total
number of revolutions N. The angular
displacement is the integral of over time
and can be positive or negative depending
on whether the rotation is clockwise or
counterclockwise. Referring to the graph of
to the right, will be the total area
under the curve up to a particular time. The
area is negative when the curve dips below
the time axis. As the name implies, the total number of revolutions simply counts
the number of times the disk rotates and is not concerned with whether the
rotation is clockwise or counterclockwise. Thus, N will be proportional to the
magnitude of the area under the angular velocity curve. For example, suppose the
gear rotates two revolutions clockwise followed by two revolutions
counterclockwise. In this case = 0 but N = 4.
Based upon the above it is essential to know beforehand the time when = 0 (i.e.
when the gear changes diection) in order to calculate N. Setting 12 3t2 = 0 gives
t = 2 seconds. For time greater than 2 sec. we need to break the integral up into
two parts when calculating N. For we do not need to keep track of when the
gear changes directions. Thus,

= dt

= dt = 12 3u 2 du = 12t t 3

PLANE KINEMATICS OF RIGID BODIES 81

t

N=

for t < 2 sec

for t > 2 sec

1
1
12t t 3
dt = 12 3t 2 dt =

2 0
2

N=

1 2
1 t
1 2
2

dt
dt
12
3
t
dt
12 3t 2 dt

2 0
2 2
2 0
2

N=

1
32 12t + t 3
2

In summary,

= 12t t 3

(
(

all t

1
3
2 12t t
N =
1

32 12t + t 3
2

t < 2 sec

t > 2 sec

Although the expression for N is rather simple, plotting the result can be a little
tricky due to the change in the expression at time t = 2 sec. How do we tell Maple
to stop plotting one expression and start plotting the other?
Here we will use two approaches to handle this difficulty. The first is to use
Maples piecewise function. This function can be used whenever a function has
different expressions depending upon the value of the independent variable. The
format is illustrated below for our function N.

> N:=1/2/Pi*piecewise(t<2,12*t-t^3,t>2,32-12*t+t^3);
3

12 t t

3
1 32 12 t + t
N :=
2

t<2
2< t

Note that we simply write the constraint followed by the expression. Any number
of constraints can be listed.
The second approach allows to do almost all of the work within Maple. This is accomplished first
by observing that we can obtain the magnitude of the area beneath the curve by integrating the
absolute value of .

82 CH. 5 PLANE KINEMATICS OF RIGID BODIES

N=

1
2

dt

for all t

As we shall see below, Maple automatically turns this integral into a piecewise function.
Maple Worksheet
> restart;
> omega:=12-3*u^2;

:= 12 3 u 2

> plot(omega,u=0..4,labels=["time (sec)",""],title="angular velocity (rad/s)");

> theta:=int(omega,u=0..t);

:= 12 t t 3

Here we use the second approach mentioned in the problem formulation above.
Remember that this approach does not require dividing the domain into two
integrals for t > 2.
> N:=1/2/Pi*int(abs(omega),u=0..t);

12 t + t 3
32 + 12 t t 3 + 32

3
1
12 t + t + 64
N :=
2

t -2

t 2

2 < t

PLANE KINEMATICS OF RIGID BODIES 83

Note that Maple has constructed a piecewise function with an extra region, t < -2
sec. This corresponds to the second root of the equation = 12 3t2 = 0. We
neglected this solution in the problem formulation section since it is not
physically meaningful.
> plot(theta,t=0..4,labels=["time (sec)",""],title="angular position theta (degrees)");

> plot(N,t=0..4,labels=["time (sec)",""],title="total number of revolutions N");

The following illustrates the use of the piecewise function.

> N:=1/2/Pi*piecewise(t<2,12*t-t^3,t>2,32-12*t+t^3);

84 CH. 5 PLANE KINEMATICS OF RIGID BODIES

3

12 t t

3
1 32 12 t + t
N :=
2

t<2
2< t

> plot(N,t=0..4,labels=["time (sec)",""],title="total number of revolutions N");

PLANE KINEMATICS OF RIGID BODIES 85

5.2 Problem 5/44 (Absolute Motion)

Derive an expression for the upward velocity v
of the car hoist system in terms of . The piston
rod of the hydraulic cylinder is extending at the
rate s& . Plot the non-dimensional velocity v / s& as
a function of for b/L = 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 2.
Problem Formulation

From the diagram to the right,

y = 2b sin
y& = 2b& cos

If the angular velocity & were known as a

function of we would be finished. The motion
of the car hoist system is controlled by the
extension rate s& of the hydraulic cylinder rather
than the angular velocity. Thus, to complete the
problem we need to relate & and s& .
s 2 = L2 + b 2 2 Lb cos
2ss& = 0 + 0 + 2 Lb& sin
ss&
Lb sin

& =
Substituting,
v=

2bss&
2s& L2 + b 2 2 Lb cos
cos =
Lb sin
L tan
2 1 + (b / L ) 2(b / L ) cos
2

v / s& =

where = b/L.

tan

2 1 + 2 2 cos
tan

86 CH. 5 PLANE KINEMATICS OF RIGID BODIES

Maple Worksheet

The algebra in this problem is relatively simple and hardly requires Maple's
symbolic abilities. We will go ahead and solve the problem symbolically anyway
for purposes of illustration.
> restart; with(plots):
> eqn1:=y(t)=2*b*sin(theta(t));

eqn1 := y( t ) = 2 b sin( ( t ) )

> eqn2:=s(t)^2=L^2+b^2-2*L*b*cos(theta(t));

eqn2 := s( t )2 = L2 + b2 2 L b cos( ( t ) )

Since we will differentiate with respect to t we need to tell Maple which variables
depend on t. Thus, we write (t), y(t), and s(t) in the equations above.

> eqn1:=diff(eqn1,t); eqn2:=diff(eqn2,t);

eqn1 :=

d
d
y( t ) = 2 b cos( ( t ) ) ( t )
dt
d

d
d
eqn2 := 2 s( t ) s( t ) = 2 L b sin( ( t ) ) ( t )
d
t
d

For convenience we will now make a few substitutions in order to remove the
explicit dependence upon t.
> eqn1:=subs(diff(y(t),t)=v,diff(theta(t),t)=omega, theta(t)=theta,eqn1);

eqn1 := v = 2 b cos( )

> eqn2:=subs(diff(s(t),t)=sdot, s(t)=s,diff(theta(t),t)=omega, theta(t)=theta,eqn2);

eqn2 := 2 s sdot = 2 L b sin( )

> s:=sqrt(L^2+b^2-2*L*b*cos(theta));

s := L2 + b2 2 L b cos( )
> solve({eqn1,eqn2},{v,omega});

{ =

L 2 + b2 2 L b cos( ) sdot
cos( ) L 2 + b2 2 L b cos( ) sdot
,v=2
}
L b sin( )
L sin( )

PLANE KINEMATICS OF RIGID BODIES 87

> v_nd:=2/tan(theta)*sqrt(1^2+beta^2-2*beta*cos(theta));

v_nd := 2

1 + 2 2 cos( )
tan( )

> v1:=subs(beta=0.1,v_nd): v2:=subs(beta=0.5,v_nd):

> v3:=subs(beta=1,v_nd): v4:=subs(beta=2,v_nd):
> p:=plot([v1,v2,v3,v4],theta=10*Pi/180..Pi/2,y=0..5,labels=["theta (rads)",""],

title="non-dimensional velocity"):
> t1:=textplot([0.8,3.4,"b=2"],font=[SYMBOL,10]):
> t2:=textplot([0.3,2.2,"b=1"],font=[SYMBOL,10]):
> t3:=textplot([0.62,3,"0.1"],font=[SYMBOL,10]):
> t4:=textplot([0.48,2.65,"0.5"],font=[SYMBOL,10]):
>
> display(p,t1,t2,t3,t4);

88 CH. 5 PLANE KINEMATICS OF RIGID BODIES

5.3 Sample Problem 5/9 (Relative Velocity)

The common configuration of a reciprocating
engine is that of the slider crank mechanism
shown. If crank OB has a clockwise rotational
speed of 1500 rev/min; (a) Plot vA versus for
one revolution of the crank. (b) Find the
maximum speed of the piston A and the
corresponding value of .
Problem Formulation

Let l be the length of connecting rod AB and start with the relative velocity
equation,
vB = vA + vB/A

The crank pin velocity is vB = r and is normal to OB. The velocity of A is

horizontal while the velocity of B/A has magnitude lAB and is directed
perpendicular to AB. The angle can be found in terms of by using the law of
sines,
sin =

r2
r
sin Also, cos = 1 sin 2 = 1 2 sin 2
l
l

From the vector diagram to the right,

v B cos = v B / A cos . Thus, v B / A =

cos
r
cos

Also from the diagram, v A = v B sin + v B / A sin .

Substitution yields

r cos
v A = r (sin + cos tan ) = r sin 1 +
r2

2
l 1 2 sin
l

PLANE KINEMATICS OF RIGID BODIES 89

Note that vA has been expressed explicitly in terms of by substituting for cos
and tan. This has been done only for sake of clarity. When working with a
computer such substitutions will be automatic once has been defined in terms
of ( = sin 1 (r sin / l ) ).
(b) The angle at which the maximum value of vA occurs is found by solving the
equation dvA/d = 0 for . Evaluating this derivative and solving the resulting
equation for would be difficult without the help of a computer. It turns out that
there are many solutions to this equation, most of which are complex. In the
results that follow we find that the maximum occurs at = 1.261 radians (72.3).
Substitution of this result into the expression for vA yields the maximum speed of
the piston A, vA = 69.6 ft/sec.
Maple Worksheet

> restart; with(plots):

> vB:=r*omega;
vB := r
> beta:=arcsin(r/L*sin(theta));
r sin( )
:= arcsin

> vBA:=cos(theta)/cos(beta)*r*omega;
cos( ) r
vBA :=
r 2 sin( )2
1
L2
> vA:=vB*sin(theta)+vBA*sin(beta);
cos( ) r 2 sin( )
vA := r sin( ) +
r 2 sin( )2
1
L
L2
> L:=14/12: r:=5/12: omega:=1500*2*Pi/60:
>plot(vA,theta=0..2*Pi,labels=[`theta(radians)`,
[HORIZONTAL,VERTICAL]);

vA(ft/sec)`],

labeldirections=

90 CH. 5 PLANE KINEMATICS OF RIGID BODIES

Part (b)
> dvAdtheta:=diff(vA,theta);
dvAdtheta :=
125
625
cos( )
6
84

15625
cos( )2 sin( )2
16464
sin( )2
+
+
( 3/2 )
25
2
25

1
sin( )
sin( )
1
196
196

625
cos( )2
84
25
1
sin( )2
196

> fsolve(dvAdtheta = 0, theta);

1.261203789
Here we see only one of the many roots mentioned above. The reason is that we
have used fsolve (instead of solve), which has in this case returned only the first
real root. Try using solve and you will find about six solutions. Each one is a
lengthy symbolic result so the list of solutions will take several pages. This is the
main reason it was omitted here.
Although fsolve is very convenient in that it avoids lengthy symbolic results, you
also have to be careful when there are multiple solutions since it may not return
the solution of interest. For this reason, you should always produce a plot of the
function in order to insure that you have found the appropriate solution.
Referring to the plot above we see that we have found the value of theta
corresponding to the maximum speed. If you fail to find the correct solution you

PLANE KINEMATICS OF RIGID BODIES 91

should repeat fsolve specifying a range. For example, suppose you wanted the
angle at which the speed is a minimum. From the plot we see that this occurs at
about 5 radians.
> fsolve(dvAdtheta = 0, theta,theta=4..6);
5.021981518
Now we can find the maximum velocity by substitution.
> evalf(subs(theta=1.2612,vA));
69.55144676
Thus, the maximum speed of the piston is vA = 69.6 ft/sec at = 1.261 rad (72.3).

5.4 Problem 5/108 (Instantaneous Center)

The switching device of Prob. 5/85 is repeated
here. If the vertical control rod has a constant
downward velocity v of 3 ft/sec and if roller A is
in continuous contact with the horizontal
surface, determine by the method of this article
the magnitude of the velocity of A and of C as
functions of . Plot vA and vC for between 20
and 70.

Problem Formulation
The instantaneous center of zero velocity for the link is shown (point C1) in the diagram
to the right. From right triangle COC1 we can find the length CC1 as

CC1 =

(6 sin )2 + (3 cos )2

Using the instantaneous center we can now write,

v B = 3 sin

vB
v
=
3 sin 3 sin

v A = 3 cos = 3 cos

v
3 sin

vA =

v
tan

92 CH. 5 PLANE KINEMATICS OF RIGID BODIES

vC = CC1 =

CC1
v
3 sin

We will let the computer substitute for CC1 as usual. Also note that v must be in
in./sec.
Maple Worksheet
> restart; with(plots):
> v:=3*12;
v := 36
> CC1:=sqrt((6*sin(theta))^2+(3*cos(theta))^2);

CC1 := 3

4 sin ( ) 2 + cos ( ) 2

> vA:=v/tan(theta);

vA :=

36
tan( )

> vC:=CC1/3/sin(theta)*v;
36 4 sin ( ) 2 + cos ( ) 2
vC :=
sin ( )
> p1:=plot([vA/12,vC/12], theta=20*Pi/180..70*Pi/180, color=black, labels=["theta (rads)",""],
title="velocity (ft/sec)"):
> t1:=textplot([.8,3.3,"vA"]):
> t2:=textplot([.8,7,"vC"]):
> display(p1,t1,t2);

PLANE KINEMATICS OF RIGID BODIES 93

94 CH. 5 PLANE KINEMATICS OF RIGID BODIES

5.5 Problem 5/123 (Relative Acceleration)

The two rotor blades of radius r = 800-mm
rotate counterclockwise with a constant angular
velocity about the shaft at O mounted in the
sliding block. The acceleration of the block is
aO. Determine the magnitude of the acceleration
of the tip A of the blade in terms of r, , aO, and
. Plot the acceleration of A as a function of
for one revolution if aO = 3 m/s. Consider three
cases: = 2, 4, and 6 rad/s.
Problem Formulation

The acceleration of A relative to O is

r
r
r
r
a A = aO + (a A / O )n + (a A / O )t
The acceleration of O is to the right while the normal
relative acceleration must point from A towards O. Since
is constant, the tangential relative acceleration will be
zero. These considerations lead to the vector diagram
shown to the right. Using the law of cosines,

a A = aO2 + (a A / O )n2 2aO (a A / O )n cos

( )

a A = aO2 + r 2

( )

2aO r 2 cos

Maple Worksheet
> restart; with(plots):
> an:=r*omega^2;
an := r 2
> aA:=sqrt(a0^2+an^2-2*a0*an*cos(theta));

aA :=
> r:=.8; a0:=3;

a0 2 + r 2 4 2 a0 r 2 cos ( )

PLANE KINEMATICS OF RIGID BODIES 95

r := 0.8
a0 := 3
> omega:=2: aA1:=aA:
> omega:=4: aA2:=aA:
> omega:=6: aA3:=aA:
> p1:=plot([aA1,aA2,aA3], theta=0..2*Pi, color=black, labels=["theta (rads)",""],

title="acceleration of A (m/s^2)"):
> t1:=textplot([3,30,"6 rad/s"]):
> t2:=textplot([3,17,"4 rad/s"]):
> t3:=textplot([3,7.5,"2 rad/s"]):
> display(p1,t1,t2,t3);

96 CH. 5 PLANE KINEMATICS OF RIGID BODIES

5.6 Sample Problem 5/15 (Absolute Motion)

The common configuration of a reciprocating
engine is that of the slider crank mechanism
shown. If crank OB has a clockwise rotational
speed of 1500 rev/min; (a) Plot vA and vG versus
time for two revolutions of the crank. (b) Plot aA
and aG versus time for two revolutions of the
crank.
Problem Formulation

This problem appears in sample problems 5/9 and 5/15 in your text. Sample
problem 5/9 considers a relative velocity analysis while sample problem 5/15
uses a relative acceleration analysis. Generally speaking, the easiest approach to
use with a computer is an absolute motion analysis, provided you have software
capable of doing symbolic algebra and calculus such as Maple. We will use the
present problem to illustrate this approach.
We start by using the law of sines (sin()/r = sin()/l) to express as a function
of
r
l

= sin 1 sin
where l is the length of connecting rod AB and is the angle between AB and the
horizontal. Now place an x-y coordinate system at O with x positive to the right
and y positive up and write expressions for the coordinates of A and G in terms of
and
x A = r cos l cos
x G = r cos r cos

y G = (l r ) sin

where r is the distance from B to G (4 in. in the figure). All that is needed to find
the velocities vA, vGx, and vGy is to differentiate these expressions with respect to
time. The magnitude of the velocity of G is then found from
2

v G = v Gx + vGy

PLANE KINEMATICS OF RIGID BODIES 97

The accelerations aA, aGx, and aGy are then found by differentiating vA, vGx, and
vGy with the magnitude of the acceleration of G being obtained from,
2

a G = a Gx + a Gy

Since we will be differentiating with respect to time, the first thing we will do in
the computer program is to define as a function of time. Then, when we write
the above expressions for , xA, xG, and yG, the computer will automatically
substitute for rendering each of these as functions of time. Assuming that is
initially zero,

(t ) = t =

1500 (2 )
t = 157 .1t
60

The problem statement asks us to plot versus time for two revolutions ( = 4
radians) of the crank. The time required for two revolutions is 4/157.1 = 0.08
sec.
Maple Worksheet
> restart; with(plots):
> theta:=omega*t;

:= t

> beta:=arcsin(r/L*sin(theta));
r sin( t )
:= arcsin

> xA:=-r*cos(theta)-L*cos(beta);

xA := r cos( t ) L

r 2 sin( t )2
L2

> xG:=-r*cos(theta)-rb*cos(beta);

xG := r cos( t ) rb

r 2 sin( t )2
L2

> yG:=(L-rb)*sin(beta);
( L rb ) r sin( t )
yG :=
L
> vA:=diff(xA,t);

vA := r sin( t ) +

r 2 sin( t ) cos( t )
L

r 2 sin( t )2
L2

98 CH. 5 PLANE KINEMATICS OF RIGID BODIES

Note that, in what follows, the output for several results have been suppressed by
ending the line with a colon :. This is done to conserve space as the results are
rather messy, especially the accelerations.
> vGx:=diff(xG,t):
> vGy:=diff(yG,t):
> vG:=sqrt(vGx^2+vGy^2);
2

vG :=

rb r 2 sin( t ) cos( t )
( L rb )2 r 2 cos( t )2 2

+
r sin( t ) +
2
2
L2
r sin( t ) 2

1
L

L2

> aA:=diff(vA,t);
aA := r cos( t ) 2 +

r 4 sin( t )2 cos( t )2 2
r 2 sin( t )2

L3 1

L2

( 3/2 )

r 2 cos( t )2 2

r 2 sin( t )2
L2

r 2 sin( t )2 2

> aGx:=diff(vGx,t):
> aGy:=diff(vGy,t):
> aG:=sqrt(aGx^2+aGy^2);

aG := sqrt r cos( t ) 2 +

rb r 4 sin( t )2 cos( t )2 2
r 2 sin( t )2

1
L2

( 3/2 )

L4

rb r 2 cos( t )2 2
1

r 2 sin( t )2 2
L
L2

( L rb )2 r 2 sin( t )2 4
+

L2
r 2 sin( t )2 2

1
L

rb r 2 sin( t )2 2

>
> r:=5/12: L:=14/12: omega:=157.1: rb:=4/12:
> p1:=plot([vA,vG],t=0..0.08,labels=[`t (sec)`,` `], title="velocity (ft/s)"):
> t1:=textplot([.02,55,"vG"]): t2:=textplot([.02,20,"vA"]):
> display(p1, t1, t2);

r 2 sin( t )2
L2

PLANE KINEMATICS OF RIGID BODIES 99

> p2:=plot([aA,aG],t=0..0.08,color=black,labels=[`t (sec)`,` `], title="acceleration (ft/s^2)"):

> t3:=textplot([.02,10000,"aG"]): t4:=textplot([.02,-5500,"aA"]):
> display(p2, t3, t4);

100 CH. 5 PLANE KINEMATICS OF RIGID BODIES

For further study

Suppose you wanted to solve this problem for the case where crank OB has a
constant angular acceleration = 60 rad/s2. It turns out that you can solve this
problem using exactly the same approach as above, changing only one line
defining the dependence of upon time. Assuming that the system starts from
rest at = 0, the appropriate expression for is (t) = t2 = 30t2. The
accelerations for this case are shown below in case you want to give it a try.

PLANE KINETICS OF
RIGID BODIES

This chapter concerns the motion (translation and rotation) of rigid bodies that
results from the action of unbalanced external forces and moments. In problem
6.1, five equations are solved for five unknowns. The problem illustrates an
alternative to the blunt (but straightforward) simultaneous solution of multiple
equations. Instead, the equations are solved in such a way that there is never
more than one unknown. In this way, the results are immediately obtained via
automatic substitution in Maple, thus avoiding some tedious algebra. The force at
the hinge of a pendulum is plotted versus the angular position of the pendulum in
problem 6.2. The algebra is rather simple in this case and Maple is used primarily
for purposes of plotting. Problems 6.3 and 6.4 consider rigid bodies in general
plane motion. solve is used in problem 6.3 to solve two equations simultaneously
for two unknowns. The maximum acceleration of a point on the rigid body is
then obtained by using diff and solve. In this problem Maple is unable to find a
symbolic result and automatically switches to a numerical approach finding five
solutions to the equation. This problem is also interesting since a very natural
guess of the value for the maximum acceleration turns out to be incorrect.
Problem 6.4 is an example of a kinetics problem that also requires some
kinematics. The angular acceleration of a bar is determined by summing
moments. The kinematic equation d = d is then integrated to obtain the
angular velocity. Problem 6.5 is an interesting work and energy problem that is
complicated considerably by the fact that a spring is engaged for only part of the
motion of a rotating bar. Symbolic algebra simplifies this problem considerably,
though it is still rather tedious. It is common in Dynamics to find problems that
require a combination of methods for their solution. Problem 6.6 is a good
example involving both conservation of momentum and work/energy.

102 CH. 6 PLANE KINETICS OF RIGID BODIES

6.1 Sample Problem 6/2 (Translation)

The vertical bar AB has a mass of m =150 kg
with center of mass G midway between the ends.
The bar is elevated from rest at = 0 by means
of the parallel links of negligible mass, with a
couple M applied to the lower link at C. Plot the
force at A and at B as functions of (between 0
and 60) for two cases, (a) a constant couple M
= 5 kN-m, and (b) a constant angular
acceleration = 5 rad/sec2.
Problem Formulation

The free-body diagram (FBD) and mass

acceleration diagram (MAD) are shown to
the right. Since the vertical bar undergoes
curvilinear translation, the acceleration of all
points on the bar will be identical. Thus, we
can obtain the acceleration of G immediately
from that of point A which moves in a
circular path about C. Also note that BD is a
two force member since the mass is
negligible.
Here we take a somewhat different approach
than that in your textbook. The main reason
for this is that the case of constant moment
and constant angular acceleration require a
slightly different approach. The difference
between the two approaches is easiest seen
by writing all the equations first.
From the free-body diagram of the connecting link AC,

[M C

= 0]

M r At = 0

(1)

As pointed out in the sample problem, the force and moment equations are
identical to the equilibrium equations whenever the mass is negligible.
From the free-body diagram of the vertical bar,

PLANE KINETICS OF RIGID BODIES 103

[M A = ma d ]
[Ft

rAB B cos = mr 2 cos rAG + mr sin rAG

= mat ]

[Fn = ma n ]

(2)

At mg cos = mr

(3)

B An + mg sin = mr 2

(4)

And, finally, the kinematics equation

d = d

(5)

At this point we have a total of 5 equations and 6 unknowns (M, , , At, An, and
B). In part (a), M is specified while in part (b) is given. In both cases we will
have 5 equations and 5 unknowns; however, it will be necessary to solve no more
than one equation at a time provided they are done in the right order. This is what
yields a different procedure for parts (a) and (b).
Part (a)

With M known we can find At from Equation (1) and then substitute the result
into Equation (3) to get as a function of .

At =

M
r
At g
cos
mr r

As usual, notice that there is no need to make an explicit substitution of At into .

The computer will make such substitutions automatically. Now we substitute
into Equation (5) and integrate,

1 2
g

A
= t cos d
2
mr r

g
At

sin
r
mr

2 = 2

104 CH. 6 PLANE KINETICS OF RIGID BODIES

Finally, we can substitute into Equations (2) and (4) to find B and then An.

B=

mr rAG
2 cos + sin
rAB cos

An = B + mg sin mr 2

A=

An2 + At2

Part (b)

With known instead of M we have to take a different approach, starting with

Equations (5) and (3),

2 = 2 d = 2 d = 2
At = mg cos + mr
Now we can substitute into Equations (1), (2) and (4) to find M, B and then An.

M = r At
B=

mr rAG
2 cos + sin
rAB cos

An = B + mg sin mr 2

A=

An2 + At2

Maple Worksheet
> restart;
part (a)
> A:=sqrt(An^2+At^2);
A := An2 + At2
> An:=B+m*g*sin(theta)-m*r*omegasq;

PLANE KINETICS OF RIGID BODIES 105

An := B + m g sin( ) m r omegasq
> B:=m*r*AG/AB/cos(theta)*(omegasq*cos(theta)+alpha*sin(theta));
m r AG ( omegasq cos( ) + sin( ) )
B :=
AB cos( )
> alpha:=At/m/r-g/r*cos(theta);
At
g cos( )
:=

mr
r
> omegasq:=2*(At*theta/m/r-g/r*sin(theta));
2 At 2 g sin( )
omegasq :=

mr
r
> At:=M/AC;

At :=

M
AC

> M:=5: m:=0.15: r:=1.5: AB:=1.8: AG:=1.2: AC:=r: g:=9.81:

> evalf(subs(theta=30*Pi/180,B)); # check the result obtained in the sample problem
2.138606265
> plot([A,B],theta=0..60*Pi/180,color=black,labels=["theta (radians)","Force (kN)"],title="part
a");

106 CH. 6 PLANE KINETICS OF RIGID BODIES

Part (b)
> restart;
> A:=sqrt(An^2+At^2);
A := An2 + At2
> An:=B+m*g*sin(theta)-m*r*omegasq;
An := B + m g sin( ) m r omegasq
> B:=m*r*AG/AB/cos(theta)*(omegasq*cos(theta)+alpha*sin(theta));
m r AG ( omegasq cos( ) + sin( ) )
B :=
AB cos( )
> omegasq:=2*alpha*theta;
omegasq := 2
> At:=m*g*cos(theta)+m*r*alpha;
At := m g cos( ) + m r
> M:=AC*At;
M := AC ( m g cos( ) + m r )
> alpha:=5: m:=0.15: r:=1.5: AB:=1.8: AG:=1.2: AC:=r: g:=9.81:
> evalf(subs(theta=30*Pi/180,B)); # check the result obtained in the sample problem
1.218410865
> plot([A,B],theta=0..60*Pi/180,color=black,labels=["theta (radians)","Force (kN)"],title="part
b");

PLANE KINETICS OF RIGID BODIES 107

6.2 Sample Problem 6/4 (Fixed-Axis Rotation)

The pendulum has a mass of 7.5 kg with a mass
center at G and a radius of gyration about the
pivot O of 295 mm. If the pendulum is released
from rest when = 0, plot the total force
supported by the bearing at O along with its
normal and tangential components as a function
of . Let range between 0 and 180.
Problem Formulation

The free body and mass acceleration diagrams are

identical to those in the sample problem. The main
difference in approach is that we will obtain results
at an arbitrary angle rather than at 60.

[M O = I O ]

mgr cos = mk 02

[d = d ]

d =

2 =

[F

= mr 2

[Ft = mr ]

2 gr
k 02

gr
k 02

gr
k 02

gr

2
0

cos d = k

cos

sin

sin

O n mg sin = mr 2

Ot + mg cos = mr

After substituting for and we have,

r2
O n = mg 1 + 2 2

k0

sin

The magnitude of the force at O is,

O=

(On ) 2 + (Ot )2

r2
O t = mg 1 2
k
0

cos

108 CH. 6 PLANE KINETICS OF RIGID BODIES

After substituting r = 0.25 m, k 0 = 0.295 m, m = 7.5 kg, and g = 9.81 m/s2 all
forces will be functions of only.
Maple Worksheet
> restart; with(plots):
> vB:=r*omega;

vB := r

> On:=m*g*(1+2*rb^2/k0^2)*sin(theta);
2 rb2

sin( )
On := m g 1 +
k0 2

> Ot:=m*g*(1-rb^2/k0^2)*cos(theta);
rb2

Ot := m g 1 2 cos( )
k0

> unprotect(O); # O is a protected name

> O:=sqrt(On^2+Ot^2);
2

O :=

2 rb2
rb2

sin( )2 + m 2 g 2 1 2 cos( )2
m2 g 2 1 +
2

k0
k0

> rb:=0.25: k0:=0.295: m:=7.5: g:=9.81:

> p:=plot([On,Ot,O],theta=0..Pi,labels=["theta (rads)"," "],title="Force at O (N)"):
> t1:=textplot([.1,40,"O"]): t2:=textplot([.3,35,"On"]):
> t3:=textplot([.7,23,"Ot"]):
> display(p,t1,t2,t3);

PLANE KINETICS OF RIGID BODIES 109

6.3 Problem 6/98 (General Plane Motion)

The slender rod of mass m and length l is
released from rest in the vertical position with
the small roller at end A resting on the incline.
(a) Determine the initial acceleration of A (aA)
and plot aA versus for 0 90. (b)
Determine the maximum value of aA over this
range and the angle at which it occurs.
Problem Formulation

The free-body and mass acceleration diagrams

are shown to the right. Shown on the mass
acceleration diagram are the two components of
the acceleration of the center of mass G obtained
from the following kinematic relation,
aG = aA + (aG/A)n + (aG/A)t

where (aG/A)n =

[M

l 2
l
=0, (aG/A)t = .
2
2

= I + ma d

[Fx = ma x ]

0=

l l
l
1
ml 2 + m ma A cos
12
2 2
2

mg sin = m a A cos
2

These two equations can be solved simultaneously to give,

6( g / l ) sin cos
4 3 cos
2

aA =

4 g sin
4 3 cos 2

At first, the answer to part (b) seems obvious. Intuitively, we would like to say
that the maximum acceleration is aA = g and occurs at = 90. But this intuition
neglects the effects of the bars rotation upon the acceleration. As we will see
below, the maximum acceleration is somewhat larger than g.
The maximum acceleration is obtained in the usual manner. The orientation
where the maximum occurs is first found by solving the equation da A / d = 0

110 CH. 6 PLANE KINETICS OF RIGID BODIES

for . This angle is then substituted back into the expression for aA to yield the
maximum acceleration.
Maple Worksheet
> restart;
> eqn1:=1/12*m*L^2*alpha+m*L/2*alpha*L/2-m*aA*L/2*cos(theta)=0;
1
1
eqn1 := m L 2 m aA L cos( ) = 0
3
2
> eqn2:=m*g*sin(theta)=m*(aA-L/2*alpha*cos(theta));
1
eqn2 := m g sin( ) = m aA L cos( )
2

> soln:=solve({eqn1,eqn2},{aA,alpha});
soln := { aA =

4 g sin( )
6 g sin( ) cos( )
,=
}
4 + 3 cos( )2
L ( 4 + 3 cos( ) 2 )

> assign(soln);
> g:=9.81:
> plot([theta*180/Pi,aA,theta=0..Pi/2],labels=["theta (degrees)","aA (m/s^2)"],

labeldirections=[HORIZONTAL,VERTICAL]);

Part (b)
> daA:=diff(aA,theta);

PLANE KINETICS OF RIGID BODIES 111

daA := 39.24

cos( )
235.44 sin( )2 cos( )

2
2
4 + 3 cos( )
( 4 + 3 cos( )2 )

> solve(daA=0,theta);
1.570796327 , 2.526112945 , 0.6154797087

Maple has found three solutions, only two of which are in the range from 0 to
90. These two solutions are /2 (90) and 0.6155 rad (35.3). Referring to the
figure above we see that the second solution corresponds to a maximum.
> evalf(subs(theta=.6154797087,aA));

11.32761228

Thus, (aA)max = 11.33 m/s2 when = 35.3.

6.4 Problem 6/104 (General Plane Motion)

The uniform 12-ft pole is hinged to the truck bed
and released from the vertical position as the
truck starts from rest with an acceleration a. If
the acceleration remains constant during the
motion of the pole, derive an expression for the
angular velocity in terms of a, g, and L where
L is the length of the pole. Plot versus for a
= 3 ft/s2.
Problem Formulation

The free-body and mass acceleration diagrams

are shown to the right. Shown on the mass
acceleration diagram are the three components
of the acceleration of the center of mass G
obtained from the following kinematic relation,
aG = aO + (aG/O)n + (aG/O)t

where aO = a, (aG/O)n = r 2 , (aG/O)t = r , and

r = L / 2 = 6 feet.

[M

= I + ma d

mg

L
L L
L
1
sin = mL2 + m ma cos
2
12
2 2
2

112 CH. 6 PLANE KINETICS OF RIGID BODIES

=

3
(g sin + a cos )
2L

Now we integrate the relation d = d to obtain,

1 2
3
=
2
2L

(g sin + a cos )d = 2 L (g (1 cos ) + a sin )

0

3
(g (1 cos ) + a sin )
L

Maple Worksheet
> restart;
> eqn:=m*g*L/2*sin(theta)=1/12*m*L^2*alpha+m*(L/2)^2*alpha-m*a*L/2*cos(theta);
1
1
1
eqn := m g L sin( ) = m L2 m a L cos ( )
2
3
2
> alpha:=solve(eqn,alpha);
3 g sin( ) + a cos( )
:=
2
L
> I1:=int(subs(theta=x,alpha),x=0..theta);
3 g cos( ) a sin( ) g
I1 :=
2
L
> omega:=sqrt(2*I1);

:=

3 g cos( ) 3 a sin( ) 3 g
L

> L:=12: g:=32.2: a:=3:

> plot([theta*180/Pi,omega,theta=0..Pi/2],labels=["theta (deg)","omega

(rad/s)"],labeldirections=[HORIZONTAL,VERTICAL]);

PLANE KINETICS OF RIGID BODIES 113

6.5 Sample Problem 6/10 (Work and Energy)

The 4-ft slender bar weighs 40 lb with a mass
center at B and is released from rest in the
position for which is essentially zero. Point B
is confined to move in the smooth vertical guide,
while end A moves in the smooth horizontal
guide and compresses the spring as the bar falls.
Plot the angular velocity of the bar and the
velocities of A and B as a function of from 0 to
90. The stiffness of the spring is 30 lb/in.
Problem Formulation

From the figure to the right, the lengths CB and CA are

2sin and 2cos respectively. Using the instantaneous center
C we can write the two velocities in terms of the angular
velocity .
v A = CA = 2 cos

v B = CB = 2 sin

114 CH. 6 PLANE KINETICS OF RIGID BODIES

Now we need to divide the range for into two distinct intervals depending upon
whether or not the spring has been engaged. Since the velocities for A and B are
known in terms of and , we need to find only the angular velocity in these two
intervals. From the diagram we see that A will first contact the spring at an angle
= sin 1 (18 / 24) = 0.8481 rads (48.6).
(a) Before the spring is engaged ( 48.6).
[T =

1
1
mv 2 + I 2 ]
2
2

T =

1 40
(2 cos )2 + 1 1 40 4 2 2
2 32.2
2 12 32.2

T = 0.8282 4 3 cos 2 2
[ V g = Wh]

Vg = 40(2 cos 2) = 80(cos 1)

We now substitute into the energy equation U 1 2 = T + V g = 0 ,

0 = 0.8282 4 3 cos 2 2 + 80(cos 1) , from which we find

= 9.829

1 cos
4 3 cos 2

(b) After the spring is engaged (48.6 90). The kinetic and potential
energies are the same as in part (a). At any angle , point A has moved 2sin feet
to the left. Thus, the spring is compressed by 2sin 18/12 feet.
[V e =

1 2
kx ]
2

Ve =

1 lb in
18
30 12 2 sin 0
2 in ft
12

Ve = 180 2 sin
2

Again, we substitute into the energy equation U 1 2 = T + V g + V e = 0 ,

0 = 0.8282 4 3 cos 2 2 + 80(cos 1) + 180 2 sin

2

PLANE KINETICS OF RIGID BODIES 115

= 2.457

216 sin 16 cos 144 sin 2 65

4 3 cos 2

Maple Worksheet

> restart; with(plots):

> theta0:=arcsin(18/24);
3
0 := arcsin
4
In the following, subscript a is for part (a) where is between 0 and 0 (48.6)
while subscript b is for part (b) where is greater than 0 .
> DT:=0.8282*(4-3*cos(theta)^2)*omega^2;
DT := .8282 ( 4 3 cos( )2 ) 2
> DVg:=80*(cos(theta)-1);
DVg := 80 cos( ) 80
> DVe:=180*(2*sin(theta)-3/2)^2;
3
DVe := 180 2 sin( )
2

> U12[a]:=0=DT+DVg;
U12a := 0 = .8282 ( 4 3 cos( )2 ) 2 + 80 cos( ) 80
> U12[b]:=DT+DVg+DVe;
3
U12b := .8282 ( 4 3 cos( )2 ) 2 + 80 cos( ) 80 + 180 2 sin( )
2

> solve(U12[a],omega);
9.828276825

( 4. + 3. cos( ) 2 ) ( 1. + cos( ) )
,
4. + 3. cos( ) 2

9.828276825

( 4. + 3. cos( ) 2 ) ( 1. + cos( ) )
4. + 3. cos( )2

It shouldnt be surprising that Maple has found two solutions to the equation. As
you can see, they have the same magnitude with one being positive and the other
negative. The solution of interest is the positive one which turns out to be the
second solution.
> omega[a]:=%[2]; # assigns the second solution to a

116 CH. 6 PLANE KINETICS OF RIGID BODIES

a := 200

41410 ( 4 + 3 cos( )2 ) ( 1 + cos( ) )

16564 + 12423 cos( )2

> solve(U12[b],omega);

Note that no output followed this statement which means that Maple was unable
to find the solution to this equation for some reason. This is somewhat odd in that
some earlier versions of Maple are able to solve the equation with no difficulty.
Another oddity is that the equation would be rather easy to solve by hand. Rather
than resort to solving by hand let's try a little trick and have Maple solve for
omega squared.
> solve(U12[b],omega^2);
Warning, solving for expressions other than names or functions is not
recommended.

6.037189085 ( 16. cos( ) + 65. + 144. sin( ) 2 216. sin( ) )

4. + 3. cos( ) 2

We were successful in this case but you might want to notice the warning.
> omega[b]:=sqrt(%);

b :=

96.59502536 cos( ) + 392.4172905 + 869.3552282 sin( )2 1304.032842 sin( )

4. + 3. cos( ) 2

We need to be careful to plot the two results only over the range for which they
are valid. (a) for between 0 and 0 (48.6) and (b) for greater than 0 . Also
note that we use a parametric plot in order to plot versus in degrees instead of
radians.
> pw1:=plot([theta*180/Pi,omega[a],theta=0..theta0], labels=["theta
(deg)","angular velocity (rad/s)"],labeldirections=
[HORIZONTAL,VERTICAL]):
> pw2:=plot([theta*180/Pi,omega[b],theta=theta0..Pi/2]):

PLANE KINETICS OF RIGID BODIES 117

> display(pw1,pw2);

Now we find the velocities. Remember that capital A and B refer to points A and
B while lower case a and b refer to cases (a) and (b).
> vA[a]:=2*omega[a]*cos(theta):
> vA[b]:=2*omega[b]*cos(theta):
> vB[a]:=2*omega[a]*sin(theta):
> vB[b]:=2*omega[b]*sin(theta):

> pA1:=plot([theta*180/Pi,vA[a],theta=0..theta0], labels=["theta (deg)","velocity

(ft/s)"],labeldirections=[HORIZONTAL,VERTICAL]):
> pA2:=plot([theta*180/Pi,vA[b],theta=theta0..Pi/2]):
> pB1:=plot([theta*180/Pi,vB[a],theta=0..theta0]):
> pB2:=plot([theta*180/Pi,vB[b],theta=theta0..Pi/2]):
> t1:=textplot([60,3.8,"vA"]): t2:=textplot([60,6.1,"vB"]):
> display(pA1,pA2,pB1,pB2,t1,t2);

118 CH. 6 PLANE KINETICS OF RIGID BODIES

For Further Study

A striking feature of the velocity curves above is the sudden change in shape
when the spring is engaged at about = 49. The details depend very much upon
the relative magnitudes of the weight and spring constant. To illustrate, the figure
below shows the angular velocity for several different values of the spring
constant k.

Note that for stiff springs, the angular velocity goes to zero before reaching =
90. The physical explanation for this is that, for a stiff spring, the bar will
rebound before it reaches the horizontal position.

PLANE KINETICS OF RIGID BODIES 119

6.6 Problem 6/206 (Impulse/Momentum)

Determine the minimum velocity v that the
wheel may have and just roll over the
obstruction. The centroidal radius of gyration of
the wheel is k, and it is assumed that the wheel
does not slip. Plot v versus h for three cases: k =
, , and 1 m. For each case take r = 1 m.
Problem Formulation

During Impact: Conservation of Angular Momentum

As usual, we neglect the angular impulse of the
weight during the short interval of impact. With this
assumption we have conservation of angular
momentum about point A. Immediately before
impact, the center of the wheel is not moving in a
circular path about A and we need to use the formula
for general plane motion. Note that I = mk 2 .
H A = I + mv d = mk 2 + mv (r h ) = mk 2

v
+ mv (r h )
r

We will use primes to denote the state immediately after impact. Since the wheel
now rotates about A we can use the simpler formula H A = I A . Note that, by the

parallel axis theorem, I A = I + mr 2 = m k 2 + r 2 .

H A = I A = k 2 + r 2
r

Setting H A = H A and solving yields,

rh

v = v 1 2

2
k +r

After Impact: Work-Energy

T + V g = 0 =

1
I A 0 2 2 + mgh
2

120 CH. 6 PLANE KINETICS OF RIGID BODIES

1
v
m k 2 + r 2 = mgh
2
r

Substituting the result for v into the above equation followed by simplification
yields,
v=

r 2 gh k 2 + r 2
2

k + r rh

Maple Worksheet
> restart; with(plots):
> Ib:=m*k^2; IA:=m*(k^2+r^2);

Ib := m k2

IA := m ( k2 + r 2 )
> HA:=Ib*v/r+m*v*(r-h);
m k2 v
HA :=
+ m v (r h )
r
> HAp:=IA*vp/r;

HAp :=

m ( k 2 + r 2 ) vp
r

> vp:=solve(HA=HAp,vp); # conservation of ang. mom.

v ( k2 + r 2 r h )
vp :=
k2 + r 2
> eqn:=1/2*IA*vp^2/r^2=m*g*h; # work/energy
2

1 m v2 ( k2 + r 2 r h )
eqn :=
=mgh
2
( k 2 + r2 ) r2
> solve(eqn,v);
2 g h r2 + 2 g h k 2 r
,
k 2 + r2 r h

2 g h r2 + 2 g h k2 r
k 2 + r2 r h

Note that it is possible to copy Maple output and then paste it into an input line.
This feature can save a lot of time typing. Here we copy the first solution above
and then copy it into the following expression defining the velocity.
> v:=sqrt(2*g*h*r^2+2*g*h*k^2)*r/(k^2+r^2-r*h);
2 g h r 2 + 2 g h k2 r
v :=
k2 + r 2 r h

PLANE KINETICS OF RIGID BODIES 121

> r:=1: g:=9.81:
> v1:=subs(k=1/2,v): v2:=subs(k=3/4,v): v3:=subs(k=1,v):
> p:=plot([v1,v2,v3],h=0..1,labels=["h (m)",""],title="velocity (m/s)"):
> t1:=textplot([.9,17,"k=1/2"]):t2:=textplot([.89,9.2,"k=3/4"]):

> t3:=textplot([.87,4.4,"k=1"]):
> display(p,t1,t2,t3);

INTRODUCTION TO THREEDIMENSIONAL DYNAMICS

OF RIGID BODIES

This chapter presents a brief introduction to rigid body dynamics in three

dimensions. In problem 7.1, the general 3-D motion of three connected bars is
investigated. In particular, the angular velocities of two of the bars are plotted
versus the length of the third bar. solve is used to solve four equations
symbolically for four unknowns. In problem 7.2 we consider a bent plate rotating
about a fixed axis. The problem illustrates a simplified version of what engineers
might do in a real design situation. Two dimensions of the bent plate are left as
variables and the objective of the problem is to find all suitable values of those
dimensions which satisfy several constraints simultaneously. Here we illustrate a
graphical approach to this type of design problem.

124 CH. 7 INTRO. TO 3-D DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES

7.1 Sample Problem 7/3 (General Motion)

Crank CB rotates about the horizontal axis with
an angular velocity 1 = 6 rad/s, which is
constant for a short interval of motion that
includes the position shown. Link AB has a balland-socket fitting on each end and connects
crank DA with CB. Let the length of crank CB
be d mm (instead of 100 mm as in the sample
problem in your text) and plot 2 and n as a
function of d for 0 d 200 mm. 2 is the
angular velocity of crank DA while n is the
angular velocity of link AB.
Problem Formulation

Our analysis will follow closely that in the sample problem in your text.
vA = vB + nrA/B

where vA = 502j

vB = 6di

rA/B = 50i + 100j + dk

Substitution into the velocity equation gives

i
50 2 j = 6 di + nx
50

ny nz
100

Expanding the determinant and equating the i, j, and k components yields the
following three equations

d 6 + ny 100 nz = 0

50( 2 nz ) + d nx = 0

2 nx ny = 0

At this point we have three equations with four unknowns. As explained in the
sample problem in your text, the fourth equation comes by requiring n to be
normal to vA/B
n rA/B = 50nx + 100ny + dnz = 0
These four equations will be solved simultaneously for 2, nx, ny, and nz.
Once this is done,

3-D DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES 125

2
2
n = nx2 + ny
+ nz

Maple Worksheet
> restart; with(plots):
> eqn1:=d*(6+omega[ny])-100*omega[nz]=0;
eqn1 := d ( 6 + ny ) 100 nz = 0
> eqn2:=50*(omega[2]-omega[nz])+d*omega[nx]=0;
eqn2 := 50 2 50 nz + d nx = 0
> eqn3:=2*omega[nx]-omega[ny]=0;
eqn3 := 2 nx ny = 0
> eqn4:=50*omega[nx]+100*omega[ny]+d*omega[nz]=0;
eqn4 := 50 nx + 100 ny + d nz = 0
> soln:=solve({eqn1,eqn2,eqn3,eqn4},{omega[2],omega[nx],omega[ny],omega[nz]});
3
d2
d
d2
soln := { 2 = d, nx = 3 2
, nz = 750 2
, ny = 6 2
}
50
d + 12500
d + 12500
d + 12500
> assign(soln);
> omega[n]:=simplify(sqrt(omega[nx]^2+omega[ny]^2+omega[nz]^2));
d2
n := 3 5
2
d + 12500
> p:=plot([omega[2],omega[n]],d=0..200,labels=["d (mm)",""],title="angular
velocity (rad/s)"):
> t1:=textplot([160,11,"omega_2"]):
> t2:=textplot([160,6.1,"omega_n"]):
> display(p,t1,t2);

126 CH. 7 INTRO. TO 3-D DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES

7.2 Sample Problem 7/6 (Kinetic Energy)

The bent plate has a mass of 70 kg per square meter of
surface area and revolves around the z-axis at the rate =
30 rad/s. Let the dimensions of part B be a and b where a
is the dimension parallel to the x-axis and b is the
dimension parallel to the z-axis. Part A remains
unchanged. (a) Find all suitable values for a and b which
satisfy the following conditions: a 0.2 m, b 0.6 m, and
15 T 30 J where T is the kinetic energy of the plate.
(b) Find a and b for the case where T = 40 J and H0 = 5
Nms where H0 is the magnitude of the angular
momentum about O.
Problem Formulation

Substitution of x = 0, y = 0, and z = into equations 7/11 and 7/18 of your

text yields.
HO = (Ixzi Iyzj +Izzk)
2
2
2
2
H O = H Ox
+ H Oy
+ H Oz
= I xz2 + I yz
+ I zz2

3-D DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES 127

T=

1
I zz 2
2

The moments and products of inertia for part A remain unchanged. For part B, mB
= 70ab where a and b are in meters. The moments and products of inertia for part
B are
I zz = I zz + md 2 =

mB 2
a
2
a + m B (.125) +

12
2

a b
I xz = I xz + md x d z = 0 + m B
2 2
b
I yz = I yz + md y d z = 0 + m B (0.125)
2

The total moment and products of inertia are found by adding the above to those
found for part A (see the sample problem in your text). After substituting for mB
and simplifying we have,
I zz = 0.00456 + 1.094ab + 23.33a 3b
I xz = 17.5a 2 b 2

I yz = 0.00273 + 4.375ab 2

Substitution of these results will give HO and T as functions of a and b.

Part (a)
The most efficient way to show the acceptable ranges for a and b is to find the
required relationship between these two dimensions in order to satisfy the upper
and lower bounds on T. This is accomplished by substituting these bounds for T
in the equation above and then solving that equation for b as a function of a. To
illustrate, consider the lower limit on T (15 J). Substituting T = 15 into the
equation above gives
1
2
I zz (30 ) = 2.052 + 492.2ab + 10,500a3b
2
0.078921
(for T = 15 J)
b=
a 3 + 64a 2

T = 15 =

Solving for b,

A similar result can be obtained for the upper limit,

128 CH. 7 INTRO. TO 3-D DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES

b=

0.17035
a 3 + 64a 2

(for T = 30 J)

Plotting these two functions defines the acceptable regions for a and b.
Part (b)
This is similar to (a) except that we solve two equations (T = 40 and H0 = 5)
simultaneously for two unknowns, a and b. The result is a = 0.1211 m and b =
0.4852 m.
Maple Worksheet
> restart; with(plots):
> Izz:=m[B]/12*a^2+m[B]*(0.125^2+(a/2)^2)+0.00456;
1
1
Izz := mB a 2 + mB .015625 + a 2 + .00456
12
4

> Ixz:=m[B]*a/2*b/2;
1
Ixz := mB a b
4
> Iyz:=m[B]*0.125*b/2+0.00273;
Iyz := .06250000000mB b + .00273
> H0:=omega*sqrt(Ixz^2+Iyz^2+Izz^2): # output has been suppressed
> T:=1/2*Izz*omega^2:

Part (a)
> omega:=30: m[B]:=70*a*b:
> b15:=solve(T=15, b);
b15 := .07892114286
> b30:=solve(T=30, b);

b30 := .1703497143

1
a ( 64. a 2 + 3. )

1
a ( 64. a 2 + 3. )

> p:=plot([b15,b30],a=0..0.2,y=0..0.6,labels=["a (m)","b (m)"],

labeldirections=[HORIZONTAL,VERTICAL]):
> t1:=textplot([.055,.6,"T = 15"]): t2:=textplot([.097,.6,"T = 30"]):
> display(p,t1,t2);

3-D DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES 129

The two curves above represent the values of a and b for which T is exactly 15 or
30 J. Thus, the acceptable values of a and b satisfying the condition 15 T 30
J are all those combinations lying on or between the two curves.
Part (b)
> solve({H0=5,T=40},{a,b});
{ b = -.4995916826, a = -.1186729553},
{ b = .2865196782+ .2810897606I , a = -.09249618254 .2040591236I },
{ a = -.09249618254+ .2040591236I , b = .2865196782 .2810897606I },
{ b = .06437577589 .7784870381I , a = -.002575144973 .2549173146I },
{ a = -.002575144973+ .2549173146I , b = .06437577589+ .7784870381I },
{ b = -.05367082782 .5793986603I , a = .003496405433 .2650400901I },
{ a = .003496405433+ .2650400901I , b = -.05367082782+ .5793986603I },
{ a = .09037983691 .2043122065I , b = -.2981058787+ .2845590159I },
{ a = .09037983691+ .2043122065I , b = -.2981058787 .2845590159I },
{ b = .4851675635, a = .1210631257}
We see from the above that Maple has found ten solutions to our equations. Of
these only the first and last are real. The first solution has negative values for a
and b and thus can be excluded. This leaves only the last solution,
a = 0.1211 m; b = 0.4852 m

VIBRATION AND TIME

RESPONSE

This chapter considers an important class of Dynamics problems that involve

linear or angular oscillations of a body or structure about some equilibrium
position or configuration. Very few of the homework problems in your text
require you to actually plot the oscillations of a body versus time. For this reason,
all of the problems in this chapter will involve such plots. This is very useful in
visualizing the time response of a vibrating system, especially for the case of
damped or forced vibrations. Problem 8.1 looks at the effects of damping
coefficient upon time response while Problem 8.3 considers the effects of initial
conditions.

132 CH. 7 INTRO. TO 3-D DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES

8.1 Sample Problem 8/2 (Free Vibration of Particles)

The 8-kg body is moved 0.2 m to the right of the
equilibrium position and released from rest at
time t = 0. Plot the displacement as a function of
time for three cases, c = 8, 32, and 56 Ns/m.
The spring stiffness k is 32 N/m.
Problem Formulation

As in the sample problem in your text, the natural circular frequency is

n = k / m = 32 / 8 = 2 rad/sec. Now we find the damping ratio for each case
(from = c/2mn) with the result = 0.25, 1, and 1.75 for c = 8, 32, and 56
Ns/m respectively.
(a) = 0.25. Since < 1, the system is underdamped. The damped natural

frequency is d = n 1 2 = 1.937 rad/sec. The displacement and velocity are

x = Ce n t sin( d t + ) = Ce t / 2 sin(1.937t + )
x& = 0.5Ce t / 2 sin(1.937t + ) + 1.937Ce t / 2 cos(1.937t + )

From the initial conditions x 0 = 0.2 and x& 0 = 0 we find C = 0.207 m and =
1.318 rad.
(b) = 1. For = 1, the system is critically damped. The displacement and
velocity are
x = ( A1 + A2 t )e n t = ( A1 + A2 t )e 2t
x& = A2 e 2t 2( A1 + A2 t )e 2t

From the initial conditions x 0 = 0.2 and x& 0 = 0 we find A1 = 0.2 m and A2 = 0.4
m/s.
(c) = 1.75. Since > 1, the system is overdamped. The displacement and
velocity are
+ 2 1 t
n

x = B1 e

2 1 t
n

+ B2 e

= B1 e 0.628t + B 2 e 6.372 t

x& = 0.628B1 e 0.628 t 6.372 B 2 e 6.372t

From the initial conditions x 0 = 0.2 and x& 0 = 0 we find B1 = 0.222 m and B2 =
0.0219 m/s.
Maple Worksheet
> restart; with(plots):
> x[a]:=C*exp(-t/2)*sin(1.937*t+psi);

xa := C e

( 1/2 t )

sin( 1.937 t + )

> C:=0.207; psi:=1.318;

C := .207

:= 1.318
> x[b]:=(A1+A2*t)*exp(-2*t);

xb := ( A1 + A2 t ) e

( 2 t )

> A1:=0.2; A2:=0.4;

A1 := .2
A2 := .4
> x[c]:=B1*exp(-0.628*t)+B2*exp(-6.372*t);

xc := B1 e

( .628 t )

+ B2 e

( 6.372 t )

> B1:=0.222; B2:=-0.0219;

B1 := .222
B2 := -.0219
> p:=plot([x[a],x[b],x[c]],t=0..5,color=black,labels=["time (sec)","x (m)"]):
> ta:=textplot([2.2,-0.08,"c = 8"]):
> tb:=textplot([1.6,0.06,"c = 32"]):
> tc:=textplot([1.6,.11,"c = 56"]):
> display(p,ta,tb,tc);

134 CH. 7 INTRO. TO 3-D DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES

8.2 Problem 8/139 (Damped Free Vibration)

The mass of a critically damped system having a
natural frequency n is released from rest at an
initial displacement x0. (a) Determine the time t
required for the mass to reach the position
x = 0.1x0 if n = 4 rad/s. (b) Plot the nondimensional displacement x/x0 for n = 2, 4, and
8 rad/s.
Problem Formulation

Start with the equation for the critically damped case on page 606 of your text.

x = ( A1 + A2 t )e nt
First we have to evaluate the constants in terms of x0 using the initial conditions.
This will require the derivative of x.

x& = A2 e nt ( A1 + A2 t ) n e nt
Now, substituting the initial conditions,

x(t = 0 ) = x0 = A1

x& (t = 0) = 0 = A2 A1 n
These two equations give

A1 = x 0 and A2 = x0 n
x = ( x0 + x 0 n t )e nt
or

= (1 + n t )e nt

where is the non-dimensional displacement x/x0.

Part (a) will require the solution to the equation

0.1 = (1 + 4t )e 4t
For part (b) we will simply plot for three different natural frequencies n .

Maple Worksheet
> restart; with(plots):
> eta:=(1+omega[n]*t)*exp(-omega[n]*t);

:= ( 1 + n t ) e

( t )
n

> solve(eta=1/10,t);

1 ( -1 )
1 ( -1 )
LambertW e + 1
LambertW -1, e + 1
10
10

,
n
n

Part (a)
> omega[n]:=4;
n := 4
> solve(eta=.1,t);
-0.2404446896, 0.9724300425

Thus, the time t required for the mass to reach the position x = 0.1x0 when

n = 4 rad/s is t = 0.972 sec.

Part (b)
> omega[n]:=2: eta1:=eta:

136 CH. 7 INTRO. TO 3-D DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES

> omega[n]:=4: eta2:=eta:
> omega[n]:=8: eta3:=eta:
> p1:=plot([eta1,eta2,eta3],t=0..3,color=black,labels=["time (s)",""], title="non-dimensional

displacement"):
> t1:=textplot([.58,.8,"2 rad/s"]):
> t2:=textplot([.67,.4,"4 rad/s"]):
> t3:=textplot([.58,.15,"8 rad/s"]):
> display(p1,t1,t2,t3);

8.3 Sample Problem 8/6 (Forced Vibration of Particles)

The 100-lb piston is supported by a spring of
modulus k = 200 lb/in. A dashpot of damping
coefficient c = 85 lb-sec/ft acts in parallel with
the spring. A fluctuating pressure p = 0.625
sin(30t) (psi) acts on the piston, whose top
surface area is 80 in2. Plot the response of the
system for initial conditions x0 = 0.05 ft and
x& 0 = 5, 0, and 5 ft/sec.
Problem Formulation

The particular (steady state) solution was found in the sample problem in your
text,
x p = X sin (t )

where X = 0.01938 m, = 1.724 rad and = 30 rad/sec. Also from the sample
problem, n = k / m = 27.8 rad/sec and = c/2mn = 0.492.
The complete solution is found by adding the complementary (transient) and
particular solutions. Since the system is underdamped ( < 1), the complementary
solution is,
x c = Ce n t sin( d t + )

where d = n 1

= 24.2 rad/sec. The displacement of the system is

x = x c + x p = Ce n t sin( d t + ) + X sin (t )
x = Ce 13.68t sin( 24.2t + ) + 0.01938 sin( 30t 1.724 )

The velocity is found by differentiating x,

x& = C d e n t cos( d t + ) C n e n t sin( d t + ) + X cos(t )
x& = Ce 13.68t (24.2 cos( 24.2t + ) 13.68 sin( 24.2t + ) ) + 0.5814 cos(30t 1.724)

138 CH. 7 INTRO. TO 3-D DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES

The constants C and are found from the initial conditions,

x 0 = 0.05 = C sin + X sin = C sin 0.0192

x& 0 = C d cos C n sin + X cos = 24.2C cos 13.7C sin 0.0887
The first equation can be solved for C = 0.0692/sin . Substitution into the
second equation gives .

1.675

x& 0 + 1.035

= tan 1

C=

0.0692
sin

This yields the following values for C and .

x0 = 0.05 ft, x& 0 = 5 ft/s, C = 0.259 ft, = 0.271 rad

x0 = 0.05 ft, x& 0 = 0 ft/s, C = 0.081 ft, = 1.017 rad
x0 = 0.05 ft, x& 0 = 5 ft/s, C = 0.178 ft, = 0.400 rad
Maple Worksheet
> restart; with(plots):
> x := C*sin(24.2*t+psi)*exp(-13.68*t)+.01938*sin(30*t-1.724);
( 13.68 t )
x := C sin( 24.2 t + ) e
+ .01938 sin( 30 t 1.724)
> psi:=arctan(1.675/(xd0+1.035));
1

:= arctan 1.675

xd0
+
1.035

> C:=.0692/sin(psi);

C := .04131343284( xd0 + 1.035)

1+

2.805625
( xd0 + 1.035)2

> xd0:=5: x1:=x: xd0:=0: x2:=x: xd0:=-5: x3:=x:

>
> p1:=plot([x1,x2,x3],t=0..0.5,color=black,labels=[`time (sec)`,`position (feet)`],labeldirections =

[HORIZONTAL,VERTICAL]):
> t1:=textplot([.082,.13,"5 ft/s"]):
> t2:=textplot([.04,.05,"0 ft/s"]):
> t3:=textplot([.095,-.07,"- 5 ft/s"]):
>
> display(p1,t1,t2,t3);

Notice how quickly the three cases converge to the steady state solution.