FINITE ELEMENT
Chapter 1. Introduction
The finite element method (FEM), or finite
element analysis
(FEA), is based on the idea of building a
complicated object with
simple blocks, or, dividing a complicated
object into small and
manageable pieces. Application of this simple
idea can be found
everywhere in everyday life as well as in
engineering.
Types of Finite Element
Types of Finite Elements
Types of Finite Elements
III. Spring Element
III. Spring Element
Spring force-displacement relationship:
III. Spring Element
III. Spring Element
Spring System
Spring System
Assemble the stiffness matrix for the whole system
Consider the equilibrium of forces at node 1,
F1 =f1 1
at node 2
F2 =f2 1 + f1 2
at node 3
F1 =f2 2
Spring System
An alternative way of assembling
the whole stiffness matrix
Boundary and load conditions:
Example 1.1
Solution
(a)
Solution
Solution
Solution
(b)
=0
=0
Solution
(c)
=0
=0
(d) The FE equation for spring (element) 2 is
Example 1.2
For the spring system with arbitrarily numbered
nodes and elements, as shown above, find the global
stiffness matrix.
Solution
The element stiffness matrices
The global stiffness matrix
Chapter 2. Bar and Beam
Elements. Linear Static Analysis
Stiffness Matrix - Direct Method
Stiffness Matrix - Direct Method
The bar is acting
like a spring in
this case and we
conclude that
element stiffness
matrix is
Stiffness Matrix -A Formal Approach
Stiffness Matrix -A Formal Approach
Example 2.1
Solution
Solution
Example 2.2
Solution
Solution
Chapter 3. Bar Elements in 2-D
Stiffness matrix in the
local coordinate
It is stiffness Matrix in the local coordinate system
Stiffness matrix in global
coordinate
Stiffness matrix in global
coordinate
Element Stress
Example 2.3
Solution
Element 1
Solution
Element 2
Assemble the structure FE equation,
Load and boundary conditions (BC):
The stresses in the two bars,
Example 2.4
Solution
Element 1:
Solution
Element 2
Solution
Element 3
The global FE equation
Load and boundary conditions (BC):
The transformation relation and the BC
The transformation relation and the BC
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Substituting this into the 2nd equation and rearranging,
MATLAB
Variable descriptions
% k = element stiffness matrix
% kk = system stiffness matrix
% ff = system force vector
% index=a vector containing system dofs associated with each
element
% gcoord = global coordinate matrix
% disp = nodal displacement vector
% elforce = element force vector
% eldisp = element nodal displacement
% stress = stress vector for every element
% elprop = element property matrix
% nodes = nodal connectivity matrix for each element
% bcdof = a vector containing dofs associated with boundary
conditions
% bcval = a vector containing boundary condition values
associated with the dofs in 'bcdof'
%
control input data
clear
nel=2; % number of elements
nnel=2; % number of nodes per element
ndof=2; % number of dofs per node
nnode=3;% total number of nodes in system
sdof=nnode*ndof; % total system dofs
%
nodal coordinates
%---------------------------
gcoord(1,1)=0.0;
gcoord(1,2)=0.0;
gcoord(2,1)=10.0;
gcoord(2,2)=0.0;
gcoord(3,1)=0.0;
gcoord(3,2)=10.0;
% x, y-coordinate of node 1
% x, y-coordinate of node 2
% x, y-coordinate of node 3
% material and geometric properties
%------------------------------------------
elprop(1,1)=30000000; % elastic modulus of
1st element
elprop(1,2)=0.4;
% cross-section of 1st
element
elprop(2,1)=30000000; % elastic modulus of
2nd element
elprop(2,2)=0.5;
% cross-section of 2nd
element
%----------------------------% nodal connectivity
%-----------------------------
nodes(1,1)=1;
nodes(1,2)=2; % nodes associated
with element 1
nodes(2,1)=2;
nodes(2,2)=3; % nodes associated
with element 2
applied constraints
%----------------------------bcdof(1)=1;
bcval(1)=0;
bcdof(2)=2;
bcval(2)=0;
bcdof(3)=5;
bcval(3)=0;
bcdof(4)=6;
bcval(4)=0;
% 1st dof (horizontal displ) is constrained
% whose described value is 0
% 2nd dof (vertical displ) is constrained
% whose described value is 0
% 5th dof (horizontal displ) is constrained
% whose described value is 0
% 6th dof (vertical displ) is constrained
% whose described value is 0
initialization to zero
%---------------------------ff=zeros(sdof,1);
% system force vector
kk=zeros(sdof,sdof);
% system stiffness matrix
index=zeros(nnel*ndof,1);
% index vector
elforce=zeros(nnel*ndof,1); % element force vector
eldisp=zeros(nnel*ndof,1);
% element nodal
displacement vector
k=zeros(nnel*ndof,nnel*ndof); % element stiffness
matrix
stress=zeros(nel,1);
% stress vector for every
element
%----------------------------% applied nodal force
%----------------------------ff(4)=-1000;
% 2nd node has 1000
lb in downward direction
% loop for elemet
for iel=1:nel % loop for the total number of elements
nd(1)=nodes(iel,1); % 1st connected node for the (iel)-th element
nd(2)=nodes(iel,2); % 2nd connected node for the (iel)-th element
x1=gcoord(nd(1),1); y1=gcoord(nd(1),2); % coordinate of 1st node
x2=gcoord(nd(2),1); y2=gcoord(nd(2),2); % coordinate of 2nd node
leng=sqrt((x2-x1)^2+(y2-y1)^2); % element length
if (x2-x1)==0;
if y2>y1;
beta=2*atan(1); % angle between local and global axes else
beta=-2*atan(1);
end
else
beta=atan((y2-y1)/(x2-x1));
end
el=elprop(iel,1);
% extract elastic modulus
area=elprop(iel,2);
% extract cross-sectional area
index=feeldof(nd,nnel,ndof); % extract system dofs for the element
k=fetruss2(el,leng,area,0,beta,1); % compute element matrix
kk=feasmbl1(kk,k,index);
% assemble into system matrix
end
function [index]=feeldof(nd,nnel,ndof)
%---------------------------------------------------------% Purpose:
%
Compute system dofs associated with each element
% Synopsis:
%
[index]=feeldof(nd,nnel,ndof)
% Variable Description:
%
index - system dof vector associated with element "iel"
%
iel - element number whose system dofs are to be determined
%
nnel - number of nodes per element
%
ndof - number of dofs per node
%----------------------------------------------------------edof = nnel*ndof;
k=0;
for i=1:nnel
start = (nd(i)-1)*ndof;
for j=1:ndof
k=k+1;
index(k)=start+j;
end
end
function k=fetruss2(el,leng,area,beta)
%-------------------------------------------------------------% % % Variable Description:
%
k - element stiffness matrix (size of 4x4)
%
m - element mass matrix (size of 4x4)
%
el - elastic modulus
%
leng - element length
%
area - area of truss cross-section
%
beta - angle between the local and global axes
%
positive if the local axis is in the ccw direction from
%
the global axis
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------
% stiffness matrix
c=cos(beta); s=sin(beta);
k= (area*el/leng)*[ c*c c*s -c*c -c*s;...
c*s s*s -c*s -s*s;...
-c*c -c*s c*c c*s;...
-c*s -s*s c*s s*s];
function [kk]=feasmbl1(kk,k,index)
%---------------------------------------------------------% % Variable Description:
%
kk - system matrix
%
k - element matri
%
index - d.o.f. vector associated with an element
%----------------------------------------------------------edof = length(index);
for i=1:edof
ii=index(i);
for j=1:edof
jj=index(j);
kk(ii,jj)=kk(ii,jj)+k(i,j);
end
end
apply constraints and solve the matrix
%--------------------------------------------------
[kk,ff]=feaplyc2(kk,ff,bcdof,bcval); %
apply the boundary conditions
disp=kk\ff; % solve the matrix
equation to find nodal displacements
post computation for stress calculation
%-------------------------------------------------for iel=1:nel
% loop for the total number of elements
nd(1)=nodes(iel,1); % 1st connected node for the (iel)-th element
nd(2)=nodes(iel,2); % 2nd connected node for the (iel)-th element
x1=gcoord(nd(1),1); y1=gcoord(nd(1),2); % coordinate of 1st node
x2=gcoord(nd(2),1); y2=gcoord(nd(2),2); % coordinate of 2nd node
leng=sqrt((x2-x1)^2+(y2-y1)^2); % element length
if (x2-x1)==0;
if y2>y1;
beta=2*atan(1);
% angle between local and global axes
else
beta=-2*atan(1);
end
else
beta=atan((y2-y1)/(x2-x1));
end
el=elprop(iel,1);
% extract elastic modulus
area=elprop(iel,2);
% extract cross-sectional area
index=feeldof(nd,nnel,ndof); % extract system dofs for the element
k=fetruss2(el,leng,area,0,beta,1); % compute element matrix
for i=1:(nnel*ndof)
% extract
displacements associated with
eldisp(i)=disp(index(i));
% (iel)-th element
end
elforce=k*eldisp;
% element force
vector
stress(iel)=sqrt(elforce(1)^2+elforce(2)^2)/area
; % stress calculation
if ((x2-x1)*elforce(3)) < 0;
stress(iel)=-stress(iel);
end
end
% print fem solutions
%---------------------------num=1:1:sdof;
displ=[num' disp]
displacements
% print
numm=1:1:nel;
stresses=[numm' stress]
stresses
% print
displ =
1.0000
2.0000
3.0000
4.0000
5.0000
6.0000
-0.0000
0
-0.0008
-0.0027
0
0
stresses =
1.0e+003 *
0.0010 -2.5000
0.0020 2.8284
>>
Chapter 4. Beams and Frames
Beams and Frames
Beams and frames
Beams and frames
Beams and frames
Beams and frames
Beams and frames
Beams and frames
Beams and frames
Beams and frames
Beams and frames
Beams and frames
Beams and frames
Beams and frames
Example
Element stiffness matrices
Global FE equation
Loads and constraints (BCs)
Solving equaiton
The reaction forces and
moments
Equivalent Nodal Loads of
Distributed Transverse Load
Example
Solution
The spring stiffness matrix
The boundary conditions,
Solving equation
The nodal reaction forces
The nodal reaction forces
Beam Element
vi
ui
i
vj
j
uij
Combining the axial stiffness (bar
element), we obtain the stiffness matrix
of a general 2-D beam element,
Beam Element
vi
ui
i
vj
j
uij
Example
Solution
The stiffness matrix
The stiffness matrix for element 1
The stiffness matrix in local
system for 2 snd 3 element
The transformation matrix
for element 2 and 3.
The stiffness matrices in the
global coordinate system
The stiffness matrices in the
global coordinate system
Boundary conditions
Solving equation
The reaction forces and
moments
Draw the free-body diagram
of the frame
Capter 5. Two-Dimensional
Problems
In general, the stresses and strains in a structure
consist of six components:
Plane (2-D) Problems
Plane stress:
A thin planar structure with constant thickness and
loading within the plane of the structure (xy-plane).
Elasticity matrix
Plane stress - isotropic material
Stress-Strain Relations
We can also express stresses in terms of
strains by solving the above equation
Plane (2-D) Problems
Plane strain:
A long structure with a uniform cross section and
transverse loading along its length (z-direction).
Elasticity matrix
Plane strain - isotropic material
Elasticity matrix
Plane strain - isotropic material
linear triangular element.
Displacement functions
Displacement functions
Displacement functions
Displacement functions
Strain matrix
Strain matrix
The strain energy
Examples
CIVL 7117 FINITE ELEMENT NETHODS
IN STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
(page:265)
CIVL 7117 FINITE ELEMENT NETHODS
IN STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
(page:274)
WEIGHTED RESIDUAL
RAYLEI RITZ
GALERKIN
COLE
dizininden
