Chapter 2 Diffusion
Chapter 2 Diffusion
1
mu 2
2
3RT
Mw
As Temperature increases, average kinetic energy of molecules will
increase so molecules movement is more which results in more diffusion.
Thus, mass transfer of species from higher concentration to lower concentration is
accomplished by the actual migration of molecules.
Classification of Diffusion:
(i) Laminar Diffusion or Simple molecular diffusion:
Diffusion takes place without any external force. It is very slow process .
Ex. Diffusion of NaCl solution in Water without agitation.
(ii)
MolarRateofDiffusion
unitArea unitTime
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and B B
Z dZ
Z dZ
Adding equation (3) and (4)
C CB
dC
dC
N A N B ( N A N B ) A
D AB A D BA B __________(5)
C
dZ
dZ
2
dC A
dZ
D AB C C A N A C ( N A N B )C A
Z1
Z2
where 1 indicates the beginning of diffusion path (high CA) and 2 indicates the end of
diffusion path (low CA)
under isothermal condition DAB = constant and C = constant
Because of Steady State condition NA and NB are constants
CA2
(Z 2 Z1 )
1
lnN A C ( N A N B )C A
D AB C
NA NB
CA1
N AC ( N A N B )C A2
1
ln
N A N B N AC ( N A N B )C A2
Now , take Z 2 Z1 Z
NA
C
A2
(N N B )
Z
1
ln A
NA
C A1
D AB C N A N B
C
( N A N B )
_________(5)
NA
C A2 / C
N A .D AB C
N NB
ln A
________________(6)
N A
( N A N B )Z N A
C A1 / C
N A N B
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PA2 / Pt
N A D AB Pt
N NB
N A
ln A
N A N B RTZ N A
PA1 / Pt
N A N B
NA
Pt PA2
N A D AB Pt
N NB
_____________(8)
N A
ln A
N A N B RTZ N A
P PA1
N A N B t
Relationship between NA & NB should be known to use the above equation no.(8)
1 ____________(9)
NA NB
Hence equation (8) becomes
D P P PA2
N A AB t ln t
RTZ
Pt PA1
PB1
NA
D P ( P PB1 )
N A AB t B 2
RTZ PBM
But,
( PB 2 PB1 ) ( PA1 PA2 )
NA
D AB Pt
PA1 PA2 _______(12)
RTZ PBM
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_______(13)
D AB
N A dZ
RT
Z1
Z2
N AZ
D AB
PA1 PA2
RT
PA2
dP
PA1
OR
D AB
PA PA2 _________(15)
RTZ 1
The equation (15) is graphically shown in the figure 3 below.
NA
C A2 / C
N A .D AB C
N NB
ln A
N A
( N A N B )Z N A
C A1 / C
N A N B
DAB
(1 X A2 ) (1 X A1 )
X BM Z M av
D AB
NA
X A1 X A2 ___________(17)
X BM Z M av
N A N B
We know that,(from eqn.(2) & (3))
NA XA N JA
C
dC A
N A ( N A N B ) A D AB
C
dZ
For equi molal counter diffusion NA = -NB
dC A
C
N A N A N B A D AB
dZ
C
D AB
NA
dC A
dZ
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C A2
Z1
C A1
N A dZ DAB
dC
C A2
A
DABCA
C A1
N A Z DAB (C A1 C A2 )
D AB C A1 C A2
Z
C
C
D
N A AB X A1 X A2
Z M av
NA
______(18)
D A1m
N A Y A Ni
i A
__________(19)
1
Yi N A Y A N i
i A D Ai
DA1m Effective diffusivity of A relative to other components
Ni = flux of components Ai, Bi, Ci..
Yi = Mole fraction of component i
If only component A diffuses & other are non diffusing
NB, NC . = 0
Ni N A
D A1m
N A N AYA
n
Yi
i B D Ai
___________ (20)
MA MB
D AB
1
1 2
Pt V A 3 V B 3
Where, DAB = Diffusivity ()
MA and MB = Molecular Weight of A and B
VA and VB = Molar Volume of A and B
Pt=Total Pressure (atm)
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10 4 1.084 0.249
1
MA
1
MB
3/ 2
1
MA
1
MB
Pt AB f KT / AB
DAB = diffusivity m2/s
T = Abs. Temperature K
MA, MB = Molecular weight of A & B respectively kg/kmol
Pt = absolute pressure N/m2
AB = Molecular separation at collision, nm = A B 2
2
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2.Diffusivity of Liquids
Do AB
117.3 10 M
18
0.5
VA
0.6
35
DoAB =Diffusivity of A in very dilate solution in solvent B m2/s
MB = Mole wt of solvent kg/kmol
T
= Temperature 0K
D AB D 0 BA A
D
XA
B 1
XB
AB
d logYA
d log X A
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Do AB
35
DoAB =
MB
T
VA
117.3 10 M
18
0.5
VA
0.6
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