CIVE1620: Matrices : Lecture 2

09/04/2009

Linear Equations & Matrices

School of Civil Engineering

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Introduction to
Matrices

CIVE 1620: Engineering Maths 1.1

Linear Equations & Matrix Algebra

Lecture 2

Introduction to the Matrices

Matrix Arithmetic

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Matrices

Linear Equations & Matrices

What are matrices (is a matrix)?

Linear Equations & Matrices

What are matrices?

elements

Where are they used

(in Civil Engineering)?

2x3

Order = 4 x 3
1x3
8x6

Simple Matrix operations

adding/subtracting
multiplying

3x3

3x3
4x3

A matrix is a rectangular table of elements which may be numbers

(but, more generally, any quantity that can be added and multiplied)
Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Order of Matrices

Linear Equations & Matrices

What is the order of this matrix?

5

2
0

4 6 3 7

3 1 5 4
6 8 1 2

5 3 2 8

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

4 5
m n
rows columns

Order of Matrices

Linear Equations & Matrices

What is the order of this matrix?

1 4 6 3

2 3 1 5 4 4
0 6 8 1 Square matrix

8 5 3 2

And this matrix?

1 8 6 1 4

Line matrix

2

And this? 4 4 1
1 Column matrix

8

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

CIVE1620: Matrices : Lecture 2

Where are they used?

09/04/2009

Linear Equations & Matrices

Stiffness matrix
Holds geometrical and
material properties

In Civil Engineering Matrices are used in:

Recording data that depend on multiple parameters

Structural Analysis

Linear Equations & Matrices

Predict behaviour of buildings/structure

(Modelling structures)
Stiffness matrix holds geometrical and material properties
Finite Element Analysis

could be for a truss or frame

in a structure
Example for a truss

Describing and solving systems of linear equations

Where
A = Cross section area of the member
E = Elasticity modulus
L = Length of the member
C = cos(q), S = sin(q)

Applying transforms

rotating, scaling, translating

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Double suffix notation

Linear Equations & Matrices

To reference elements of a matrix use a suffix

notation (subscript) to indicate row and column
arow, column
ai, j
1

2
A
0

4 6 3

3 1 5
6 8 1

5 3 2

a3,3 = 8
a1,4 = 3
. etc.

a11 a12

a
a
A 21 22
a31 a32

a
41 a42

a13
a23
a33
a43

Equal Matrices

Linear Equations & Matrices

All elements are equal

Same order
1

2
A
0

a14

a24
a34

a44

4 6 3

3 1 5
6 8 1

5 3 2

1 3

C 6 4
5 2

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

2
B
0

4 6 3

3 1 5
6 8 1

5 3 2

1 3

D 6 4
5 2

AB

CD

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Symmetric Matrices

Linear Equations & Matrices

Symmetric matrices must be square

Symmetry is on the diagonal elements

Skew-Symmetric Matrices

Linear Equations & Matrices

Skew-Symmetric matrices must be square

(anti-symmetric matrices)

Leading (main) diagonal elements are all zero

1

4
A
6

4 6 3

3 1 5
1 8 1

5 1 2

ai,j = aj,i
a2,3 = a3,2

0 4 6 3

0 1 5
4
B
6 1 0 1

3 5 1 0

1=1

bi,j = -bj,i
b2,3 = -b3,2
1 = -1

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

CIVE1620: Matrices : Lecture 2

09/04/2009

Diagonal Matrices

Linear Equations & Matrices

Diagonal matrices are square

Elements not on the leading diagonal are 0
1

0
A
0

0 0 0

3 0 0
0 8 0

0 0 2

The Identity Matrix

Linear Equations & Matrices

A Diagonal Matrix with all

Elements on the leading diagonal = 1

1 0 0

I 0 1 0
0 0 1

0
I
0

0 0 0

1 0 0
0 1 0

0 0 1

1 0

I
0 1

Always labelled
I
Also know a the unit matrix
Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Transpose of a Matrix

Linear Equations & Matrices

4 6 3

3 1 5
6 8 1

5 3 2

4
T
A
6

Linear Equations & Matrices

Do not need to be square

Exchange rows for columns

1

2
A
0

Transpose of a matrix

2 0 8

3 6 5
1 8 3

5 1 2

1 3

B 2 4
5 2

1 2 5
BT

3 4 2

2

3
C
1

4

CT 2 3 1 4

Transpose of symmetric matrix is the same

If A is symmetric A = AT
Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Adding
and and
Subtracting
Matrices
Adding
Subtracting Matrices

Linear Equations & Matrices

Add corresponding elements

Adding
and and
Subtracting
Matrices
Adding
Subtracting Matrices
Add corresponding elements
4+2 = 6

1+0 = 1

1 4
0 2
1

2 5 1 2
3 6
1 6

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Linear Equations & Matrices

1 4
0 2
1 6

2 5 1 2

3 6
1 6

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

CIVE1620: Matrices : Lecture 2

Adding
and and
Subtracting
Matrices
Adding
Subtracting Matrices

09/04/2009

Linear Equations & Matrices

Add corresponding elements

Adding
and and
Subtracting
Matrices
Adding
Subtracting Matrices

Linear Equations & Matrices

Add corresponding elements

2+(-1) = 1

1 4
0 2
1 6

2 5 1 2 1

3 6
1 6

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Adding
and and
Subtracting
Matrices
Adding
Subtracting Matrices

Linear Equations & Matrices

Add corresponding elements

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Linear Equations & Matrices

1 4

2 3

2 5
1 7
3 6

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Adding
and and
Subtracting
Matrices
Adding
Subtracting Matrices

Linear Equations & Matrices

Definition using suffix notation

b11 b12

B b21 b22
b b
31 32

a11 b11 a12 b12

A B a21 b21 a22 b22

a b

31 31 a32 b32
Commutative: A + B = B + A
Associative: A + (B + C)= (A + B) + C
Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Adding
and and
Subtracting
Matrices
Adding
Subtracting Matrices

Must be the same order (same size)

1 4
0 2
1 6

2 5 1 2 1 7
3 6
1 6
4

a11 a12

A a21 a22
a

31 a32

1 4
0 2
1 6

2 5 1 2 1 7
3 6
1 6

Adding
and and
Subtracting
Matrices
Adding
Subtracting Matrices
3 5

A 2 1 B
2 4

1 2

4 7

5 4 C
5 9
1 5

Linear Equations & Matrices

5 2

D
4 3

Calculate:

4 3

AB 7 5
3 5

9 9

C D
3 2

2 7

BA 3 3
7 13

1 5

D C
5 8

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

CIVE1620: Matrices : Lecture 2

Multiplying by a scalar

09/04/2009

Linear Equations & Matrices

Multiplying Matrices

Linear Equations & Matrices

To multiply a matrix by a number multiply each

element:
3 5

A 2 1
2 4

3 9 5 9 27 45

9 A 2 9 1 9 18 9
2 9 4 9 18 36

1 5 2 0
12 + 51

1 3 1 3

a11 a12

A a21 a22
a a
32
31

a11 a12

A a21 a22
a

31 a32

A B A B
A A A
A A
Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Multiplying Matrices

Linear Equations & Matrices

1 5 2 0
12 + 51

1 3 1 3

15

10 + 53

Multiplying Matrices

1 5 2 0
12 + 51

12 + 31
1 3 1 3

7
5

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Linear Equations & Matrices

15

10 + 53

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Multiplying Matrices

Linear Equations & Matrices

Multiplying
Matrices
Multiplying
Matrices

Linear Equations & Matrices

Can multiply A and B only if

1 5 2 0
12 + 51

12 + 31
1 3 1 3

7
5

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

15
9

10 + 53
10 + 33

Number of columns in A = Number of Rows in B

Can these be multiplied?

3 1

0 2

2 1
3 1 1 0

3
1 2 3 10
4 5 6 2 28

3 1
3 7

0 2

3 5
2 1
1 0 3 1 0 2

3
1 2 3

2
1 4 5 6

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

CIVE1620: Matrices : Lecture 2

Multiplying
Matrices
Multiplying
Matrices

09/04/2009

Linear Equations & Matrices

Todays lecture:
2 1
A

1 2

5 1
B

7 5

Introduction to the Matrices

Matrix Arithmetic

Calculate
2 5 1 7 2 1 1 5 17 7
A.B

1 5 2 7 11 2 5 19 11

5 2 11 5 1 1 2 11 7
B.A

7 2 5 1 7 1 5 2 19 17
Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

32