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Lecture 17-18 Stress Measurements PDF

This document outlines the course content for a structural geology course. The course covers fundamental concepts like primary rock structures, deformation, strain analysis, stress, and material properties. It then delves into specific structural features including unconformities, joints, veins, faults, foliations, lineations, folding, and shear zones. The course is divided into 4 modules that cover introduction to mechanics and balanced cross sections, microstructures and deformation mechanisms, shear zones, and stress. Lectures within these modules explore topics such as stress states, stress measurements, fracture criteria, and reference states of stress.

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Riddhi Archon Mandal
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115 views23 pages

Lecture 17-18 Stress Measurements PDF

This document outlines the course content for a structural geology course. The course covers fundamental concepts like primary rock structures, deformation, strain analysis, stress, and material properties. It then delves into specific structural features including unconformities, joints, veins, faults, foliations, lineations, folding, and shear zones. The course is divided into 4 modules that cover introduction to mechanics and balanced cross sections, microstructures and deformation mechanisms, shear zones, and stress. Lectures within these modules explore topics such as stress states, stress measurements, fracture criteria, and reference states of stress.

Uploaded by

Riddhi Archon Mandal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Course Outline

General Introduction
Primary structures in rocks & their role in deciphering rock deformation
Unconformity
Deformation
Strain & strain analyses in deformed rocks
Stress
Material properties of deformed rocks
Fracture criteria & Faulting & Paleostress analysis
Joints, Veins
3D structure of faults
Structures in Convergent Boundaries
Structures in Divergent Boundaries
Strike-Slip structures
Foliations & Lineations
Mechanics of folding, Superposed folding
Fold thrust belt Structural Geology

Module 1

Module 2

Module 3

Introduction to Mechanics & Concepts of Balanced Cross sections

Microstructures & deformation mechanisms


Shear zones

Module 4

ES3101: Advanced Structural Geology

Lecture 17: Stress


Reference: Structural Geology , Fossen, Chapters 4 & 5

Common stress states


Uniaxial stress:
Uniaxial compression: 1 > 0 ; 2 = 3 = 0;

Uniaxial tension: 1 = 2 = 0; 3 < 0

Biaxial stress: 2 = 0; 1 > 0 > 3


Pure shear stress: 1 = - 3; 2 = 0 (biaxial)
Careful: Normal stress on planes of maximum shear
stress = 0

General triaxial stress: 1 2 3 0

Terminologies for States of Stress


Hydrostatic pressure (water): 1 = 2 = 3 = p.
All principal stresses are compressive; no shear stresses exist on any
plane.
Mohr circle reduces to a point on the normal stress axis.

Lithostatic pressure (rock): 1 = 2 = 3 = p.

Common stress states


Differential stress (strength of rock) = (dif) = 1 3

Strength of crust increases with depth


Absolute strength depends on mineralogy

For continental crust, generally, (dif)


increases with depth @ ~ 13MPa/km

Stress Measurements: Borehole breakouts & Active fractures

Spalling of fragments along min. horizontal stress (h)

Only till a depth of 4-5 km

Stress Measurements: Borehole breakouts & Active fractures


Overcoring: Strain relaxation method

Maximum expansion along (H)

ES3101: Advanced Structural Geology

Lecture 18: Stress


Reference: Structural Geology , Fossen, Chapters 4 & 5

Stress Measurements: Borehole breakouts & Active fractures


Hydraulic Fracturing:

Effects of Fluid Pressure on the Mohr Envelope

ss = C + m(sn - pf)

Fracture criterion for Shear Fractures


Fracture forms only when the internal strength or cohesion (c) of the rock is exceeded

Navier-Coulomb/ Mohr-Coulomb fracture criteria


ls l = c + n
s = critical shear stress
c = cohesion/cohesive strength= critical
shear stress along a surface across
which n=0

m= coefficient of internal friction


m =tan 0.6 (for rocks)
=angle of internal friction
From experimental data, a shear fracture
envelope on Mohr Diagram can be constructed
that separates stable from unstable states of
stress.

Fracture criterion for Extension Fractures


For each rock type, extension fracture forms on any plane in the material where normal stress
reaches a critical value of tensile stress (= tensile strength T0) : s*n = T0; rock stable at
stresses < T0 .
s*n = critical normal stress required to produce fracture (under tensile stresses)
Coulomb criterion does not successfully predict tensile fractures, as is meaningless for
tensile fractures

(can not be supported by the material)

Tensile strength of the rock known Maximum horizontal stress(H)

Vertical stress is assumed to be a principal stress = gz

Stress Measurements: Borehole breakouts & Active fractures

Brittle Failure
Experimental Deformation
Extension Fractures: Fracture plane perpendicular to s3 (minimum principal stress)
& parallel to s1; displacement approximately normal to fracture surface.
contain s1 & s2
Form under low/no confining P; low differential stress
very low strain

s1 is axial stress s is minimum compressive


If s3 is tensile
3
(uniaxial
(uniaxial tension)
stress
compression; s3
Near surface
is 0 )

Deflection of Stress field

Fig. 5. 3 & Fig. 5.4

Reference States of Stress


Idealized states of stress in the crust with no tectonic processes

Simplest general stress model for the interior of the Earth: ?


Lithostatic pressure: 1 = 2 = 3 = p = gz
.
All principal stresses are compressive; no shear stresses exist on any
plane.
Mohr circle reduces to a point on the normal stress axis.

Reference States of Stress

Vertical stress gradient: 26.5MPa/km

If pore fluid pressure (pf) = gz ; fluid pressure


is hydrostatic

Pores interconnected all the way to the surface

Not always Overpressure

Reference States of Stress


Uniaxial Strain Reference State

NO elongation in the horizontal direction


Strain only occurs in vertical direction

Stress has to comply with this condition


Triaxial Stress

Reference States of Stress


Constant Horizontal stress Reference State

Average stress in the lithosphere is everywhere the same to the depth of isostatic compensation
under the thickest lithosphere

Plane strain model

Residual Stress
Stress locked in/ preserved after removal/change of external stress field
Cementation prior to removal of external stress field/overburden

Tectonic Stress
Current Tectonic Stress= Total Stress (Reference state of Stress + Non-tectonic Residual
stress+ Thermal stress + Terrestrial stress)

Locally, tectonic stresses influenced by bending of layers, interference of faults, other local effect

Plate motions global stress pattern largely modified by gravity controlled


second-order structures Evolving
structures

Gravity controlled structures


As structural geologists Strain based approach

Dangers of correlating Strain with Stress

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