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Heap (data structure)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In computer science, a heap is a specialized tree-based data structure

that satisfies the heap property: if B is a child node of A, then key(A)
≥ key(B). This implies that an element with the greatest key is always
in the root node, and so such a heap is sometimes called a max-heap.
(Alternatively, if the comparison is reversed, the smallest element is
always in the root node, which results in a min-heap.) The several
variants of heaps are the prototypical most efficient implementations
of the abstract data type priority queues. Priority queues are useful in
many applications. In particular, heaps are crucial in several efficient Example of a full binary max-heap
graph algorithms.

The operations commonly performed with a heap are

delete-max or delete-min: removing the root node of a max- or min-heap, respectively

increase-key or decrease-key: updating a key within a max- or min-heap, respectively
insert: adding a new key to the heap
merge: joining two heaps to form a valid new heap containing all the elements of both.

Heaps are used in the sorting algorithm heapsort.

Contents
1 Variants
2 Comparison of theoretic bounds for variants
3 Heap applications
4 Heap implementations
5 See also
6 References

Variants
2-3 heap
Beap
Binary heap
Binomial heap
D-ary heap
Fibonacci heap
Leftist heap
Pairing heap
Skew heap
Soft heap

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Ternary heap
Treap

Comparison of theoretic bounds for variants

The following time complexities[1] are worst-case time for binary and binomial heaps and amortized time
complexity for Fibonacci heap. O(f) gives asymptotic upper bound and Θ(f) is asymptotically tight bound (see
Big O notation). Function names assume a min-heap.

Operation Binary Binomial Fibonacci

findMin Θ(1) Θ(log n) or Θ(1) Θ(1)
deleteMin Θ(log n) Θ(log n) O(log n)
insert Θ(log n) O(log n) Θ(1)
decreaseKey Θ(log n) Θ(log n) Θ(1)
merge Θ(n) O(log n) Θ(1)

For pairing heaps the insert and merge operations have O(1) amortized complexity[2]. decreaseKey is not O(1)
amortized complexity.[3][4]

Heap applications
The heap data structure has many applications.

Heapsort: One of the best sorting methods being in-place and with no quadratic worst-case scenarios.
Selection algorithms: Finding the min, max, both the min and max, median, or even the k-th largest
element can be done in linear time using heaps.
Graph algorithms: By using heaps as internal traversal data structures, run time will be reduced by an
order of polynomial. Examples of such problems are Prim's minimal spanning tree algorithm and Dijkstra's
shortest path problem.

Full and almost full binary heaps may be represented in a very space-efficient way using an array alone. The
first (or last) element will contain the root. The next two elements of the array contain its children. The next four
contain the four children of the two child nodes, etc. Thus the children of the node at position n would be at
positions 2n and 2n+1 in a one-based array, or 2n+1 and 2n+2 in a zero-based array. This allows moving up or
down the tree by doing simple index computations. Balancing a heap is done by swapping elements which are
out of order. As we can build a heap from an array without requiring extra memory (for the nodes, for example),
heapsort can be used to sort an array in-place.

One more advantage of heaps over trees in some applications is that construction of heaps can be done in linear
time using Tarjan's algorithm.

Heap implementations
The C++ Standard Template Library provides the make_heap, push_heap and pop_heap algorithms for
binary heaps, which operate on arbitrary random access iterators. It treats the iterators as a reference to
an array, and uses the array-to-heap conversion detailed above.

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The Java 2 platform (since version 1.5) provides the binary heap implementation with class
java.util.PriorityQueue<E> in Java Collections Framework.
Python has a heapq module that implements a priority queue using a binary heap.
PHP has both maxheap (SplMaxHeap) and minheap (SplMinHeap) as of version 5.3 in the Standard PHP
Library.
Perl has implementations of binary, binomial, and Fibonacci heaps in the Heap (http://search.cpan.org
/perldoc?Heap) distribution available on CPAN

See also
Sorting algorithm
Fibonacci heap

References
1. ^ Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest (1990): Introduction to algorithms. MIT Press /
McGraw-Hill.
2. ^ Iacono, John (2000), "Improved upper bounds for pairing heaps", Proc. 7th Scandinavian Workshop on Algorithm
Theory, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1851, Springer-Verlag, pp. 63–77, doi:10.1007/3-540-44985-X_5
(http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-44985-X_5) .
3. ^ "CiteSeerX — Pairing Heaps are Sub-optimal" (http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/112443.html) . Citeseer.ist.psu.edu.
http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/112443.html. Retrieved 2009-09-23.
4. ^ "On the efficiency of pairing heaps and related data structures" (http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=320214) .
Portal.acm.org. 2003-07-31. doi:10.1007/BF01840439 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01840439) .
http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=320214. Retrieved 2009-09-23.
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