Southern Africa Regional Training- Lilongwe, Malawi
Professional Beekeeping in Africa Challenges and Opportunities
By
Jaco Wolfaardt
uBusi Beekeeping Pty.Ltd.
South Africa
Concepts & themes
Professional vs Commercial vs Small-scale
Professional beekeeping is your business full-time or close to fulltime
Small-scale bees make up < 50% of your income
Extensive vs Intensive beekeeping
Sustainable: self-sustainable & profitable
Colony absconding / Improved production
Commercial pollination
Traditional African Beekeeping
Much of it is small-scale
Often in traditional hives
Not movable frames
Honey cannot be extracted
Often extensive
No migration or movement of colonies
No feeding of bees
Colonies are relatively small
Bee population is at a natural level
Traditional Beekeeping:
Advantages
Lower level of disease & pests because of smaller colonies
bees manage better / easier to handle
Lower capital investment
Traditional Beekeeping:
Advantages
Lower level of disease & pest infection because colonies
are dispersed
Traditional Beekeeping:
Advantages
Lower stress levels on colonies as they are not moved
Not exposed to pesticides and pollutants
Traditional Beekeeping:
Advantages
Colonies and their products are generally natural or pure
or organic
Can develop niche and boutique markets for these
products
Traditional Beekeeping:
Advantages
Large amounts of wax and propolis can be produced
Traditional Beekeeping:
Disadvantages
Pest and disease management is more difficult, both for
diagnosis and for treatment
Traditional Beekeeping:
Disadvantages
Hive management (replacement of old combs, swarm
control, adding of honey chambers) is largely impossible,
so it is difficult to get very productive colonies or very high
production
Traditional Beekeeping:
Disadvantages
Very difficult to use colonies for commercial pollination
Traditional Beekeeping:
Disadvantages
Cannot utilise multiple honey flows because the bees are
not moved
Traditional Beekeeping:
Disadvantages
Often high levels of absconding in bad years, or at certain
times of the year
Naturally migratory bees
No feeding of bees
Traditional Beekeeping:
Disadvantages
Difficult to protect hives from theft and vandalism
Traditional Beekeeping:
Disadvantages
Honey is often not of the best quality
Professional Beekeeping
Beekeeping become organize and commercialize around
the world
Countries produce large volume of honey
* China
450 300 ton
* Turkey
94 694 ton
* Argentina 80 000 ton
* Ukraine
73 713 ton
* Russia
68 466 ton
*
* South-Africa 1 500 ton
Clear Business Plan
Most beekeeping businesses lose money and most fail
Most development initiatives fail to be sustainable
Must have a profit-making business plan that fits the
realities of your situation. Easiest time to make a profit for
a beekeeper is one or a few hives. Then it gets harder.
Must scale your business plan correctly.
Clear Business Plan
Experience is most important.
Start small and make a success of quality honey before
expanding into other products and services
Big operations are fully diversified
Either will specialise on honey or pollination services, or
both
But almost all big commercial operations do everything:
honey production, other bee products, pollination
services, equipment production, bee removals
The best operations keep the various components of the
business separate
Professional Beekeeping
Higher honey production
Better organize and control operations
Transport & equipment are crucial
Successful commercial beekeeping means the movement
of colonies for forage and for pollination
And the production of high quality products
Professional Beekeeping
Movable frames to inspect for disease
Easy to work with the bees
Swarm multiplication is easier
Disease Management and
Quality Control are crucial
The stress on colonies in commercial operations means that
disease and epidemics are a real concern
Vigilant management is crucial
Staff skills development is very important
Good bee boxes and good beekeeping
All good operations have really good equipment
You cannot manage bees properly in bad equipment
Good beekeeping practices (such as comb replacement)
must be practiced
Professional Beekeeping
Honey extraction, re-use of frames, and addition of honey
chambers to increase production
Professional Beekeeping
Colonies of bees are moved to exploit multiple forage
resources, which increases production
Professional Beekeeping
Less absconding and starving colonies because they are
fed when they need to be
Easier to feed colonies
Professional Beekeeping
Better quality honey
Better quality control
Honey room hygeine regulations
Marketing is key
Must sell your products and/or services
Many very successful beekeepers do NOT do this and sell
all their products and their services to other beekeepers or
companies that market them
But someone must sell the products & services to be
profitable
Professional Beekeeping
Colonies may be used for commercial pollination which is
now the majority income of most professional beekeepers
Big demand for the pollination of 52 different fruit and
crop pollination in SA
Commercial Pollination
Crops Pollinated
Crop Production that does not require
insect pollination
No other commercial pollinators
For commercial crop pollination, none of
the other pollinators available in Africa
Commercial Pollination
Rental colonies for crop production very well
developed in South Africa
Now about >80% of income of many beekeepers,
especially in the Cape Region
87% of colonies in the Western Cape used for
commercial pollination (some 60 000 units)
About 80 crops use paid pollination (vegetable
seeds, deciduous fruit, sub-tropical fruit, melons,
berries, oilseed crops, nuts, cucurbits, beans)
Value added to the country by honeybee
pollination approximately R12 -15 Billion per
annum
Crucial for thousands of jobs and food security
Commercial Pollination
Demand bigger than what beekeepers can provide
Bee colonies increase with 45% over the last 50 years, but
pollination demand increase with 300%
Growing with 20%-30% p/year
Standards for pollination units / good service
Fruit producers paying +/- $ 40-45 in SA
American pollination price p/unit is +/- $150-& $200
Ecosystem service
Wild bee population (and managed
bees) perform a crucial ecosystem
service
The dominant pollinator in South
Africa honey bees , pollinate
approximately 80% of indigenous
flowering plants
Crucial Ecosystem Service
Developing recognition of how
important bees are and beekeepers,
as custodians of the bees
Very strong movement not to kill
bees, even problem colonies
But there are costs !
Epidemic disease levels
Requiring regular medication
Increasing pollination and pollutant stresses
Increasing losses of colonies
Less honey production due to pollination services
And concern about a global bee crisis
Should we promote professional
beekeeping in Africa?
A cautious Yes
Yes because movable frames & movable colonies &
extracted honey & better quality honey are necessary to
generate profitable and sustainable beekeeper industries
Yes because the new pests and diseases in Africa will
need management to deal with them
Yes because countries will need commercial pollination
to grow their agriculture
Yes because beekeepers have to provide that pollination
service
Yes because the best way to develop small-scale
beekeeping is to develop professional beekeeping
But should learn from the current
problems
Keep the beekeeping as natural and extensive as possible
Should feed bees only when absolutely necessary
Should stay away from medication if at all possible
Should keep apiaries small (pick-up size) and not dump
colonies together
Should make sure all colonies have extensive resting and
natural phases, away from honey production and
commercial pollination
Should maintain the pure & organic advantage that
African beekeepers presently have
A challenge and an opportunity for Africa
To grow beekeeping in Africa by making it more modern
and more professional
Retaining the advantages of traditional African beekeeping
THANK YOU
