Fachhochschule Sdwestfalen

Wir geben Impulse

IT Introduction
Winter Semester 2016-17

Course Outline Part I

03.-07.10.

Introduction

10.-14.10.

IT Developments / Hardware

17.-21.10

IT Developments / Hardware

24.-28.10.

Networks / The Internet

31.-04.11.

No class (Kirmes)

07.-11.11.

Networks / The Internet

14.-18.11.

Movie Pirates of Silicon Valley

21.-25.11.

Software

Prof. Dr. P. Weber

IT-Intro: Hardware

Slide 2

Course Outline Part II

28.-02.12.

Software

05.-09.12

Databases

12.-16.12.

Heinz Nixdorf Museum Visit (Paderborn)

19.-23.12.

No class

26.-30.12.

No class

02.-06.01.

IT Security / Data Protection

09.-13.01.

Information Management

16.-20.01.

IT Study Night

Prof. Dr. P. Weber

IT-Intro: Hardware

Slide 3

IT Development Leaps

Prof. Dr. P. Weber

IT-Intro: Hardware

Slide 4

Famously Wrong Predictions

"I think that there is a world market for maybe five

computers"?
(Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman 1943)

"There is no reason why anyone wanted a

computer in his home."
(Ken Olson, president, Chairman and Founder of Digital
Equipment Corp. (DEC), 1977)

"We build trucks and no bicycles"

(Heinz Nixdorf, founder of Nixdorf Computer AG)

"Who really needs this silver disc?"?

(Jan Timmer, CEO of Philip AG, 1982)

Prof. Dr. P. Weber

IT-Intro: Hardware

Slide 5

The "Von Neumann Architecture"

Processor
(CPU)

Binary logic / storage of data and

programs

Arithmetic
Logic Unit
(ALU)

Memory

program-controlled computer
universally usable

Control Unit
(CU)

Input

Sequential execution of commands

Bottleneck problem

Output
John von Neumann (1903-1957)
1945: First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC

Prof. Dr. P. Weber

IT-Intro: Hardware

Slide 6

IT-related Numbering Systems

System

Decimal

Binary

Octal

Hexadecimal

10

16

Symbols

0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9

0, 1

0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7

0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
A, B, C, D,
E, F

Examples

Daily
Accounting

ASCII

File
permissions

Hex Color
Codes

(e.g. 0666=rw)

(e.g. #000000)

Base

(e.g. A=01000001)

(e.g. 12,99)

Prof. Dr. P. Weber

IT-Intro: Hardware

Slide 7

IT-related Numbering Systems II

Decimal

Binary

Octal

Hexadecimal

10

11

100

1010

0110

0111

1000

10

1001

11

10

1010

12

11

1011

13

12

1100

14

13

1101

15

14

1110

16

15

1111

17

Prof. Dr. P. Weber

IT-Intro: Hardware

Slide 8

Conversion from Decimal to Other Base Systems

Step 1 Divide decimal number to be converted by new base

Step 2 Remainder from Step 1 as the rightmost digit
Step 3 Divide quotient of previous divide by new base
Step 4 Record remainder from Step 3 as next digit

Repeat Steps 3 and 4, getting remainders from right to left, until quotient
becomes zero
Example:

123410 = ?8

Prof. Dr. P. Weber

1234
154
19
2

/
/
/
/

8
8
8
8

= 154 R 2
= 19 R 2
=
2 R 3
= 0 R 2

IT-Intro: Hardware

123410 = 23228
Slide 9

Conversion from Other Base Systems to Decimal

Step 1 Determine positional value of each digit

Step 2 Multiply the column values by the digits in the columns
Step 3 Sum the products calculated in Step 2
Example:

ABC16 =>

C x 160 = 12 x
1 =
12
B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176
A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560
274810

Prof. Dr. P. Weber

IT-Intro: Hardware

Slide 10

Shortcut: Binary to Hexadecimal

Step 1 Divide the binary digits into groups of four (starting from the right).
Step 2 Convert each group of four binary digits to one hexadecimal symbol.
Example:

10101110112
= ?16

10 1011 1011

B
10101110112 = 2BB16

Prof. Dr. P. Weber

IT-Intro: Hardware

Slide 11

Kilo- and Kibibytes

Binary Prefixes
1 Kibibyte (KiB)
1 Mebibyte (MiB)
1 Gibibyte (GiB)
1 Tebibyte (TiB)
Decimal Prefixes
1 Kilobyte (KB)
1 Megabyte (MB)
1 Gigabyte (GB)
1 Terabyte (TB)

= 210 Byte
= 220 Byte
= 230 Byte
= 240 Byte

= 1024 Byte
= 1048576 Byte
= 1073741824 Byte
= 109911627776 Byte

= 103 Byte
= 106 Byte
= 109 Byte
= 1012 Byte

= 1000 Byte
= 1000000 Byte
= 1000000000 Byte
= 1000000000000 Byte

Decimal
Prof. Dr. P. Weber

IT-Intro: Hardware

Binary
Slide 12

Components: Input Processing Output

Systemunit

External
Storage

Keyboard,
Mouse,
Reader

Screen,
Printer,
Speakers

Main
Memory
Central
Processor

Input

Processing

Output
13

Prof. Dr. P. Weber

IT-Intro: Hardware

Slide 13

Central Processing Unit

Central Processing Unit

Controls / coordinates
data processing

Control Unit
Fetches and decodes
data from RAM
Decrypts the commands

Arithmetic Unit
Executes arithmetic /
logic operations

Prof. Dr. P. Weber

IT-Intro: Hardware

Slide 14

Processing Speed / Word Size

Every microprocessor contains a system clock, which controls how fast all
the operations within a computer take place (the chips processing speed).
Older CPU processing speeds are in megahertz
1 MHz = 1 million cycles per second
Current CPU processing speeds are in gigahertz
1 GHz = 1 billion cycles per second
The faster a CPU runs, the more power it consumes, and the more heat it
generates
In most computers, the bus width is the same as the computers word size,
the number of bits that the processor can process at any one time. The more
bits in a word, usually the faster the computer. A 32-bit-word computer will
transfer data within each microprocessor chip in 32-bit chunks. A 64-bit-word
computer is faster, transferring data in 64-bit chunks at a time. (Most, but not
all, 32-bit software will run on a 64-bit system, but 64-bit software will not run
on a 32-bit system.)
Prof. Dr. P. Weber

IT-Intro: Hardware

Slide 15

Main Memory: ROM and RAM

Read Only Memory (ROM)

Non-volatile
Different types based on if/how the memory can be erased:

PROM (Programmable ROM)

EPROM (Erasable PROM) - can be erased using UV-Light
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable PROM) - can be erased electrically
Random Access Memories (RAM)
Directly addressable each memory location, which can receive a byte has
its own address.

Contains the current programs and the required data.

Central processor fetches the commands and the required data, performs
the required operations and returns the results back to memory.
Capacity in the GB range, access times in the nanosecond (billionth)
range, high transfer rates.
Prof. Dr. P. Weber

IT-Intro: Hardware

Slide 16

Cache

Speeding up Processing: Cache

The CPU works much faster than RAM, so it often must wait for
information
Cache temporarily stores instructions and data that the processor uses
frequently to speed up processing
Level 1
Holds 8 to 256 KB
Faster than Level 2 cache
Level 2
Holds 64 kb to 16 MB
Level 3
High-end computers
Holds 2 to 8 MB

Prof. Dr. P. Weber

IT-Intro: Hardware

Slide 17

Buses

Processor

Arithmatic
Logic Unit
(ALU)

Internal CPU-Bus

Control Unit
(CU)

Register

External CPU-Bus

RAM

Prof. Dr. P. Weber

IT-Intro: Hardware

Peripheral
Bus

ROM

Slide 18

Expansion Cards, Buses and Ports

Expansion cards plug into slots on the motherboard that are connected by
buses to ports that the user can access.
Expansion cards are circuit boards that provide more memory or that control
peripheral devices (for graphics, sound, video, network interface, wireless
connection, etc.).
Buses connect the expansion
cards to ports.
A port is a connecting socket
or jack on the outside of the
computer unit or device into
which are plugged different
kinds of cables that connect
peripheral devices.

Prof. Dr. P. Weber

IT-Intro: Hardware

Slide 19

Expansion Bus
Expansion cards connect with different types of buses on the motherboard.
Bus

Description

PCI bus

Peripheral Component Interconnect

a. For high-speed connections
b. 32 or 64 bits wide
c. Typically used for sound cards, modems, highspeed network cards

AGP bus

Accelerated Graphics Port

a. Twice the speed of PCI bus
b. Supports video and 3-D graphics cards

PCIe Express bus

Prof. Dr. P. Weber

Can outperform AGP and is more reliable

IT-Intro: Hardware

Slide 20

Universal Serial Bus (USB)

Characteristics
Low-cost
Can connect lots of devices
Hot swappable

http://blog.showmecables.com/

Plug and play

Standards
USB 1.0 12 Mbit/s (white)
USB 2.0 480 Mbit/s (black)
USB 3.0 5 Gbit/s (blue)
USB 3.1 10Gbit/s (blue)

Prof. Dr. P. Weber

IT-Intro: Hardware

Slide 21

Expansion Slots and Microprocessor

Williams / Sawyer: Using Information Technology, 2015.

Prof. Dr. P. Weber

IT-Intro: Hardware

Slide 22

Ports

Williams / Sawyer: Using Information Technology, 2015.

Prof. Dr. P. Weber

IT-Intro: Hardware

Slide 23

External Storage Devices

(Secondary Storage)

Prof. Dr. P. Weber

IT-Intro: Hardware

Slide 24

Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

Hard Disks
Thin, rigid metal, glass, or ceramic platters covered with a substance that
allows data to be held in the form of magnetized spots
Store data in tracks, sectors, and clusters

Formatting creates a file allocation table that maps files to clusters.

Drive heads ride on .000001 cushion of air, and can crash!

Prof. Dr. P. Weber

IT-Intro: Hardware

Slide 25

Optical Discs

Surface of the reflective layer alternates between pits and lands

Reflection / no relfection interpreted as 1 or 0
Capacity:

CD: 0,7 GB
DVD: 4.7 GB
Blue-Ray: 25 GB
Advantages / Disadvantages
+ Cheap
+ No abrasion because of optical read/write process

- Limited life period

- Surface damages cause errors

Prof. Dr. P. Weber

IT-Intro: Hardware

Slide 26

Classification of Computers

Prof. Dr. P. Weber

IT-Intro: Hardware

Slide 27

Moore's Law (1965)

(Gordon Moore, co-founder of Intel)

Doubling of the number of transistors of chips

every 18 months

No law, but an empirical observation

In the trend is valid for meanwhile more than
40 years

Prof. Dr. P. Weber

IT-Intro: Hardware

Slide 28

Moores Law Video

Prof. Dr. P. Weber

IT-Intro: Hardware

Slide 29

System Unit and Motherboard

Williams / Sawyer: Using Information Technology, 2015.

Prof. Dr. P. Weber

IT-Intro: Hardware

Slide 30

IT Development Leaps

Prof. Dr. P. Weber

IT-Intro: Hardware

Slide 31

Centralized IT

Mainframe
With the introduction of the transistor based machines IBM 1401 and
7090 in 1959 the widespread commercial use of mainframes began

Over time, the mainframe were powerful enough to serve thousands of

remote computers (terminals)
Usually a majority of the components of an infrastructure was provided
by a single vendor (manufacturer)
Data Centers
Minicomputer
In 1965 Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) introduced the
Minicomputer (much cheaper than the IBM mainframe)
Now applications could be adapted to the specific needs of individual
departments or business units (decentralization)
Prof. Dr. P. Weber

IT-Intro: Hardware

Slide 32

Convergence

Prof. Dr. P. Weber

IT-Intro: Hardware

Slide 33

Service Models

Cloud Computing:
Convergence of Centralization & Decentralization!?

Prof. Dr. P. Weber

IT-Intro: Hardware

Slide 34

Cloud Computing: Deployment Models

Prof. Dr. P. Weber

IT-Intro: Hardware

Slide 35