Chisel

This is the most common kind of chisel - a flat chisel. Its made of high-quality steel, and
the end is tempered and hardened because it has to be harder than any of the metals
youre likely to want to cut with it. The head of the chisel needs to be softer so it wont
chip when its hit with a hammer.

This is a cross-cut chisel. Its called cross cut because the sharpened edge is across
the blade width. This chisel narrows down along the stock, so its good for getting in
grooves. Its used for cleaning out or even making key-ways. The flying chips of metal
should always be directed away from the user.

The gasket scraper is not a true chisel. It has a hardened, sharpened blade and its
designed to remove a gasket without damaging the sealing face of the component. The
scraper should be kept sharp to make it easy to remove all traces of the old gasket and
sealing compound.

Hammer

The most common hammer in an automotive workshop is the ball pein or engineers
hammer. Like most hammers its head is hardened steel. A punch or a chisel can be
driven with the flat face. Its name comes from the ball pein or rounded face. Its usually
used for flattening, or peining, a rivet. The hammer should always match the size of the
job and its better to use one thats too big, rather than too small.

Hitting chisels with a steel hammer is fine, but sometimes you need just to tap a
component, to position it. A steel hammer might mark or damage it, especially if its
made of a softer metal like aluminum. In such cases a soft-face hammer should
normally be used for the job. Some are very soft with rubber or plastic heads through to
those using brass or copper.

When a large chisel needs a really strong blow, its time to use the lump hammer. Its
like a small mallet, with two square faces made of high carbon steel. Its the heaviest
type of hammer that can be used one-handed.

This is a dead blow hammer. Its designed not to bounce back when it hits something. A
rebounding hammer can be dangerous or destructive. Its head is either made of lead, or
its hollow with lead shot inside. The lead absorbs the blow.

Screwdriver

What it's used for:

Screwdrivers are woodwork tools that are used for driving screws into materials or for
securing or loosening parts on machinery.

Parts it consists of:

Screwdrivers come in a range of lengths and they have plastic handles which are
sometimes covered with rubber and a metal shaft that has one of three main drive types
on the end.

These drive types can be flat heads, Phillips heads or pozidrives but you will most likely
only see two of these drive types in woodwork which are flat heads and Phillips heads.

Hacksaw
What it's used for:
The saw blade should be inserted into the frame so that it only cuts on the forward
stroke. This is because the teeth gather the metal being removed and can only get rid of
it when they come clear of the cut.

Parts it consists of:

The hacksaw frame can be adjusted to take different blade lengths and when the blade
is placed in the frame and it is tightened to the correct tension by a tensioning device
such as a wing nut.

The hacksaw blade must be of the right pitch which is determined by the number of
teeth in an inch of blade. A blade with many teeth per inch has a fine pitch, one with few
teeth per inch has a coarse pitch.

Files
What it's used for:
Filing can produce small slivers of metal which can be difficult to remove from a finger
or hand, and acids and moisture from the skin can cause corrosion.

Parts it consists of:

Depending on how hard or soft a material is, a special file may be needed. Its no good
trying to file something if the file is softer than what is being filed - softer metals like
copper and aluminum can clog a conventional file.

What makes one file different from another is not just its shape but how much material
its designed to remove with each stroke. That depends on the teeth. The following are
both flat files, the most common general purpose type, but their teeth are different.

A warding file is thinner than normal, for working in

narrow slots.

A square file has teeth on all 4 sides, so you can use

it in a square or rectangular hole.

A square file can make the right shape for a squared

metal key to fit in a slot. This is a three square file.
Its triangular in section, so it can get into internal
corners.

Curved files are either half-round, or round. This is a

half round. Its shallow convex surface can file in a
concave hollow, or in an acute internal corner. The
fully round file, sometimes called a rat-tail file, can
make holes bigger. Or it can file inside a concave
surface with a tight radius.
Scraper
What it's used for:

A hand scraper is a single-edged tool used to scrape metal from a surface. This may be
required where a surface needs to be trued, corrected for fit to a mating part, needs to
retain oil (usually on a freshly ground surface), or to give a decorative finish. One
advantage of scraping is the ability to take the tool to the workpiece, this can be useful
when the workpiece weighs several tons and is difficult to move.

Parts it consists of:

Surface plates were traditionally made by scraping. Three raw (plates that have been
seasoned or residual stress relieved and received suitable surface treatments, but
unfinished) cast surface plates, a flat scraper (as pictured at the top of the image) and a
quantity of bearing blue were all that was required in the way of tools.

The scraper in the center of the image is a three corner scraper and is typically used to
deburr holes or the internal surface of bush type bearings. Bushes are typically made
from bronze or a white metal.

The scraper pictured at the bottom is a curved scraper. It has a slight curve in its profile
and is also suitable for bush bearings, typically the longer ones.

Taps And Dies

Taps and dies are tools used to create screw threads, which is called threading. Many
are cutting tools; others are forming tools. A tap is used to cut or form the female portion
of the mating pair (e.g., a nut). A die is used to cut or form the male portion of the mating
pair (e.g., a bolt). The process of cutting or forming threads using a tap is called tapping,
whereas the process using a die is called threading. Both tools can be used to clean up
a thread, which is called chasing.

Taps:
A tap cuts a thread on the inside surface of a hole, creating a female surface which
functions like a nut. The three taps in the image illustrate the basic types commonly
used by most machinists:

Bottoming tap or plug tap

The tap illustrated in the top of the image has a continuous cutting edge with almost no
taper between 1 and 1.5 threads of taper is typical. This feature enables a bottoming
tap to cut threads to the bottom of a blind hole. A bottoming tap is usually used to cut
threads in a hole that has already been partially threaded using one of the more tapered
types of tap; the tapered end of a bottoming tap is too short to successfully start into an

unthreaded hole. In the US, they are commonly known as bottoming taps, but in
Australia and Britain they are also known as plug taps.

Intermediate tap, second tap, or plug tap

The tap illustrated in the middle of the image has tapered cutting edges, which assist in
aligning and starting the tap into an untapped hole. The number of tapered threads
typically ranges from 3 to 5. Plug taps are the most commonly used type of tap.[citation
needed] In the US, they are commonly known as plug taps, whereas in Australia and
Britain they are commonly known as second taps.

Taper tap
The small tap illustrated at the bottom of the image is similar to an intermediate tap but
has a more pronounced taper to the cutting edges. This feature gives the taper tap a
very gradual cutting action that is less aggressive than that of the plug tap. The number
of tapered threads typically ranges from 8 to 10. A taper tap is most often used when the
material to be tapped is difficult to work (e.g., alloy steel) or the tap is of a very small
diameter and thus prone to breakage.

Die:
The die cuts a thread on a preformed cylindrical rod, which creates a male threaded
piece which functions like a bolt. The dies shown are

Top left: An older split die, with top adjusting screw

Bottom left: One piece die with top adjusting screw
Center: One piece die with side adjusting screw (barely visible on the full image)
Right: Two dies with side adjusting screws

A cylindrical blank, which is usually slightly less than the required diameter, is machined
with a taper (chamfer) at the threaded end. This chamfer allows the die to ease onto the
blank before it cuts a sufficient thread to pull itself along. The adjusting screws allow the
die to be compressed or expanded to accommodate slight variations in size, due to
material, manufacture, or die sharpness.