201

ASSIGNMENT NO.
3
[Type the document subtitle]
[Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically
a short summary of the contents of the document. Type the
abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short
summary of the contents of the document.]

Sam
[Type the company name]
1/1/2010

ASSIGNMENT
NO. 3
Fundamentals of
ICT
Name:

NOWSHERWAN ADIL

Class:

CE-2010

Section-B

TOPICS:
1. Network Operation Systems(NOS)

and their roles.

2. Comparison of features of Linux
and Windows Operating Systems.

3.The Advantages and Disadvantages

of Internet

1. Network Operation Systems(NOS)

and their roles.

Role of Network Operating System

Based on client/server architecture
NOS manages resource sharing
NOS provides many other functions
Some built in
Some configured at installation
Default, customizable settings
NOS components vary by NOS version and type
Network Operating Systems and Servers
Networks use servers exceeding minimum hardware
Determining optimal server hardware
Applications influence:
o Type of application
o Resources used
o Processing burden

 Vendor reputation requirements

o High quality, dependability, excellent technical support
Reliable server
Spend as much as necessary
o Component failure: widespread effects
Client Support
Important NOS function
Allows efficient communication, resource sharing
NOS client support tasks
Creating and managing client accounts
Enabling clients to connect to the network
Allowing clients to share resources
Managing clients access to shared resources
Facilitating communication between clients

Client/Server Communication
Logon process
Redirector
Intercepts requests, determines where to handle
File access protocol
Windows XP client communication with Windows Server 2008
CIFS (Common Internet File System)
Older protocol
SMB (Server
Message Block)
Broad
support
allows
every
client
type to

authenticate, access resources

Middleware
Translates requests, responses between client, server
3-tier architecture
Client/server environment incorporating middleware
Users and Groups
After NOS client authentication
Client gains access to NOS services, resources
Administrator account
Most privileged user account
Unlimited rights to server, domain resources, objects
Created by default
Root on UNIX or Linux systems
User names
NOS grants each network user access to files and other shared
resources
Groups
Basis for resource and account management
Assists in resource sharing and security control

Example:
network
administrator
for public
elementary school
Nesting or hierarchical group arrangement
Simplifies management
Group arrangement
Affects permissions granted to each groups members
Inherited permissions
Passed down from parent group to child group
After user, group restrictions applied
Client allowed to share
network resources
Identifying and Organizing Network Elements
Modern NOSs

Identifying and Organizing Network Elements

Before installing NOS
Plan directory tree
Consider current,
future needs
Book example
New
manufacturing firm: Circuits Now
Sharing Applications
Shared applications
Often installed on file server
Specifically designed to run applications
Application licensing types
Per user licensing
Per seat licensing
Site license
Installing application on server
Purchase appropriate type and number of licenses
Verify server resources
Install application
Make application available
Provide users access to application
NOS responsible for arbitrating file access
Problem with shared file access
Multiple users
simultaneously
accessing same
data files, same
program files
Sharing Printers
Increases resource management
efficiency; reduces costs
Print server
Manages print
services
Printer attaches to print server
Directly
To convenient
network
location

All NOSs perform common tasks in managing printers

To create new printer
Install printer driver
Provides printer availability to users
Ensure appropriate printer queue user rights
Networked printers
Appear as icons in Printers folder
Client redirector
Determines where print request should transmitted
Network, workstation

Managing System Resources

Limited server system resources
Required by multiple users
Modern NOSs capabilities
Maximize server memory, processor, bus, and hard drive use
Accommodates more client requests faster
Improves overall network performance
Memory
Virtual memory can boost total memory available
Physical memory: RAM chips
Physical memory required by server varies
Task dependent
Virtual memory: stored on hard drive
Page file (paging file, swap file)
Managed by operating system
Paging
Moving blocks (pages) from RAM into virtual memory
Virtual memory advantages
Easily expands memory available to server applications
Engaged by default
Virtual memory disadvantage
Slows operations
Hard drive access versus physical memory access
Multitasking
Execution of multiple tasks at one time
All operating system perform
Does not mean performing more than one operation simultaneously
Preemptive multitasking (time sharing: UNIX)
Happens quickly
Appearance of tasks occurring simultaneously
Multiprocessing
Process
Routine of sequential instructions that runs until goal is achieved
Thread
Self-contained; well-defined task within process
Main thread
All processes have one
One processor systems
One thread handled at any time
Support use of multiple processors to handle multiple threads
Technique to improve response time
Splits tasks among more than one processor
Expedites single instruction completion

Symmetric multiprocessing
Splits all operations equally among two or more processors
Asymmetric multiprocessing
Assigns each subtask to specific processor
Multiprocessing advantage to servers with high processor usage
Numerous tasks simultaneously

UNIX and Linux

Popular NOSs
Provide resource sharing
Older
UNIX developed in 1969
UNIX preceded, led to TCP/IP protocol suite development
Most Internet servers run UNIX
Efficient and flexible
Some difficulty to master UNIX
Not controlled, distributed by single manufacturer
Some version nonproprietary and freely distributed
A Brief History of UNIX
Late 1960s: UNIX operating system
1970s
Antitrust laws and AT&T
Anyone could purchase the source code
New versions of UNIX appeared
System V, BSD
1980s
Rights changes hands, now owned by Novell
Open Group owns UNIX trademark
Varieties of UNIX
Many varieties (flavors, distributions)
Share several features
UNIX operating system
Divided into two main categories
Proprietary
Open source
Proprietary UNIX
Source code unavailable
Available only by purchasing licensed copy from Novell
Vendors
Apple Computer: Mac OS X Server
Sun Microsystems: Solaris
IBM: AIX
Proprietary UNIX system advantages
Accountability and support
Optimization of hardware and software
Predictability and compatibility
Proprietary UNIX system drawback
No source code access

No customization
Open Source UNIX
Customizable
Not owned by any one company
No licensing fees

Open source software (freely distributable software)

UNIX GNU, BSD, and Linux
Variety of implementations
Run on wider range of systems
Key difference from proprietary implementations
Software license
Linux Hardware Requirements
Linux servers adhere to certain minimum requirements

UNIX Multiprocessing
UNIX and Linux
Support processes and threads
Allocate separate resources (memory space) to each
process
When created
Manage access to resources
Advantage: prevents one program from disrupting system
Support symmetric multiprocessing
Different versions support different number of processors

2. Comparison of features of
Linux and Windows Operating
Systems.

Linux:
Linux was originally built by Linus
University of Helsinki in 1991.

Torvalds at the

Linux is a Unix-like, Kernal-based, fully memoryprotected, multitasking operating system.

It runs on a wide range of hardware from PCs to
Macs.

Windows:

First version of Windows Windows 3.1 released in

1992 by Microsoft.

 Windows is a GUI based operating system.

It has powerful networking capabilities, is
multitasking, and extremely user friendly

Computer Users:

Computer Users:
Many beginner users find Windows easer to use than
other operating systems.
Windows has been enjoying an overall advantage over
Linux due to Microsofts market success because of its
broad focus aimed at all kinds of users.
Linux has been primary used by advanced computer
users programmers and developers.

Fundamental Difference between Linux

& Windows:
One fundamental difference between the two systems is
the fact that Linux is "open source".
This means that unlike Windows where you only get
access to the compiled programs that you run on your
machine, with Linux you also get the original computer
code to examine and tweak (modify) at your leisure.
This also goes to show that Linux users are more
advanced

Comparing Applications:
Linux falls short in the number of different applications
available for it.
There are much more various applications available for
Microsoft since the population of Windows users is
greater than Linuxs

 Since Microsoft is more popular, the Hardware products

are aimed at the biggest market Windows, such that the
product would be sold and used widely

Linux programs are distributes freely since they are not

developed by commercial software companies, but
instead are created under the GNU Public License, which
makes the software free

Linux software lacks the GUI and is therefore not liked

by many users

Windows has its own share of problems the fact that

some software is not compliant for different versions of
windows (i.e. Windows 95/98) and that many times the
GUI concept is overused such that command arguments
cannot be passed to the program

Cost in 1999:
Item

Linux

NT

Server OS

$30

$700

10 Client access

$2700

10 Workstations OS

$370

$1690

$4080

Office Suite

Comparing GUI:

Linux contains X-Windows with 2 interfaces GDK & KDE.

Linux offers a choice of four desktops thus allowing
the user to work in different windows on different
desktop for convenience.
Windows, on the other hand, is limited to the way the
application windows are laid out on the screen.
Windows GUI also has been known for its large
memory requirements, where it usually uses a huge
chunk of RAM for visual components.

Linux advantages in Kernel and the OS environment:

Linux requires 386 architecture to run. Thus, it is
compatible with any improved architecture such as
486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, etc.
There are drivers available for much many types of
hardware devices.
Linux program installation seems to be easier since it
only requires a restart when hardware device has
been changed.
Linux supports multiple copies of the Kernel on the

system such that if an error is encountered and the

Kernel becomes corrupted, a different copy of the
Kernel can be used to boot up the system.

Security:
Linux seems to be more prepared for protecting itself
because of the beginning developments of Linux,
UNIX, and FreeBSD which were aimed at top notch
security.
Linux allows does not create registry keys in a way
Windows does allowing a user to browse installed
components registry keys, which contain important
information.
Linux is more virus proof since viruses malicious
programs either cannot be run automatically on the
Linux machine, or simply are not capable of being
executed on a 386 architecture.
Windows is often known for a large amount of loop
holes.

Reliability:
OS it must not crash, even under extreme loads. OS
should process requests even if the operating system
or hardware fails.

Windows seems to be less stable even though the

latest versions of Windows 2000 and XP are far

more improved than the incredibly buggy Windows
95.

Conclusion:
Not enough test benchmarks for Linux to compare it
to Windows.
Linux technology is used wider ( example php
scripts ), and software is ported to Linux more often.
User should be comfortable with the OS.

3.The Advantages and

Disadvantages of Internet.

INTRODUCTION:
Nowadays, internet plays an important role in our daily
life. Now we can use computer, laptop, 3G phone or else to
connect on the internet. Human are addicted seriously by
internet in this century. Human will like to spend lots of time
for surfing on the internet. It seems like it had already become

an essential things in our life. By contrast, we should know the

advantages and disadvantages that the internet brings
.

ADVANTAGES:
First, for the advantage we can learn additional
knowledge and collect useful information that we need by
surfing internet. Actually, internet its like a big library in our
daily life. We can search lots of useful information and
message from the internet. There are lots of prevalent and
useful browser for us to use and browse information like
Google Search, Yahoo Search and others. It makes our life
easier and more convenient. Nowadays human will like to
read news, novel, and comic or find some references by the
internet. It is because it is the easiest way for us.
Moreover, the invented of internet connected the people
all over the world. People can communicate easily by internet.
There are lots of ways to communicate with others, no matter
where they are staying. We can use MSN, AIM, Yahoo
Messenger, Skype, Facebook and others to stay in touch with
our lovely family or friends. These can let us stay in a good
relationship with each other with an easier way.

DISADVANTAGES:
However, a coin has two sides. Internet has lots of
advantages, but also the disadvantages. The negative
information or message which posted on the internet can
influence human minds. For example the violent video or
picture and the pornography are unsuitable for youngsters.
We have to take this matter seriously, especially to those
young children who are yet able to differentiate what is right

or wrong. In other words, the content posted in the internet

can influence people behavior and minds.
In addition, online gaming, gambling, stock market and
others may cause unhealthy human life too. Nowadays, lots of
people are addicted by those activities in internet. It makes
them wallow in an unreal and virtual world. For example,
people who are addicted by online games, they will treat the
game as a real life world and spend most of their time on it.
They rather sacrifice their bed time and seldom eat just for
playing and stay active inside the game. This can make their
health become worse day by day.

CONCLUSION:
In conclusion, nothing can be perfect. Just like the
internet have its advantages and also the disadvantages. In
my opinion, we must know the advantages and used on it as
well. From the other angle, we should know the disadvantages
it will brings, and try our best to avoid it so that we wont be
the person who addicted seriously in the negative stuff on the
internet. So that we can let Internet to benefit our life but not
to let it controls our life.