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Hum 17 - Notes (Co3)

This document discusses concepts related to simple apprehension, judgment, and reasoning. It begins by explaining that simple apprehension is the first step in understanding, where the mind forms concepts based on data from the external and internal senses. Judgment is the second step, where the mind compares and relates concepts. Reasoning, the third step, can be intuitive or discursive. Discursive reasoning involves step-by-step processes like using categorical syllogisms, which have specific rules regarding forms, figures, and moods that must be followed to be valid.

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Froileth Pulido
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84 views

Hum 17 - Notes (Co3)

This document discusses concepts related to simple apprehension, judgment, and reasoning. It begins by explaining that simple apprehension is the first step in understanding, where the mind forms concepts based on data from the external and internal senses. Judgment is the second step, where the mind compares and relates concepts. Reasoning, the third step, can be intuitive or discursive. Discursive reasoning involves step-by-step processes like using categorical syllogisms, which have specific rules regarding forms, figures, and moods that must be followed to be valid.

Uploaded by

Froileth Pulido
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SIMPLE APPREHENSION,

JUDGMENT,
AND REASONING
SIMPLE ARREHENSION (output ideas)
- Concept as the product of simple apprehension
- First step in the process of understanding
- Man has not only intelligence but also sensibility
o External Senses
seeing, hearing, touching, smelling & tasting that we are in direct
contact w/ reality
1. Are not in direct contact with reality
2. Depend on the external senses for their supply
3. Elaborate on the data of the external senses and communicate
with intelligence
o Internal Senses
Instinct the power to feel the good or ill of the sensible experience
without thinking (ex. Hotpot)
Memory the power to recognize past experience precisely as past
Imagination the power to reproduce the sense experiences and
elaborate them
Consciousness the internal sensibility which makes the animal or
man conscious of sensible objects

THE INTELLIGENCE HAS NO INBORN OR INNATE IDEAS 7


YRS OLD AS THE AGE OF REASON THE
UNDERSTANDING BEGINS IN SENSES
EXTERNAL
SENSES
Sensible aspects
of an object

INTERNAL SENSES

INTELLECT

Sensible aspects of an
object which processes
data

Intelligible aspects (what


makes a thing essence
of an object)

CONCEP
T
Output
ideas

Judgments
- Second step in the process of understanding
- When our minds begin to compare to put realities together
- The process of understanding where in the mind grasps the compassion of
being as well as the order of beings to one another or how they are related to
one another
Simple Apprehension is either true or not a simple apprehension.
- It can be true, and can be wrong, but cannot never be false.
- You get it or you dont get it.

Judgment is either true or false.


Truth
-

and Certainty
Possible to have true statement without certainty
Possible to have false statement with firm certainty
Truth = Universal Truth OBJECTIVE BASIS
Certainty = Your Belief SUBJECTIVE STATE
o Two causes of certainty:
Certain based on evidence empirical data
Certainty based on authority
Human faith (GOD GIVEN LAWS) vs CERTAIN BASED ON EVIDENCE
o Certain Based on Evidence Empirical data Humans can fail into
error
o Hagiographers inspired by the Holy Spirit

Reasoning
- 3rd step
- Intuitively Reasoning (Angel)
o No step by step processes
o Know anything instantly
o Dont have external senses
o Through external senses, you know that you have the body.
- Discursive Reasoning
o Step by step processes
o Humans
PROCESS OF UNDERSTANDING
Syllogism
Categorical Syllogism
- an argument consisting of exactly three categorical propositions
o major premise (general)
o minor premise (specific)
o conclusion
- three terms of categorical syllogism
o (P) Major Term predicate of the CSs conclusion
o (S) Minor Term subject of the CSs conclusion
o (M) Middle Term not part of the conclusion & connector
** Copula verb that connects the minor term and the major term
** Quantifiers quantifiers (All, Some, No)
EXAMPLES:
No P are M.
All men are mortal.
Some birds are sparrows.
Some M are not S.
Socrates is a man.
All birds are mammals.
Therefore, some S are
Therefore, Socrates is
Therefore, some mammals are
not P.
mortal.
sparrows.
*M = none
STANDARD FORM
NOT IN STANDARD
STANDARD FORM
FORM
RULES TO DISTINGUISH OF STANDARD FORM

All term should appear twice in the given proposition.


The major premise should contain the major term.
The minor premise should contain both the minor term and the middle term.

Moods
- the mood of a categorical syllogism consists of the letter names of the
categorical propositions that make it
- A, E, I, O (came from Latin forms)
o AfIrmo: I affirm A and I
o nEgO: I deny E and O

FIGUR
E1
AAA
EAE
AII
EIO

FIGUR
E2
EAE
AEE
EIO
AOO

A universal affirmative / applies to possible causes (All S is P)


I particular affirmative / applies to certain cases (Some S is P)
E universal negative / not applicable to all cases (No S is P)
O particular negative / not applicable to some cases (Some S is
not P)
** There are 44 = 256 possible answers.
FIGUR
E3
IAI
AII
OAO
EIO
EAO
AAI

FIGUR
E4
AEE
IAI
EIO

The moods of a categorical syllogism


consists of the letter names of the
categorical propositions that make it up.

SIMPLE TIPS TO BE OBSERVED:


FIRST FIGURE
1. The major premise must be universal. (A, E)
2. The minor premise must be affirmative. (A, I)
SECOND FIGURE
1. The major premise must be universal.
2. At least one premise must be negative.
THIRD FIGURE
1. The minor premise must be affirmative. (A, I)
2. The conclusion must be particular
FOURTH FIGURE
1. If the major premise is affirmative, the major premise must be universal.
2. If the minor premise is affirmative, the conclusion must be particular.
3. If a premise (and the conclusion) is negative, the major premise must be
universal.
RULES FOR MAKING VALID CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM

1. A valid categorical syllogism only has three terms: (the major, the minor, and
the middle term)
MAJOR TERM MIDDLE TERM MINOR TERM
> Connects the major and the minor term.

2. Each term of a valid categorical syllogism must occur in two propositions of


the argument.
3. If both premises are affirmative, then the conclusion must be affirmative.
4. If one premise is affirmative and the other is negative, the conclusion must
be negative.
5. No valid categorical proposition can have two negative premise.
6. At least one premise must be universal in a valid categorical syllogism.
7. If a premise is particular the conclusion must also be particular.

FIGUR
E1
MP
SM

FIGUR
E2
PM
SM

FIGUR
E3
MP
MS

FIGUR
E4
PM
MS

SP

SP

SP

SP

Figures location of the middle term.

EXAMPLES:
All W are P.
Some W are M.
Therefore, some P are M.
STANDARD FORM
MOOD: AII
FIGURE: 3
VALID

All politicians are good in rhetoric.


All councilors are politicians.
Therefore, all councilors are good in
rhetoric.
STANDARD FORM
MOOD: AAA
FIGURE: 1
VALID

Some gamblers are cheaters.


Some Filipinos are gamblers.
Some Filipinos are cheaters.
STANDARD FORM
MOOD: III
FIGURE: 1
INVALID

Some animals are pigs.


All cats are animals.
Therefore, all cats are pigs.

STANDARD FORM
MOOD: IAA
FIGURE: 1
INVALID

No P is M.
All M is S.
Hence, some S is not P.
STANDARD FORM
MOOD:
FIGURE: 4
INVALID

Some kids are music lovers.


Some Filipinos are kids.
Some Filipinos are music lovers.
STANDARD FORM
MOOD: III
FIGURE:
INVALID

No country is leaderless.
No ocean is a country.
No ocean is leaderless.
STANDARD FORM
MOOD: EEE

FIGURE: 1
INVALID

Some M are not P.


Some S are M.

Some S are not P.


STANDARD FORM
MOOD: OIO
FIGURE: 1
INVALID (6)

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