Lean Six Sigma

Standard Business Roadmap

Implementation Manual

Issue No. 9: 2014

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Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Summary
Introduction & Structure
Lean Six Sigma Overview
Preconditions
Phases of SBR
a. Diagnostic
b. Stability
c. Strategy
d. Action
e. Evaluation
6. Glossary

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Summary
A Lean Six Sigma transformation can enable operations to drive the overall
business strategy, through the creation of many tangible business benefits.
Quality may increase through improved process yields and reduce scrap and
rectification costs.
Cost improves through reduced conversion costs,
improved cash flow, and higher return on assets. Delivery can improve
through shortened production lead times which more flexible operations that
can respond quickly to changes in customer demand.
Despite attempts, most businesses have not been able to capture or sustain
the benefits of a Lean Six Sigma transformation. Lean Six Sigma represents
a fundamental change and most businesses have pursued change in tactical,
rather than a strategic manner. Most failed Lean Six Sigma transformations
can be attributed to lack of true senior management commitment and
understanding of the change process. Moreover, the methodology of many
companies is to rely on a series of quick-hit approaches that deliver short term
benefits, but arent sustainable in the longer term. Add to this the reluctance of
many companies to consider the business as a whole rather than just
concentrating on operations or manufacturing and you have a recipe for
failure.
The team at Beyondlean have recognised and experienced these potential
pitfalls and have created a programme that can help lead a business through
the change process. The Standard Business Roadmap (SBR) takes a narrow
and deep approach by focusing on a model value stream. The SBR
programme creates the Lean Six Sigma infrastructure to maximise the chance
of sustainability. Ultimately, the SBR cannot guarantee the sustainability of
the system if the Business is not willing to invest the required time, resource,
and commitment to the change process. If a business is ready to embark on
this Lean Six Sigma journey, then manufacturing operations can not only
become a competitive advantage, but also deliver new strategic opportunities.

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An Introduction to Lean Six Sigma

PURPOSE OF THE MANUAL
The purpose of the Standard Business Roadmap Implementation Manual is to
guide clients through the Lean Six Sigma transformation process. Many
organisations have attempted Lean Six Sigma transformations, and most
have failed through several key pitfalls. The team at Beyondlean has
recognised these pitfalls and developed the SBR programme to ensure
maximum chance of sustainability for such a transformation. The basis of this
programme is a structured and methodical approach to change while
encouraging maximum knowledge transfer of Lean Six Sigma concepts to the
Business through the application of the accompanying material. Ultimately,
the SBR cannot guarantee the sustainability of the project. It takes significant
effort to first maintain and then improve a system. The client must be willing
to commit the required time, resource, and attention to ultimately succeed in a
Lean Six Sigma transformation.
This document is not intended as a detailed self-led step-by-step
implementation manual. It is more a guide for you to refer to as you progress
through each phase of the programme, as each individual business will have
different requirements and obstacles to overcome and will need to deploy
different tools in order to achieve this.
STRUCTURE OF THE MANUAL
This manual has three main segments. The first introduces the principles of
Lean Six Sigma and establishes some common themes, then presents SBRs
Lean Six Sigma model.
The second gives an overview of the SBR programme, outlining the SBRs
high level project approach to achieving and sustaining business benefits
through the application of Lean Six Sigma concepts . This approach has five
distinct stages, each of which you will pass through on your continuous
improvement journey. The amount of time and effort you will spend in each
stage will depend completely on your individual business needs and the level
of buy in and commitment of the senior management team.
The third segment examines key success factors for Lean Six Sigma
transformations, starting with the ten most likely causes of failure. An
appendix provides a programme check list and a glossary of key terms.

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PRECONDITIONS
FOR
TRANSFORMATION

SUCCESSFUL

LEAN

SIX

SIGMA

There are a number of preconditions for an organisation to succeed in a Lean

Six Sigma transformation. Your organisation must possess each of the
following attributes before successfully embarking on a Lean Six Sigma
transformation.
Will the top management on site:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

Actively participate in Lean Six Sigma production activity on a regular

basis?
Commit to no redundancies as a result of Lean Six Sigma production
activity?
Modify shop floor payment methods, if necessary?
Modify roles and responsibilities of personnel?
Spend money on justifiable changes to the production system?
Allow production personnel involvement in Lean Six Sigma activity
during normal production time?
Systematically review project activity on the shop floor?
Offer focused maintenance support in the pursuit of a model value
stream creation?
Enforce company policy?
Provide appropriate resource for the programme?
Be willing to make sure company measures are compatible with lean
six sigma?
Communicate the overwhelming desire to change?
Encourage a cross-functional approach to designing systems rather
than processes?
Commit to a long term programme of Lean Six Sigma?
Be prepared if necessary to make fundamental changes to
organisational structure?
Fundamentally, will the managing director or most senior person on site
be willing to change the way he / she operates, becoming a champion
of change and drive in the transformation through active involvement in
Go, Look, See & Process Confirmation activities (Also known as
Gemba Management).

Many of these issues are perhaps best illustrated with the following quote
from a study on UK Productivity.
The lower level of productivity (in UK manufacturing plants) is caused by
a failure to implement fully best practice Lean Six Sigma techniques.
Progress has been made, but not always enough, and the challenge for
management in some companies will be to recognise this failure and act
on itIn some casesmanagement does not realise the gap in
knowledge that exists between what they think is Lean Six Sigma
production and the reality. In some cases, however, management seems
content with a level of improvement that is below both the possible and
the necessary

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LEAN SIX SIGMA OVERVIEW

In 1910 Charles Sorensen and Henry Ford created the first moving assembly
line as a way of reducing wasted motion and handling complexity in
automotive assembly. Without question, the Lean system pioneered by the
Toyota Motor Company has a common beginning with these early work flow
improvements. However, this common heritage led to two very different
manufacturing systems: mass production and Lean production.
The objective of mass production is to maximise economies of scale through
high capital utilisation. At Ford, the emphasis on flow was limited almost
exclusively to the final assembly line, while subassembly processes, suppliers
and distribution operated on almost independent production schedules,
resulting in large batch sizes and high inventory levels. Inventory at all points
was accepted as a necessary buffer to survive schedule and output instability.
Quality was inspected and projected into the system through mass inspection
and inventory buffers. Capital was a solution to the relentless push for
capacity. Finally, production was driven from forecasts, pushing material
through the plant in anticipation of actual customer demand. The mass
production system flourished in the high growth, boom phase of the
automotive industry and was widely copied in other sectors.
The objective of Lean production is the elimination of waste through the
efficient use of all resources. In 1945 the president of Toyota Motor Company
issued an edict to the company to catch up with America in three years
otherwise the automotive industry of Japan would not survive. At the time,
labour productivity in Japanese factories was 1/10 that of US automotive
manufacturers. Scarce capital and small, highly diverse island market did
not support large-scale, mass production. Finding a solution to the challenge
led to a fundamentally different Lean Production system, which ultimately
triumphed over mass production during the 1973-4 oil crisis. At a time of
global recession and slow growth, Toyota sustained profits and grew US
market share while US companies lost on both counts.
A new paradigm
The lean production system pioneered at Toyota created a new paradigm for
excellence in manufacturing. This paradigm is founded on the belief that cost
reduction is sometimes the only viable mechanism for a corporation to
increase profit; price is not always an effective lever. Today, some
organisations are fortunate enough to determine their selling price by first
taking the product cost and adding on a sufficient profit margin:
Profit + Cost = Price

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A company can therefore increase profit by raising the price of its product.
However, in a diverse marketplace, most companies do not have this
advantage as consumers and market conditions largely determine price. In
these markets, companies face the following equation:
Profit = Price Cost
This is often referred to as the cost-minus principle because the company
can only increase profit through cost reduction. Cost reduction in a
manufacturing environment occurs through the elimination of waste. Waste
can be defined as something for which the customer is not willing to pay; it is
a non-value adding activity. The elimination of such activities shortens the
lead time, so value is delivered to the customer faster and with less effort.
Six Sigma
The goals of six sigma:

Improved Customer Satisfaction

Defect Reduction
Reduction in Variation
Yield Improvement
Higher Operating Income
Improved Process Capability
Target 6 sigma standards
Constant measurement
Defeat the Competition
Breakthrough improvements

Six-Sigma Objectives Are Directly and Quantifiably Connected to the

Objectives of the Business.
The many facets of Six Sigma:

Sigma is a letter in the Greek alphabet.

The term "sigma" is used to designate the distribution or spread about
the mean (average) of any process or product characteristic.
For a business or manufacturing process, the sigma value 6 is a metric
that indicates how well that process is performing. The higher the
sigma value, the better. Sigma measures the capability of the process
to perform defect-free-work. A defect is anything that may result in
customer dissatisfaction.
With six sigma, the common measurement index is defects per unit,
where a unit can be virtually anything -- a component, piece of material,
line of code, administrative form, time frame, distance, etc.
The sigma value indicates how often defects are likely to occur. The
higher the sigma value, the less likely a process will produce defects.

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As sigma increases, costs go down, cycle time goes down, and

customer satisfaction goes up.
So where did Six Sigma start and who else uses it?

Motorola (1987 First coined the phrase Six Sigma)

Texas Instruments - (1988)
ABB (ASEA Brown Boveri) - (1993)
AlliedSignal - (1994)
General Electric - (1995)

Why is this NOT a past tense statement?

Because this is a continuous process
We Are Not Pioneers, We Can Learn From What Others Have Done and the
mistakes they have made.
The biggest lesson we can learn is that individually Lean and Six Sigma are
very powerful tools However, when they are used effectively, together, that
power is exponentially increased.

The new paradigm of Lean Six Sigma transcends more than just a production
system it is a new way of thinking about organising the improving
operations. Traditionally one often associates Lean Six Sigma with a
collection of tools and techniques on the company floor. However, there are
several tiers in how the new thinking can be applied. At the highest level, the
concepts of Lean Six Sigma can be successfully applied across any industry
or sector of the economy, such as the construction, aerospace, and financial
environments. At the next level down, the operating practices of Lean Six
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Sigma need to be tailored to a degree, such as the high-level design of a pull

system. On the most pragmatic level, the tools and techniques of Lean Six
Sigma aim to identify and eliminate waste, as well as improving quality and
reducing variation in the particular environment and these tools must be
tailored to the particular environment, such as the particular types of kanban
comprising a pull system. Figure 1 illustrate this diagrammatically.

Underlying details that

govern interaction of
system components
Concepts
Operating
Principles

Tools and
Techniques

Operating
behaviours
that realise a
systems
Potential
Individual
methodologies
to enable a
system

Figure 1 Tiers of new thinking

Key concepts
The key concepts of Lean Six Sigma thinking (as shown if figure 1) can be
applied across any industry, and are described below.
Integrated approach
Lean Six Sigma aims to align all function with the common goal of reducing
overall cost for the business, rather than each function attempting to reduce
its own costs in isolation. Thus, the manufacturing system is inherently
stronger than a traditional system where different departments pursue their
own objectives independently of one another. A true Lean Six Sigma
transformation necessitates that all functions understand the application of
tools and techniques within the manufacturing system.
Elimination of waste
During the Lean Six Sigma transformation, all functions aim to eliminate waste
in a manufacturing environment. Waste can be defined as anything above the
minimum resources required to complete an activity. Wasteful activities only
add cost to a product; they do not add value.
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Hidden becomes obvious

As wasteful activities are eliminated from a manufacturing system, the true
root causes of problems become visible. Previously, the waste hid these
causes. As an example, a large amount of inventory after a process may
have concealed the true problem of the process long changeover times.
These long change over times would have necessitated producing in large
batches.
Order out of chaos
As problems become visible, the root causes must be solved to fully eliminate
the problems. As problems are solved, then the manufacturing system
becomes more consistent and predictable.
Yet, many traditional
organisations are often engaged in a fire-fighting mode because company
systems fail in the face of variability. To react to this variability, such as a
change in customer requirements, additional resources are often brought into
processes to keep the show on the road. However, a Lean Six Sigma
system will adjust efficiently to this variability, helping to bring order out of the
chaos.
Standardisation and continuous improvement
As a manufacturing system becomes more consistent, then standards can be
developed to ensure that the improvements are maintained. Once standards
are in place, they must be continuously challenged in a bid to make further
improvements. Striving for continuous improvement is referred to as the
Japanese word, kaizen.
Ownership
As standards are created, then ownership of particular processes can be
transferred to those closest to the process itself. Experience has shown that a
Lean Six Sigma system can only be successful if its ownership is devolved to
the people who actually operate it.

SBR Lean Six Sigma model

The SBR Lean Six Sigma model illustrates the key concepts and operating
principles for Lean Six Sigma.
Profitability
The SBR Lean Six Sigma transformation model starts with the most
fundamental goal for any business to make a profit. As indicated previously,
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competitive markets typically set the sales price. An attempt to increase the
price could reduce customer demand. Therefore, cost reduction is the only
real option for a company in such a position. The best method to achieve this
is through a Lean Six Sigma transformation, whose aim is the eradication of
wasteful activities and reduction in variation.
Business need
In order to maintain a profit, a business must aim to function in an
environment of:

Total quality.
product.

All people are involved with building quality into a

Zero defects.
source.

Defects are detected, contained, and rectified at their

Lowest possible costs. Resources are used efficiently at varying levels

of demand.

Minimum order-to-delivery lead times. Product flows through the value

stream in minimum time.

Delivery reliability. Low and consistent lead times ensure quick response
to demand fluctuations.

Effective human resource management. Employees feel empowered to

take a proactive role in improving operations in the workplace.

Stable employee relations. A company culture with long term job

security fosters continuous improvement efforts.

Most organisations try to satisfy these aspirations through the creation of

quality, operating and people systems. However, these systems are normally
created and managed in isolation often leading to inefficiencies. For
example, an emphasis solely on improving operations by increasing output
could have a detrimental effect on quality.

Enabler
The solution to this problem is the introduction of a Lean Six Sigma
methodology that combines the three previously independent systems into a
single, coherent system. Within the single system, the goals of the business
systems are aligned leading to optimal benefits. This is enabled by
maximising people contributions with the goal of eliminating waste.

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Processes and effects

The Lean Six Sigma methodology comprises five key processes. Each of the
five key processes aims to identify and then eradicate some of the seven
types of waste. The five processes are:
1.

People are at the heart of an organisation. The success and

sustainability of the Lean Six Sigma transformation often depend on the
organisations ability to adapt to the people issues involved in
managing change. This was achieved at Fords (Jaguar) Halewood
plant through the introduction of the Gateway or Partnership process

2.

Support systems are necessary to provide operational stability.

Examples of support systems include programmes such as workplace
organisation and total productive maintenance.

3.

Flexible manpower systems are a company wide method for

optimising labour productivity across varying levels of customer
demand by moving people between flexible manpower lines.

4.

Autonomation is the principle of stopping a manufacturing process

when abnormalities are detected through either intelligent automation
or manual means. Abnormalities are any form of deviation from a
standard process.

5.

Just-in-time (JIT) is often interpreted as conveying the right parts on

time. However, JIT is actually manufacturing and conveying the right
number of parts at the right time, quantity and in the shortest possible
lead time.

Each process breaks into a number of elements. For example, the support
systems process is composed of workplace organisation, total productive
maintenance (TPM), and process measurement & review.
Competitiveness
As new processes are fully implemented, waste should drastically reduce from
the manufacturing environment. These operational improvements increase
the businesss ability to meet the specified business needs, leading to an
increase in customer satisfaction. This helps to strengthen the overall
competitiveness of the business.
Sustainability and continuous improvement
When improvements are maintained, the current state will quickly become the
normal operating system. However, this normal operating system cannot be
static. It should be continually challenged and then improved through the
Lean Six Sigma methodology.

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SBR Programme
The SBR aims to assist you in implementing sustainable Lean Six Sigma
transformations in your organisations.
Our approach encompasses four distinct characteristics to maximise the
probability of sustainable change:

Narrow and deep

Creation of a model value stream

People-centred

The narrow and deep approach means applying many Lean Six Sigma tools
and techniques across a small area of the business. By having a spike in one
area, the area has a benchmark and maximum exposure to Lean Six Sigma
concepts to help apply them elsewhere across the business.
Many
companies attempt to achieve short-term gains through a broad and shallow
approach by applying a few concepts across a large portion of the value
stream. Based on experience. the likelihood of sustainability is dramatically
increased with a narrow and deep approach. See figure 3.
Narrow &
Deep

Degree of
Lean Six Sigma

Broad &
Shallow

VALUE STREAM
Before Improvements
After Improvements

Figure 3 Narrow and deep approach

The narrow and deep approach is applied on a model value stream (Or Pilot
area) for a business. The model value stream itself may only be a segment of
the customers value stream, but serves as a benchmark for what is possible.
The value stream represents all the activities necessary to deliver a product or
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service to a customer. Consider the following model for delivery of value to

the customer: The entire value stream for an enterprise encompasses
product design, pre-production, production, distribution, and service. The
value stream for the actual manufacture of the product encompasses the
entire supply chain, from raw material to delivery to the customer. The value
stream for the company represents all the value-adding activities from
receiving to shipping. Within this value stream lies the model value stream.
Thereby, the concepts learned on the model value stream can later be applied
across the entire value stream for the enterprise. See figure 4.
Level

Scope

Model

Assembly

Company

Goods Receiving
Manufacturing
Despatch

Supply Chain

Raw Materials Through

Delivery

Enterprise

Product Design
Pre-production
Production
Distribution
Service

Value Stream

Figure 4 The model value stream

The successful creation of the model value stream necessitates a peoplecentred approach. You will need to set up an implementation team in the area
you have targeted. This team should ideally comprise:

A senior manager from the area (Ensures adherence to the processes

implemented in that area)
Team leader or equivalent with good product knowledge and
knowledge of the area
Members of support functions
Operators
Trade Union Rep if applicable

The team members will apply the deep knowledge gained during through the
creation of the model value stream to other areas of the business, able to act
as change agents with the flexibility to be seconded to any other part of the
business to assist in the deployment of the changes. Again the size of this
team will be wholly dependent upon the size of your organisation. If it is quite
a small business, YOU may be the implementation team.

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PROGRAMME OVERVIEW
The SBR is a five step, macro-level approach to the Lean Six Sigma
transformation. However, each stage must be tailored on a micro-level to suit
an individual environment.
The stages are shown in figure 5,

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DIAGNOSTIC

The Diagnostic phase has one primary goal:

To give you a clear indication of where you currently are

Before embarking upon the Diagnostic phase some preparation is required on

your part in order to ensure success.
Preparation
The object of the preparation stage is to create the infrastructure required for
the Lean Six Sigma transformation.
Heighten senior management awareness
The senior management team must first raise their awareness of Lean Six
Sigma principles and their associated benefits. A good first step is to contact
another organisation, which has already undergone a Lean Six Sigma
transformation, to provide the management team with an overview that
combines technical presentations, visits, and practical experience.
Secure agreement to proceed
After heightening the awareness, each member of the senior management
team needs to make a commitment to proceed with the activity. Any doubts
must be expressed in an honest discussion to eradicate fears or
misconceptions.
Occasionally management members have difficulty in adapting to change
even after exhaustive explanation and support. Where those managers are in
a position of significant influence, serious consideration should be given to
whether the success of the programme can be allowed to be jeopardised by
their feelings or approach. If unable to adapt, they should be positioned
elsewhere within the organisation where they can still make a valuable
contribution.
Select the model value stream (Pilot area)
Management then needs to select the model value stream, which will be the
focus of the intensive period. Three factors apply. First, it is vital that the
stream is a success because it will become a model of Lean Six Sigma for the
rest of the business. To increase the probability of success, select a process
that is of manageable size, highly visible to the business, and which relates to
a single product or product type. Second, ensure the top management team
is entirely committed to the selected project and is prepared to provide the
necessary time and resource to achieve success. Third, select an area that
will realise a significant, tangible business benefit.

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Typically, the Lean Six Sigma transformation should start at the point closest
to the customer (generally the last stage in the manufacturing process) and
then proceed upstream through all the other processes. The reason for this is
explained under Key Success Factors later in the manual.
Select change agents
The Manager responsible or Implementation Team Leader should select
change agents to work within the Implementation Team full time during the
transformation period. The change agents will assimilate knowledge through
the development of the model value stream, and will then be able to lead the
change process during the subsequent roll out to other areas of the business.
Proper selection of the change agents is vital because success depends on
their motivation levels and ability to lead others. Being a change agent is
worthy of the best talent the company has available. It is unlikely that any
outsider could successfully assume this role because knowledge of the
company and good communication links are essential.
It is important that the change agents have assumed different roles in the
business. All must be freed from their current roles and dedicated full time to
Lean Six Sigma transformation. One should be a production manager. This
person will play a facilitative role in the transformation and will become the key
player in the roll out plan. The second should be a process owner, such as a
team leader. This person should be experienced and have previously been
responsible for Quality, Cost, and Delivery requirements to the customer.
Other Change Agents should be assigned according to resource available and
current business pressures.
A blame environment between production management and the change
agents needs to be avoided. Generally people find it difficult to accept that
others can advise them on how to do their job better and more efficiently. If
this occurs, a them and us environment may emerge and production
personnel may desire the system to fail in order to discredit a colleague. The
best way to avoid this situation is to ensure that one change agent is the
production manager, the person with ultimate responsibility for the output of
this process.
All change agents must also exhibit specific qualities. They must be
enthusiastic about the change process and well respected at all levels of the
organisation. They must be learners who can become teachers. They must
have capable communication skills to disseminate Lean Six Sigma concepts
throughout the organisation. Other attributes of an ideal change agent are
given below in figure 6. However, there are several immeasurable attributes
such as a genuine willingness to work hard and learn.

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Attributes of a Change Agent

An ideal individual will fulfil many of the following criteria:
Profile

Demonstrated, real interest in production engineering

Ability to interface with people at all levels
Potential to understand World Class Quality Systems
Good team worker
Flexible
Good communication skills
Highly analytical coupled with practical skills

Competence

Able to train others implementation

Good planning skills
Able to lead and support as appropriate
Appreciation of company protocol and procedures
Good organiser and time manager

Behaviour / Style

Outgoing and persuasive

People-oriented
Assertive achiever
Open-minded
Able to lead by delegating and encouraging
Committed to following through and persevering
Quick-thinking and positive
Disciplined and Hardworking
Resolute and tough.

Commitment

Prepared to work long and unpredictable hours.

Figure 6 Attributes of a change agent

Communicate with the stakeholders
Top management must communicate with all key stakeholders prior to
commencing the Lean Six Sigma transformation. A stakeholder is someone
with a vested interest in the activity, such as production management, trade
unions and the workforce. These stakeholders should be adequately
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informed about all aspects of the Lean Six Sigma transformation. To address
possible concerns, senior management should present a communication brief,
showing that the Lean Six Sigma transformation is not just another initiative,
but a fundamental change of company policy. A suggested agenda for the
brief is presented in figure 7.

Contents of a communication brief:

Introduction of personnel involved in lean Six Sigma

The compelling need for change

Commitment to no redundancies

Overview of how to identify waste

Overview of processes used to eradicate waste

Where the project will start

How it is likely to affect the way people work

A request for flexibility and support from all involved

Figure 7 Contents of a communication brief

Create a steering committee
A steering committee should be created to guide the Lean Six Sigma
transformation and transfer knowledge through different functions in the
business. The managing director or the most senior person on the site should
chair it. The committee should consist of all departmental heads. See figure
8.
In most organisations, the various functional departments have different
attributes such as metrics, motivations, objectives and understanding of lean.
The misalignment of objectives within attributes can impede the progress of
the Lean Six Sigma transformation. A cross-functional steering committee
can polarise these attributes in accordance with the objectives of Lean Six
Sigma. The alignment of objectives enhances the likelihood of sustainability
for the transformation.

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Purchasing

Quality

Finance
Managing
Director

Personnel

Manufacturing

Logistics

Engineering

Figure 8 Steering committee representation

The steering committee serves slightly different purposes for the short and
long term. The committee monitors progress in the short term while the
longer term objective is to facilitate a cross-functional organisational structure.
To satisfy the short-term objective, the committee should meet frequently
enough so the change programme does not stagnate or lose management
support and understanding. A meeting each week is advisable. It is important
that this is a working meeting and not just a one-way progress review. To
satisfy the longer term objective, the steering committee should also be
responsible for the planning, co-ordination and implementation of activities
required to make Lean Six Sigma into business as usual.
A steering committee should only be used until the change programme is
firmly established and sustained. True Lean Six Sigma should be selfperpetuating and require no extraordinary efforts to maintain. A steering
committee, per se may only be required in medium to large businesses, where
a large scale change program is being undertaken.

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Institutionalise weekly reporting (See Training pack A3 Reports)

The change agents and the Implementation team should create a weekly
report to present progress to the steering committee, see figure 9. This
document should be the basis for discussion at each steering committee
meeting to ensure continued focus on the success of the transformation. To
monitor the performance, the weekly report should track key Quality, Cost,
and Delivery measures along with progress towards other targets for the
transformation. It should also highlight the status of all activity carried out in
prior weeks, planned activity for the next week and progress against the
project plan. It should contain a problem resolution section to highlight issues
that need to be solved by the steering committee.
STATUS REPORT STORY :

DATE:

TO:

FROM:

TOTAL EFFECT

THEME

BACKGROUND

UNRESOLVED PROBLEMS / FUTURE ACTIONS (TIMING PLAN)

OBJECTIVES

Whe
Wh
LeanWha
Point:
n
o
t Six Sigma Management

IMPLEMENTATION

CLEAR, LOGICAL story

Logical FLOW
KEYPOINT summary

Figure 9 Example of a weekly report

Stakeholder Analysis
The Stakeholder Analysis will enable you to identify key stakeholders in the
change process and more importantly assess whether they will need any work
to bring them on board. If this is the case, the relationships they have with
other people within the organisation could hold the key to more easily getting
them on side.
(See Stakeholder Analysis .ppt Pack)
Understand the people, process, and product
The Implementation team, must first build their knowledge of the model value
stream and the culture of the people who work there. The best way to
accomplish this is for the team to carry out the Cultural Audit, Business
Assessment and Current state Value stream analysis.
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The Cultural Audit and Business assessment will give scores against which to
track progress as well as recommendations to counteract deficiencies.

Complete current state assessment

The project team needs to first complete a current state assessment in order
to capture a snapshot of the project area. The current state assessment is
composed of analysing the key metrics and mapping the material and
information flow.
Analysis of key metrics can include quality, cost, and delivery measures for
the model value stream. Examples of these measures are shown in figure 10.

Example of possible metrics for current state assessment

Quality

Delivery

Right first time

Rework cost/unit
Scrap cost/unit
Warranty cost/unit

Lead time
On time, in-full
Safety
Time since last LTA
Number of minor accidents

Cost
Labour productivity
Inventory turns
Over time
OEE

Morale
Absenteeism
Turnover rate

Figure 10 Key metrics

Material and information flow analysis is a tool that identifies the root cause of
waste in a system. A material and information flow diagram, a pictorial
representation of a manufacturing process, illustrates the flow of material
between processes and the required information to convert material into final
product. The diagram illustrates the big picture, not the individual steps, and
can be used to improve the entire system rather than just optimising local
processes. The project team can use a material and information flow diagram
to develop a common understanding of the current state. See figure 11
This should be done as a team exercise in conjunction with the value stream
analysis training pack.

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Current State Diagram

Monthly orders

3 Month forecast

Company
A

Supplier

Customer
Delivery List

Build Lists

1 Week

Cut

x2
m/c = 2 s
c/o time = 2 hr
Scrap = 10%

Weld

150 200

Assembly

x1
c/t = 2 min
c/o = 2 min

50

x5
c/t = 20 s
Downtime = 5%
Scrap = 15%

Daily

500

Sub Assembly

x3
c/t = 1 min
Scrap = 10%

Future State Diagram

Company
A
Supplier

Customer

Cut

Daily

PI

Weld, Subassembly, Assembly

PW

PI

Figure 11 Current and future state diagrams

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Daily

STABILITY

The primary purpose of the Stability phase is to lay a solid foundation from
which to build. At the conclusion of this phase you should have a certainty that
the Ship has been steadied, Fire fighting is a thing of the past and Forward
is the only way to go.
Depending upon the outcome of the Diagnostic Phase some actions may be
required immediately to prevent disaster. This is where the Stability phase and
the Strategy phase often overlap.
There is no Right or Wrong order to carry out the following actions, it will be
solely dependent on what you uncover in the Diagnostic Phase.
For example, if a major cause of your companies problems was down to poor
deliveries due to lack of visibility of shop floor productivity levels, meaning you
never know when your product is coming off the line. You immediately put in
place measures or KPIs (Key Performance Indicators) to address this and
give you that visibility.
This can be done very quickly while other things are being worked on Put
your customer protection in place IMMEDIATELY, this will give you some time
to work on the long term countermeasure.
Implement Standardised Operating Procedures
Without Standardisation there can be no improvement (Taichi Ohno).
Implement Standard work in the operation and ensure adherence to this
relentlessly. Once this is in place and adhered to, if an error occurs there can
be only one of two possibilities; either the process wasnt followed, or the
process is wrong. It really is that simple (Taking breakdowns and catastrophic
failures out of the equation) See the section on Standardisation.
Scrutinise your business Terms of Payment
This applies both to suppliers and from customers. A simple pictorial model
demonstrates the ideal state you are aiming for in the Powerpoint presentation
Terms of Payment.
Tighten up the Discipline
Do you have a robust Disciplinary procedure in place? If not, get one and
ensure it is adhered to.
Do you have a robust Sickness and Absence Policy in place? If not get one
and ensure it is adhered to.
You need three things in place to give you a solid foundation from which to
build:
Get the people there.
Get the people there at the time they should be there
Get the people doing what they should be doing, when they should be
doing it.
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Introduce performance measures (See Performance Management System

Training pack) Also KPIs, Visual Management Training packs and supporting
Excel documents All available with Lean Six Sigma Certification Package
Performance measures should be introduced before making any physical
change, see figure 12. Performance measurement is a visual method to
highlight abnormalities that restrict the targeted production from matching
output.

Performance Monitor

Time

Planned Output Actual Output No. of

Defects

Comments

07:00 08:00

25

25

OK

08:00 09:00

25/50

25/50

OK

09:00 10:00

25/75

14/64

Tool changeover
25 minutes (lost)

10:00 11:00

25/100

16/80

Tool breakage
20 minutes (lost)

11:00 12:00

25/125

35/115

10

Problem with
drill

13:00 14:00

25/150

35/150

Additional
Operator to boost
Output

14:00 15:00

25/175

25/175

OK

15:00 16:00

25/200

25/200

OK

Figure 12 Example of a performance measure

The most effective performance measures are highly visual and are regularly
updated. The performance measure provides advanced warning of shortfalls

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in production, allowing production management the opportunity to take

remedial action.

Introduce an Issue resolution system (See Training Pack)

An Issue resolution system can be used to identify and eliminate the root
cause of an issue. Resolving problems quickly is a necessity in a Lean Six
Sigma system because the introduction of Lean Six Sigma principles boils out
much fat. Therefore, failure to resolve problems quickly could have an
impact on production, which ultimately affects the customer.
An Issue resolution system is highly visual and normally located next to the
process being improved. Everyone can see the current status of problems at
a glance and can track them as they are brought to a logical conclusion. The
solution must be sustained across all shifts for a sufficient period. In addition,
appropriate audits need to be put in place to ensure effective use of the Issue
resolution system.
Introduce takt time production If being applied in a manufacturing
environment (See Takt Time, Work Packages & Line Balance Training
packs)
The next stage in gaining stability is to improve the flow of material through
the introduction of takt time production. Takt time synchronises the pace of
production to the pace of customer sales in the marketplace.
At this point, the team must verify what each process can and does
produce according to takt. If this is not feasible, then either the cycle time will
need to be reduced or additional working time is necessary for the particular
process. In addition to the machines, all production operators need a total
manual cycle time shorter than the takt time of the process. Otherwise, the
customer demand will not be satisfied during the shift, and remedial action will
be required to achieve specified targets.
Depending upon the size of the task in your particular situation, this step may
be done immediately, or if a more detailed work study is required, completed
during the Action phase

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 STRATEGY
Create a company vision and design future Operating Principles (See Future
State Training Pack & Operating Principles facilitated workshop Trg Pack)
A clear company vision acts as a roadmap for the Lean Six Sigma roll-out.
Recall that this methodology effectively integrates the previously independent
quality, operating, and people systems. The senior management must
prescribe this future state of the Lean Six Sigma methodology. The future
quality and operating systems can be presented in a material and information
flow diagram. The future people systems must be specified through a crossfunctional organisation structure. Each function must provide adequate
people, materials, methods and environment to support these goals.
Design the future state
The project team can then design the future state for the project area. They
should first create a future state material and information flow diagram. The
team can then break the future state into sizeable portions for implementation.
They must also specify improvement measures and targets for the project,
based on data collected during the current state assessment.

Set realistic roll-out objectives

When the company vision is defined, it is necessary to identify specific
objectives in order to attain that vision. A roll-out objective can be defined as
a manageable portion of the overall company vision. For example, an
objective may be to increase productivity by 10% by the end of the year.
It is vital that each objective is realistic to ensure a sustainable Lean Six
Sigma transformation. A company cannot expect the change agents to run
multiple projects with multiple trainees simultaneously in order to grow the
organisational knowledge in the shortest time. The expectation cannot be
satisfied because the change agents have only gained a reasonable
understanding of the approach while developing the pilot area. They do not
yet have the experience of implementing change on their own. Overburden
on the change agents can result in projects failing to meet their specified
objectives. The failed initiatives can then permeate a general attitude from
company employees: Lean Six Sigma we tried that and it didnt work!
The organisation must recognise that it is investing for the long term when
pursuing these objectives. Persevering with a structured and well-planned
approach in satisfying the objectives can reap huge business benefits. But
beware, most organisations that embark on Lean Six Sigma transformation
are greedy for results, which ultimately will result in failure. The greediness
comes from an organisations belief that it can become Lean Six Sigma to a
higher degree, faster and with less resource than anyone else. There are no
short cuts to the Lean Six Sigma transformation. World class Lean Six Sigma
organisations have taken many years to establish their position today. It takes
time to catch up so, please be patient.
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The following analogy shows the importance of patience and developing a

proper infrastructure to support the change. Two gardeners each plant a seed
in some fertile soil. After six months, each seed has sprouted above the
ground to a length of only four inches. One of the gardeners is concerned
because the plant is not growing fast enough, so he removes the sprout along
with its root and plants a new seed. The other gardener is more patient and
understands that the sprout is still developing its foundations and has great
potential, even though the growth hasnt been that great. Another six months
passes and the patient gardener now has a plant that sprouted to a height of
two feet! This flower was able to grow so rapidly because it was nurtured
early on and allowed to develop at its own pace. One the other hand, the new
seed for the impatient gardener has only grown four inches again.
Effective Policy Deployment
The effectiveness of the Lean Six Sigma transformation for the entire
organisation should be measured continuously.
To enable this, the
companys measures must first be compatible with Lean Six Sigma thinking.
Each level of management should have its own performance goals that
directly relate to the organisations yearly objectives.
Effective policy
deployment allows people at all levels to genuinely understand their role in
achieving the organisations objectives.
An example of policy deployment can be seen in figure 13. At the highest
level, company goals are set on an annual basis. From these goals,
measurable should then be set for a company. These company goals can be
used to set goals for individual departments within the company.
Company Goals

Profit
Quality
Market share

Company Goals
Profitability
Quality cost
Inventory
On-time, in full
(OTIF)

Department Goals

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Rework goals
Productivity
Overall equipment
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effectiveness
(OEE)
Lead time

Figure 13 Example of policy deployment

Develop implementation plans (See Tactical Implementation Plans Training
Pack)
The team can then begin to detail the tactical implementation plan to achieve
the future state. Using the sizeable portions from the material and information
flow diagram, the project team should focus on each portion progressively,
starting at the point closest to the customer and working upstream. Specific
objectives and goals for each portion of the plan along with an associated
timing and resource requirements must be given. Key milestones that fall on
the critical path of the implementation plan should be highlighted.
When creating the improvement plan, the project team should not be
distracted by the opportunities of quick or hoc savings. The implementation
plan should follow the stated structured approach of working backwards from
The customer. The team must only apply Lean Six Sigma tools or techniques
in the pursuit of improved flow. This will be explained in greater depth in
section
Budget requirements should be considered on a project-by-project basis.
Most improvements in Lean Six Sigma should be taken with a low cost/no
cost approach, allowing maximum financial impact. See figure 14. Only
justifiable cost should be incurred in the budget plans.

Likely Cost associated with a Lean Six Sigma

Transformation

Material handling devices

Machine movement
Re-programming of equipment
New containers
New tooling
Overtime for production personnel
Figure 14 Likely costs

Create a contingency plan

Whilst planning the project area change, it is necessary to build some from of
contingency into the programme. The performance of some processes could
suffer during the change process. The most critical aspect is to ensure that
the customer does not suffer as a result of the change programme because
this could erode management support for the Lean Six Sigma transformation.
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The three main components for a contingency plan are quality, volume and
delivery performance. Examples of contingency plans for these components
can be:

Quality
Perform quality checks at greater frequencies.
Reconfirm capability of process at the earliest opportunity.

Volume
Ensure sufficient flexibility to meet customer requirements through
overtime, additional resource or weekend working.

Delivery
Carry additional safety stocks.

Present to the steering committee

The current state assessment, future state design, improvement targets, and
implementation plans should be presented to the steering committee. The
purpose of the presentation is to create a vision of the Lean Six Sigma
transformation and to obtain top management support for all the
implementation initiatives. A possible structure for the presentation is as
follows:

Illustrate the location of the areas involved within the plant, describe
the product and its purpose.

Discuss the current state material e.g., productivity, quality leadtime changeover times, distances, etc.

Present the future state material and information flow diagram.

Represent pictorially the people and process flow within the project
areas.

Illustrate examples of improvements and their likely impact.

Present the implementation plan.

Propose future reporting structure (weekly report and steering

committee).

After the presentation, the steering committee should give their approval to
the Lean Six Sigma transformation plan if the diagnostic satisfies their
expectations.

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Complete final preparations

Prior to commencing implementation, several major items need to be
addressed:

Cross training. It is necessary to develop a skills matrix for all

employees to ensure they are adequately skilled to carry out any
new assignments. It is important to remember that ALL people do
not need to be skilled in ALL activities. Cross skill enough people to
give you the flex you need to cope with fluctuations in demand.

Update documentation. Appropriate documentation must be in

place so everyone affected by the change can perform at a high
level of quality and efficiency.

Simulate the change. Wherever possible, simulate the revised

process before making any physical change to minimise the risk
both internally and to the customer. This is best accomplished
outside normal production time, but with the regular process
operators, on their usual production equipment.

ACTION

The Action phase is where you really make things happen. The order of
implementation will very much depend upon what you discovered in the
diagnostic phase.
Included with the Standard Business Roadmap is a full Training Pack for each
of these Lean Six Sigma Tools along with the ESSENTIAL Training Pack for
Process Confirmation, without which the other Lean Six Sigma Tools are likely
to fail
Identify resource
The resource necessary to achieve each roll-out objective must be identified
at the earliest possible stage. Be sure there is no concern in having adequate
support from these resources at the time of implementation. Lack of resource
availability is a major reason why Lean Six Sigma transformations often fail,
because the right people need to be in the right place to support the
transformation.
Resource requirements do not only imply facilitation resource.
include:

Maintenance

Human Resources

Logistics

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They also

Manufacturing engineering

Quality

Finance.

Improve machine
Reliability

HP

Improve capacity
Utilisation

BL

Etc

BB

Manufacturing

JH

Finance

Human
Resources

New material
Replenishment
system

Logistics

Project and
Resource Planner

Manufacturing
Engineering

A matrix illustrating the particular roll-out objectives and functional

departments can ease the difficulty in resource allocation. See figure 18. Note
that the circle illustrates initials of the functional support person assigned to
each roll-out objective.

RD

GB

MS

TT

TA

DH

Figure 18 Roll out objectives

Cultural Change (See Culture Transformation Trg Pack)

If you feel a major cultural and behavioural change is required throughout the
organisation, from senior management right down to the shop floor, please
contact us at [email protected] and we will be happy to put you in
contact with a company that specialises in large scale cultural change. They
are responsible for the cultural change programs in large companies such as
Ford and Airbus.
Produce Key HR policies or HR Handbook
Compile your Key HR policies into a user friendly handbook. Communicate
these policies to all and adopt a zero tolerance approach to their adherence.
This should include policies such as your Disciplinary procedure, Sickness &
absence policy, Grievance procedure, Behaviour at work policy and Capability
procedure.
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Design & roll out a robust Performance Management System (PMS) (See
Training Pack)

Introduce 5S / Standard Layout / Line Balancing (See Training Pack)

This will be integrated with the Performance Management System as will
other tools referred to in this section, particularly in respect to the process
confirmation of them
Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) (See Training Pack)
Quick Changeover / SMED (See Training Pack)
5C / 5S, Workplace layout & design (See Training Packs)
Line Balancing (See Training Pack)
Introduce a pull system (See Training Pack)
Error Proofing / Poka Yoke (See Training Pack)
Andon (See Training Pack)
Six Sigma Tools (See full Lean Six Sigma Black Belt Training Material)
The goal of a pull system is to ensure that all stages of a production process
are synchronised with customer demand. This means that the right parts
should be at the right place at the right time. A pull system converts customer
demand into kanbans and levels the demand onto the production system.
These kanbans carry production instructions from downstream processes to
upstream processes.
Process Confirmation (See Training Pack)
This is the glue that holds every successful Lean organisation together. Even
if you only manage to get one of the Lean Six Sigma tools partially in place
due to production pressures, if you drive in Process Confirmation relentlessly
and embed it as part of everyday life, you will have changed your business
more than anyone could have imagined.
I cannot stress enough just how important this is Drive this in hard and dont
accept ANY excuses for not adhering to it.
Audit the system
It is necessary to audit a system frequently after making a change. Auditing
allows comparison of the observed condition against a desired condition. If

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differences do exist, there may be a number of reasons why people are not
working to a standard process:

They have found a better way

The way as described is either not feasible or not desirable

They have been given inadequate training

Some qualification is needed for the comment about people not working to the
standard because they have found a better way. While input for new and
improved methods of working should be encouraged, adoption of these
methods in an uncontrolled fashion should not. Once a standard is set, each
employee must work to that standard until it is formally revised or changed.
Then, at that point, everyone switches to the new and improved standard.
Once the new system is stable, periodic audits should take place to
continually ensure compliance. Management should also be involved to
demonstrate continued support and commitment to the change process.
Hasten Issue resolution
A new process requires significant amount of support to resolve abnormalities.
All functions must provide priority attention to ensure that the benefits
associated with the change are achieved, maintained, and subsequently
improved upon.
The river and rocks is an analogy that is often used to demonstrate the need
for rapid Issue resolution. See figure 15. The water level on a river is quite
high, concealing all the rocks on the river floor. The water level is a reflection
of the fat or waste in the process; the rocks relate to the problems or
abnormalities in the system. As the fat or waste in a system is eliminated,
the water level drops. This exposes more rocks. A company must tackle and
eliminate each abnormality as it is exposed in order to strengthen its
manufacturing operations.
Management must avoid the temptation of
reintroducing inefficiencies (the fat) in an attempt to conceal these
abnormalities once again.

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Long Setup Times

Bottlenecks
or Constraints

LEVEL
OF
RESOURCES
Unstable
Schedules

Rework
or Scrap
Poor
Housekeeping

Absenteeism

Unexpected Downtime
or Machine Breakdowns

Figure 15 The river and rocks analogy

Develop subconscious competence
Key to maintaining the model value stream is for people to develop a state of
subconscious competence. This means that people habitually conduct their
activity in a way that supports the Lean Six Sigma methodology. This is not
easy to achieve, and normally companies evolve several times before
attaining this ideal state:
1

Subconscious Incompetence

They dont know what they

dont know.

Conscious Incompetence

They do know what they

dont know.

Conscious Competence

They know what they need to

do and try hard to achieve it.

Subconscious Competence

They habitually achieve a

desirable condition.

An example of the evolution states is learning to ride a bicycle. Most people

can probably now ride a bicycle without even thinking about it they are
subconsciously competent. But to get to this stage one progressed from
having tried to cycle and not being able to conscious incompetence to
being able to ride only by fully focusing on task conscious competence. See
figure 16.

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SUBCONSCOUS INCOMPETENCE
-Sitting on a bicycle unaware
that pedalling will make it move

CONSCIOUS INCOMPETENCE
-Trying to ride a bicycle
and falling off

CONSCIOUS COMPETENCE
-Riding a bicycle with great
concentration

SUBCONSCIOUS COMPETENCE
-Using newly acquired riding skills to
achieve new things e.g. delivering
Newspapers

Figure 16 Subconscious competence model

The most difficult transition is to evolve from subconscious incompetence to
conscious incompetence because one must in effect recognise there is a
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better way of completing a task. This is really only achieved through clear
communication aligning the whole workforce in pursuit of the desired goal.
Conscious competence comes once people recognise that there is a better
way and try hard to achieve that state. During this stage it is very important
that non-standard situations are not tolerated. Should they be tolerated, then
this becomes the new standard, and inefficiencies start to creep back. Thus
one fully attains the state of subconscious competence by maintaining the
high level of discipline for a prolonged period of time.
Institutionalise regular reporting
The process owner for the model value stream should continue to present
regular written and verbal reports to top management even after completion of
the pilot project to ensure the sustainability of the changes. These reports
should cover performance measures such as quality, cost, and delivery. At
the first sign of deterioration the senior management must first question why
there is deterioration. Then, an effective countermeasure must be introduced
to avoid recurrence.
In addition to the submission of reports to top management, continued
emphasis should be placed on the value of the management teams visibility
on the floor by adopting a Go Look See (GLS) approach.
Establish a forum for formal review
A regular, formal review of progress on the timing plan should be made at a
cross-functional forum. This should take the form of a monthly meeting
chaired by the most senior person on the site, where the change agents
present their performance against the timing plan. If actions are continually
lagging behind plan, then the forum must question and understand the
situation. The forum should identify the root cause of the problems and
determine an appropriate countermeasure.
A significant part of making lean business-as-usual is for the people who are
Involved in the transformation to gain recognition for their individual efforts in
making the change a success. A selection of these people should present
their improvements in a before/after format to the top management on a
monthly basis. After the presentations, the chairperson should then visit the
process to observe the improvements first hand. This action is vital for
instilling a continuous improvement culture in the organisation.

EVALUATION

Review project effectiveness

A meeting should be held at a suitable point in the project (Usually around one
year in but this can be moved to suit your individual company ) to review the
previous 12 months of activity and discuss important issues for the future.
The meeting should discuss:
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Positive and negative aspects of the project

Opportunities for transferring Lean Six Sigma from the model site to
a model Organisation

Requirements for the appropriate organisation structure to gain

further benefits from lean

Possibility of supply chain integration.

Create new performance targets

Now that the targets have been achieved and maintained in the model value
stream, new targets must be set for the system. This is an important stage of
creating a Lean Six Sigma transformation, and yet it is usually overlooked.
Targets must become dynamic rather than static measures in order to ensure
robust continuous improvement efforts. New targets in terms of quality, cost,
and delivery must be set. See figure 17.

Examples of appropriate targets

Quality

Cost

Delivery

Labour Productivity

Lead time

Delivered PPMs

Floor space

On time, in full

Rework cost/unit

Inventory turns

Right First Time quality

Scrap cost/unit

Machine downtime
Overtime
Figure 17 Targets for lean Six Sigma

Many organisations believe that once they have gone through a Lean Six
Sigma transformation and driven out the vast majority of waste, theyve
reached the end of the project. However, this is not the end, but the
beginning.

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Full Circle
As part of the evaluation process on the area, carry out the original steps from
the diagnostic phase once more i.e. Current state analysis, business
assessment, Cultural audit etc. This will give you a very accurate picture of
exactly how far youve come. This is also the first step in moving through the
cycle again in that area, continuously improving as you go and applying the
knowledge gained on the previous project. This will include the next future
state map and Tactical Implementation Plan for the new journey ahead.
If you have other areas in your business that you are keen to apply this
process to, dont just transfer all the change agents from the original area to
the new one to start a new project. Ensure there are sufficiently
knowledgeable people remaining in the original area to maintain and improve
upon the gains already made.
Other key points to consider when looking at the next area to target:
Define new roles for change agents
New roles must be defined for the members of the implementation team as
they re-create the same approach and transfer their knowledge across other
areas of the business. Thus, they should no longer be accountable to just
their original function, as they will be influencing many different departments
and functions.

Priorities objectives
The roll-out objectives must next be prioritised to give a clear definition of the
path to the future vision. When determining priorities for the roll-out
objectives, there are many possible areas where the company could start, but
only a few where it should start. There are four considerations in assigning
priority to roll-out objectives.
1

Take the same approach as in selecting the model value stream.

Rather than trying to change the whole environment overnight, be sure
to start small, take a narrow and deep approach to improvement, and
identify a single product and its associated processes.

Start with an established manufacturing process rather than one

that is due to enter production shortly. During the early stages of lean,
it is necessary to build confidence in the structured approach by
visually demonstrating success.
Only focus on new production
preparation processes after securing a genuine level of commitment
from all line management fostered by a significant level of success on
existing production lines.

Identify areas of similarity with the model value stream in the

company. The change agents can save valuable time and develop
their own confidence by applying the same concepts in similar areas.

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Select areas with positive-minded management teams to ensure

the objectives success.
Good managers always smooth the
introduction of the Lean Six Sigma methodology.

Identify remaining knowledge gaps

The change agents and management team should identify any remaining
knowledge gaps. They should fill them appropriately with the relevant training
to maximise the likelihood of sustainability.
Enhance knowledge of lean Six Sigma
The change agents must continue their development of Lean Six Sigma
knowledge. It is critical that the change agents realise their knowledge of
Lean Six Sigma must expand beyond those tools and techniques applied on
the model value stream.

KEY SUCCESS FACTORS IN LEAN SIX SIGMA TRANSFORMATIONS

The following section discusses eight key success factors for a Lean Six
Sigma transformation.
DEVELOPING AND MAINTAINING SENIOR MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT
Senior management commitment and understanding of the change process is
the single greatest predictor for the sustainability of a Lean Six Sigma
transformation. As mentioned earlier, the business must be willing to commit
the required time, resource, and attention to ultimately succeed in a Lean Six
Sigma transformation. Nature says there is a tendency to progress from order
to chaos without outside intervention. Thus, it is critical that the managing
director or the most senior manager on site fosters true commitment and
understanding from colleagues about the Lean Six Sigma transformation.
Figure 19 lists the 10 top reasons for failure of a Lean Six Sigma
transformation, based on our experience.

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Lean Six Sigma transformations 10 reasons for failure

Reason

Responsibility

1.

Lack of Buy in and willingness to change

Management

2.

Lack of commitment to make changes happen managers have to manage

Management

3.

Company measurement methods incompatible

with Lean Six Sigma

Management

4.

Lack of knowledge and understanding

Management

5.

Poor communication

Management

6.

Initial project scope was too large

Management

7.

Poor change agents (ability, availability, position)

Management

8.

Payment issues

Management

9.

Greedy for results

Management

10.

No top level guidance or performance review

Management

Figure 19 Top 10 reasons for failure

Clearly, a Lean Six Sigma transformation will only be successful if senior
management is totally committed to realising the change. Senior management
must also:

Demonstrate the compelling need (Or preferably, the overwhelming desire)

Plan the change appropriately

Train and develop people at all levels

Lead and support people through the change process

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Balance expectations of both workforce and management.

Demonstrate the compelling need or the overwhelming desire

Senior management must both understand and effectively convey the
compelling need the reasons why the company is embarking upon the Lean
Six Sigma journey to all levels of the organisation. These reasons should
include the:

Requirements of the customer

Companys position relative to the competition

Current performance of the company

Need to grow and develop as an organisation

Plan the change appropriately

The change agents should plan all activities, assign responsibilities to
individuals, and agree on completion dates. Senior management must first
approve the plan for the change programme and then develop a system that
reviews progress.
Train and develop people at all levels
People from all levels of the organisation need to understand Lean Six Sigma.
They should be able to practice the process of implementation and
maintenance. This process starts with the senior management team and
cascades downwards, hopefully obtaining genuine acceptance and
understanding from all levels of the organisation.
Lead and support people through the change process
A people-centred approach is necessary for a successful Lean Six Sigma
transformation. Senior management must be seen to lead through being
actively involved in change activities. Employees need time to become
accustomed to new ways of doing things, so significant time will be required to
explain the reasons for change and its potential benefits.
Balance expectations of both workforce and management
Senior management must carefully balance their expectations for the change
process with the expectations of the workforce to ensure sustainable change .
See figure 20. Conflicts can arise quickly if there is a mismatch between the
expectations of one party and the provision of the other.
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MANAGEMENT

WORKFORCE

EXPECTS

PROVIDES

Quality products
High productivity
Flexibility

Job security
Reasonable salary
Good working environment

PROVIDES

EXPECTS

Figure 20 Balancing expectations

CREATING A STRUCTURE THAT SUPPORTS LEAN SIX SIGMA
A Lean Six Sigma structure is one where people are organised in a way that
promotes maximum effectiveness during the Lean Six Sigma transformation.
This typically is realised through cross-functional ownership of the production
process. There are two stages of evolution in creating this ownership:

Steering committee guidance

Progressive organisational structure

Steering committee guidance

The creation of a steering committee is a minimum requirement for the initial
introduction of Lean Six Sigma in medium to large change programs. A
steering committee is composed of a number of functions and meets regularly
to assume ownership for the Lean Six Sigma transformation. If the committee
fails to meet on a regular basis, then there is a high likelihood of lost focus or
momentum for the Lean Six Sigma transformation. Therefore, the key
members of the steering committee should not be permitted to send deputies
on a regular basis.
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Progressive organisational structure

A Lean Six Sigma transformation can only be successful if it is self-sustaining.
This requires a fundamental change in the organisation. The organisational
structure should be changed from functional orientation to value stream
responsibility, as illustrated in figure 21. A single manager should be
accountable for the value stream, and manage all functions for that product.
The value stream structure allows sustainable change to be conducted rapidly
and as part of normal business practice. When managing the transition from a
functional structure to a value-stream structure, it is necessary that standard
systems and procedures are maintained because full autonomy could result in
major disruption for each value stream manager initially.
Functional Structure

M.D.

Manufacturing

Quality

Logistics

Finance

Personnel

Value Stream Structure

M.D.

Value
Stream
Manager

Value
Stream
Manager

Value
Stream
Manager

Value
Stream
Manager

Mfg

Quality

Logistics

Finance

Personnel

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Figure 21 Progressive organisation structure

IMPROVING THE WORKING ENVIRONMENT
A Working environment is the collection of conditions under which a person is
expected to operate. It is desirable to improve the working environment as
much as possible to ensure maximised people contributions in the elimination
of waste. Several key steps can be taken to improve the working environment:

Improve the communication channels

Obtain union support

Ensure payment methods are compatible with lean Six Sigma

Optimise health & safety

Improve the communication channels

Effective communication between all levels of the organisation is vital to
ensure full co-operation in the Lean Six Sigma transformation.
The
transformation cannot just be a one-way management to workforce event.
There must be continual two-way communication between the parties. In
communication sessions, it is essential that all observations/comments are
accurately captured and followed up immediately. This avoids bad feeling
from the workforce claiming I told management and they did nothing about it.
Examples of communication subjects for the management and work force are:

Overview of the change programme, detailing the compelling need,

the approach to be taken and the likely outcomes of change.

Appropriate training in the Lean Six Sigma philosophy for those who
are directly involved.

Regular discussion between the implementation team and the

workforce to capture problems or suggestions for improvement

Regular meeting between the implementation team and the Lean

Six Sigma steering committee

Annual reports to shareholders / Workforce on progress to date.

Obtain union support

The support of the trade unions is important from the outset because they play
a major role during the introduction of lean. Trade unions may initially take a
belligerent stance initially against the implementation of Lean Six Sigma. The
following quote illustrates the unions initial perceptions of lean sigma:

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Whether through benchmarking, teams, or clandestine kaizen, the

outcome of management-by-stress is job reduction, on the one hand,
and speed-up and job loading, on the other. Interviews and case studies
in many countries all revealed an identical tale of what happened when
Lean methods were introduced: substantial job elimination, with or
without new technology; faster and harder work pace; and increased
difficulty in handling grievances related to production or working
conditions.
Kim Moody, Workers in a Lean World, (Verso, 1997)
In initial discussions with the trade unions, it is vital that management and
unions alike recognise the cost of not introducing a Lean Six Sigma system a
potential loss of market share and customers requirements continuing to be
unsatisfied. It is also advisable to discuss the positive benefits that Lean Six
Sigma will have on the general workforce. These benefits improve the work
environment, resulting in:

Increased health and safety

Cleaner, more straightforward working environments

Clear work standards and responsibilities

Minimised rework

Quick and efficient eradication of abnormalities

Unions understandably become nervous when companies begin to mention

improving labour productivity. To the unions, this translates as producing the
same, with fewer people, implying a reduction in jobs! This is one possible
outcome, but there are alternatives to avoid this certain conflict. Available
options include:

Workforce reduction through natural turnover

Recruitment freezes (sometimes targeted at particular groups)

Short-time working, overtime reductions or bans

Re-examination of temporary staff and contractors

Redeployment and retraining

Early retirement

Voluntary redundancy programmes.

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It is necessary to consider the long term consequences before using an

alternative because some will not be sensible in all circumstances. To avoid a
potentially sensitive situation, management often issues a no compulsory
redundancy policy as a result of the improvement activities.
Ensure payment methods are compatible with Lean Six Sigma
Shop floor payment methods should comply with the Lean Six Sigma
methodology enabled by maximising people contributions. An example,
piecework is not an acceptable payment system because it:

Complicates introduction of a robust quality system as it works

against the principle of stopping a process when an abnormality
occurs

Encourages overproduction and all other associated types of waste

Eliminates the ability to synchronise stages of production with

customer demand, as people work at different rates.

A better alternative to piece work is a standard weekly salary, yet many

organisations have attempted this change and quickly reverted back to
piecework. The shift in policy is usually due to a drop in productivity after
implementation, which is inevitable unless new systems and procedures are
put in place to monitor performance. Piecework is an easier system to
manage because output is controlled by the individual employees motivation
level. Managers must be prepared to manage, by resolving non-standard
situations such as poor output, absenteeism and general lack of contribution
as soon as they arise if the new payment system is to be successful.
Optimise health and safety
Employee health and safety should always be paramount on any companys
agenda. Lean Six Sigma methods support this in the following ways:

Focus on the shop floor worker to improve workability of the

product

Conduct job rotation, possibly avoiding repetitive strain injuries

through multi-skilling

Improve shop floor worker ergonomics, e.g., transforming a sitting or

standing person into one that is continuously walking.

CREATING A CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT CULTURE

A continuous improvement culture motivates all employees to constantly
improve their own working areas. A continuous improvement culture can be
created through several steps:
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Make teamwork the norm

Maximise opportunities for workforce involvement

Ensure contributions are recognised and valued.

Make teamwork the norm

The benefits of teamwork are well documented, and the Lean Six Sigma
activity goes even further to maximise people contribution through eliminating
all forms of waste from the manufacturing process. This objective is further
enabled due to the typical small team sizes in Lean Six Sigma environment,
and the wide spectrum of responsibility for the team leader.
Maximise opportunities for workforce involvement
Management must harness the power of teamwork in order to truly maximise
peoples contribution in the workplace. The workforce should be given the
opportunity to contribute through:

Focused team improvements. Allow time within normal production

hours to observe and improve the manufacturing process

Daily team meetings with standard agendas. The meetings

should last no longer than ten minutes and allow two-way
communication to discuss items such as daily targets, problems and
general communication.

Employee suggestion system. This system serves as another

source for continuous improvement efforts.

Ensure contributions are recognised and valued

Senior management must recognise and value the improvement efforts of the
workforce. Without recognition, the workforce may begin to revert to a more
comfortable method of manufacturing by tolerating inefficiencies. Senior
management must have a visible presence on the shop floor and observe
improvements first hand. This helps foster a continuous improvement culture
because people feel great pleasure from showing off their improvements.
Recognition in many cases is more valuable than actual reward.
Senior management must also create a blame-free and no-judgmental attitude
with people for a Lean Six Sigma system to be successful. Lean Six Sigma
aims to cut all of the fat out of a process by its very nature. So, the system is
intolerant towards any abnormality.
The system demands immediate
corrective action whenever abnormalities are highlighted. Management should
be appreciative that the workforce highlights problems so that they can be
solved at their source. In a blame culture, the workforce would be encouraged
to conceal these issues to avoid a possible reprimand.
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CHANGING SYSTEMS AS WELL AS PROCESSES

When implementing a change to a process, one must also examine how it will
affect an entire system to ensure maximum sustainability. This is undertaken
through:

Understand manufacturing flows

Focus on improving flows, not techniques.

There are generally three types of flow in manufacturing. These are:

People and process flow

(Process Change)

Material flow

(System Change)

Information flow

(System Change)

The people and process flow is the interaction between operators and the
machines. The material flow represents the flow of the product between
processes. The flow of information controls the production of all processes.
Lean Six Sigma aims to harmonise all three flows.
However, most
organisations have only recognised the need to improve people and process
flow, creating a major misconception of Lean Six Sigma. Improving people
and process flow in isolation leads to only localised benefits.
Global benefits can only be attained through system changes involving
material and information flow. Improvements in material and information flow
eradicate product stagnation between processes and synchronise production
of each process in accordance with the customer requirements. Figure 22
illustrates the differences between process and system changes.

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Comparator

People and Process Flow

Material and Information Flow

Scope

Tends to focus on a single

process

Gets a complete perspective on

a product. All processes are
involved

Waste
Awareness

Reasons for waste are

disguised due to cause
being upstream

Helps you see the source of

waste as well as the waste itself

Approach

Allows cherry picking

Ties Lean Six Sigma concepts

together to avoid cherry picking

Stability

Deteriorates due to being an Forms the basis of Lean Six

isolated island of activity
Sigma introduction plans
through its integrated approach

Measures

Provides a quantitative
measure but does not tell
you how to improve

Provides a qualitative measure

of how your company should
look and how you are going to
do it

Figure 22 Differences between and process and system changes

Focus on improving flows, not techniques
To make system changes, one must improve the three flows in a systematic
manner. System changes should be based on needs identified from the
current manufacturing condition. The improvement team cannot focus only on
areas where they can apply clever techniques.
To improve flow, it is typically best to start at the point closest to the customer
(end of process) and then seek improvements upstream. It is necessary to
secure a low and consistent lead time in each process before moving
upstream. There are two reasons for this. First, controlling work-in-progress
inventory at downstream operations significantly reduces the variability in
demand for the upstream process. Second, information flows upstream
inmost pull systems. Thus, subsequent parts of a pull system can be
implemented as flows are improved from downstream operations to the
upstream operations.

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SETTING DEMANDING TARGETS WITH REGULAR REVIEW

A company must set demanding, yet realistic targets and then review progress
regularly to make sure changes are sustained. To maximise the change of
sustainability, management should:

Set new targets at the end of each project

Review progress on a regular basis.

Set new targets at the end of each project

Improvements should not halt when a team achieves a target condition.

Rather, new targets must be set to ensure continuous improvement. These
targets should be realistic, achievable and agreed by the person who is
expected to deliver them.
Review progress on a regular basis
The improvement teams should present status reports to senior management
each week in order to maintain their focus and interest in the improvement
activities.
The status report should contain the following information:

What happened this week

What is planned for next week

What is the performance of the process

What concerns have been raised

What countermeasures have been taken.

Senior management should take a genuine interest in the content of these

reports and request clarification if any information is blurred. The senior
managers should be responsible for the receipt of reports from all
improvement teams on a weekly basis. If one report goes un-submitted and
the team is not asked for it, they may not create a report in future. The lesson:
If you accept a non-standard situation, it becomes the new standard!
TRANSFERRING LEAN SIX SIGMA
The Lean Six Sigma methodology must be extended to other areas and
functions in the organisation. These other areas and functions can then gain
an appreciation for the Lean Six Sigma methodology, helping to ensure its
sustainability. There are three elements to this transfer:

Transfer to new production preparation

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Develop a model organisation

Extend to the enterprise.

Transferring to new production preparation

When a company has become competent in Lean Six Sigma, the thinking
should be transferred to production preparation. By focusing on new products,
waste can be designed out from the outset, resulting in cost avoidance and
built-in quality.
Develop a model organisation
As experience grows within an organisation, the concepts learned in the model
value stream can be applied to create the model company. The concepts
learned to create the model company can then be applied to create a model
organisation. This is not simplistic and will require many years to complete.
Lean Six Sigma should only be transferred to additional areas at a rate that the
organisation infrastructure can support. See Figure 23.
Extend to the enterprise
At an appropriate point in the transformation process, consideration should
also be given to developing the supplier base. The goal is to move from a
model organisation to a model enterprise encompassing the entire supply
and delivery chains. Experienced personnel should be used to transfer the
learning to key suppliers through a standard approach.

MODEL ORGANISATION
Organisational
transformation

MODEL PLANT

MODEL
VALUE
STREAM

Supply chain
integration

Physical transformation
Figure 23 Extending to the enterprise

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UNDERSTANDING BUSINESS BENEFITS

It is very important that senior management recognises the business benefits
of Lean Six Sigma and how they relate to the overall business strategy.
Depending on a particular business model, excellence in operations can be
either a driver for business strategy or a prerequisite for that strategy, see
figure 24. Lean Six Sigma is a driver for business strategy when acquired
excellence in operations produces a strategic advantage. An example can be
in a mature market where one company develops the capability to
manufacture and convey a product Just-in-Time. This gives the company a
distinct advantage over its competitors, so a strategic advantage may result for
the company. Lean Six Sigma is a prerequisite for business strategy if
excellence in operations is required for a company to maintain its competitive
position. An example is a firm that draws its demand from internet sales and
has little forward visibility of customer demand. Thus, the manufacturing
system must be as Lean Six Sigma and flexible as possible to satisfy the
customer demand.
Either acquired or necessary, excellence in operations enhances overall
business strategy and helps increase the overall profitability of the business.
The profitability increase is realised through:

Tangible business benefits

Intangible business benefits

BUSINESS STRATEGY

Business
Strategy
Requires
Operational
Excellence

OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE

Acquired
operational
excellence
enables overall
business
strategy

Figure 24 Business strategy and operational excellence

Tangible business benefits
The tangible business benefits of the Lean Six Sigma transformation can be
grouped into Quality, Cost and Delivery. See figure 25.

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QUALITY

Increased yield from

processes
Reduced scrap and
rectification costs
COST

DELIVERY

Higher return on assets

Improved cash flow
Reduced conversation
costs

Shortened, more consistent

Production lead times
Increased flexibility in
operations

Figure 25 Tangible business benefits

Quality
Increased yield from processes. Defects are detected and solved
at their source, rather than just being detected at downstream
processes.
-

Cost
-

Reduced scrap and rectification costs. Material and labour

requirements are limited through increased yields of individual
processes.

Higher return on assets. Asset intensity is reduced as space and

transportation requirements should diminish. Also, equipment is
right-sized to maximise value-added work, often extending the life
of the investment beyond its original book value.
Improved cash flow. The number of inventory turns should
increase through the introduction of a pull system, which prevents
overproduction and links production to actual customer demand.

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Reduced conversion costs. Improved yields and a continual focus

on increasing value-adding work for an operator reduces these
costs. Also, the number of indirect or peripheral activities necessary
for production should diminish.

Delivery
Shortened, more consistent Production lead time. A Quicker
response to changes in customer demand and the ability to
guarantee delivery schedules.
Increased flexibility in operations. The efficient use of manpower
can easily adapt to changing volume and product variety
fluctuations.

Intangible business benefits

Increased rate of continuous improvement

- The company should become committed to the ongoing
identification and elimination of waste as a way of life,
consistently reducing product cost.

Strengthened problem solving skills

- Previous recurring problems should be eliminated as the
company begins to attack the root cause of problems.

Improved customer satisfaction

- The greater fulfilment of Quality, Cost and Delivery benefits can
help foster customer loyalty.

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APPENDIX
PROGRAMME CHECK LIST
The purpose of the check list is to act as a guide for management leading the
Lean Six Sigma transformation.
Progress from one stage to the next in the Lean Six Sigma transformation can
only be made when all items in the stage have been satisfied.

Preparation

Have all appropriate management had an overview of the project?

Have senior management clearly demonstrated their commitment to

proceed with Lean Six Sigma transformation?

Has an appropriate pilot project area been identified?

Has a steering committee been created (Where applicable)?

Has a cross-functional implementation team been identified (Where

applicable)?

Have the cross-functional team been communicated to & trained?

Have all of the following been appropriately communicated with?

Management
Unions
Shop floor
Support functions

Has a standard weekly report format been agreed and introduced?

DIAGNOSTIC

Has a current state material and information flow diagram (Value

stream map) been created?

Has a future state material and information flow diagram been created?

Has a Stakeholder Analysis been carried out?

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Has the cultural audit been carried out?

Has the business assessment been conducted?

Have the material and information flow diagrams, performance metrics,

implementation plans, detailed layouts and budget been presented to
senior management?

Has the proposal been presented to:

Other management?
Support functions?
Shop floor Workers?

Has a contingency plan been developed to preserve quantity and

delivery?

Have the management team indicated that they are happy to proceed?

STABILITY

Have the recommendations from the Diagnostic phase been followed?

Further actions in this phase will depend upon the outcomes from the
Diagnostic phase

STRATEGY

Has a functional vision for the business been created?

Have the detailed Tactical Implementation plans been created?

Has a list of priority improvement areas been created?

Has adequate resource been identified to fulfil the requirements?

Does a detailed timing plan exist specifying start and finish dates for
future projects?

Have the future project activities been budgeted for?

ACTION

Has a forum for programme review been created, dates assigned and
service managers committed to attend?

Has the organisation adapted its Performance Management System to

Lean Six Sigma production activity?

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Other actions carried out in this phase will be dependent upon the business
involved.

EVALUATION

Has a detailed evaluation of progress to date been carried out, including

Current State Map, before and after photographs etc.?

Has the success so far been communicated and celebrated?

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GLOSSARY
TERM

DEFINITION

Abnormality

Any form of deviation from a standard

process.

Autonomation

The principle of stopping a manufacturing

process when abnormalities are detected
through either intelligent automation or
manual means.

Change Agents

Representatives from business who will rollout the Lean Six Sigma transformation
through the entire company. Knowledge of
Lean Six Sigma developed through work on
model value stream.

Continuous Flow Processing

Producing using a batch size of one.

Cost-Minus Principle

Belief that cost reduction is the only way to

increase profits: = Price Cost.

Flexible Manpower Systems

A company-wide method for optimising

labour productivity across varying levels of
customer demand by moving people between
flexible manpower lines.

Improvement Team

Comprised of representatives from each

function within the organisation (e.g.
personnel, quality, logistics, manufacturing,
etc). These team members are not required
to be fulltime, but should be ready and
available to provide support to change
agents.

Just-in-Time

Manufacturing and conveying the right

number of parts at the right time in the right
quantity and in the shortest possible lead
time.

Kaizen

The Japanese word meaning continuous

improvement.

Lean Six Sigma

Aims to deliver value to the customer with the

lowest cost, highest quality and shortest

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possible lead time. Accomplishes this goal

through eliminating wasteful activities and
variation from processes.
Material and Information
Flow Mapping

A pictorial representation of a manufacturing

process that illustrates the flow of material
between processes and the required
information to convert material into final
product.

Model Value Stream

Small part of overall value stream which is
the focus during the intensive support period.
Will serve as a model for what is possible
over the entire value stream.
Pull System
Synchronises all stages of a production
process with customer demand. This means
that the right parts should be in the right
place at the right time.
Steering Committee
Cross-functional forum composed of
department heads. Aim is to develop a
business-wide, cross-functional
understanding of Lean Six Sigma.
Support Systems
Necessary to provide operational stability.
Examples of support systems include
programmes such as workplace organisation
and total productive maintenance.
Takt Time
Synchronises the pace of production to the
pace of sales in the marketplace.
Value
Something that meets a customers needs; it
is created by a producer.
Value Stream
Manager

A single manager for an entire value stream.

Waste
Anything above the minimum resource
required to complete an activity.

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Extended Glossary:
Agile Manufacturing In essence, it is the ability to thrive under conditions of constant and
unpredictable change. Like flexible manufacturing, agile manufacturing seeks
to achieve rapid response to customer needs. But agile manufacturing also
emphasizes the ability to quickly reconfigure operations and strategic
alliances to respond rapidly to unforeseen shifts in the marketplace. In some
instances, it also incorporates "mass customization" concepts to satisfy
unique customer requirements. And, in the broadest sense, it includes the
ability to react quickly to technical or environmental surprises.
Andon(Lantern)A signal, light, bell, music alarm, triggered by an operator confronted with a
non-standard condition. Tool failure, machine failure, bad part, lack of parts,
cannot keep up; error needs correction, etc. The signal for immediate help to
prevent line stop.
Andon Board A visual control device in a production area, typically a lighted overhead
display, giving the current status of the production system and alerting team
members of emerging problems.
Annual Inventory Turns A measure that is calculated by dividing the value of annual plant shipments
at plant cost (for the most recent full year) by the total current inventory value
at plant cost. Total current inventory includes raw materials, work in process,
and finished goods. Plant cost includes material, labor, and plant overhead.
Autonomation (English translation of Jidohka) A form of automation in which machinery automatically inspects each item
after producing it, ceasing production and notifying humans if a defect is
detected; Toyota expands the meaning of jidohka to include the responsibility
of all workers to function similarly, i.e. to check every item produced and to
make no more if a defect is detected, until the cause of the defect has been
identified and corrected.
Baka-yoke
(Idiot or Fool Proofing) a manufacturing technique of preventing mistakes by
designing the manufacturing process, equipment, and tools so that an
operation literally cannot be performed incorrectly; an attempt to perform
incorrectly, as well as being prevented, is usually met with a warning signal of
some sort
Blitz - see kaizen

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Cellular Manufacturing A manufacturing approach in which equipment and workstations are arranged
to facilitate small-lot, continuous-flow production. In a manufacturing "cell", all
operations necessary to produce a component or subassembly are performed
in close proximity, thus allowing for quick feedback between operators when
quality problems and other issues arise. Workers in a manufacturing cell are
typically cross-trained and, hence, able to perform multiple tasks as needed.
Chaku-chaku A method of conduction single-piece flow in which the operator proceeds from
machine to machine, taking a part from the previous operation and loading it
in the next machine, then taking the part just removed from that machine and
loading it in the following machine. Means "load-load" in Japanese.
Concurrent Engineering A cross-functional, team-based approach in which the product and the
manufacturing process are designed and configured within the same time
frame, rather than sequentially. Ease and cost of manufacturability, as well as
customer needs, quality issues, and product life cycle costs are taken into
account earlier in the development cycle. Fully configured concurrent
engineering teams include representation form marketing, design engineering,
manufacturing engineering, and purchasing, as well as supplier and even
customer companies.
Continuous Improvement A never-ending effort to expose and eliminate root causes of problems; smallstep improvement as opposed to big-step or radical improvement. Syn:
kaizen.
Cpk A statistical calculation used to indicate how well a design tolerance compares
with the normal process variation (defined as +/-3s) and accounts for any
difference between the design target and the actual process mean. A good
Cpk value indicates that the process is consistently under control i.e., within
specification limits and is also centered on the design target value. A Cpk
value of 1.33 is typically considered a minimum acceptable process capability;
as the Cpk value approaches 1.5, the process approaches Six Sigma
capability (3.4 defective units per million).
Cross-Functional Teams Teams of employees representing different functional disciplines and/or
different process segments who tackle a specific problem or perform a
specific task, frequently on an ad hoc basis.
Customer Reject Rate (PPM) A quality measure reflecting the number of completed units rejected or
returned by external customers, expressed in parts per million. Calculation
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should include parts reworked by customers. Applies to all shipped units,

including parts.
Cycle Time 1) In industrial engineering, the time between completion of two discrete units
of production. For example, the cycle time of motors assembled at a rate of
120 per hour would be 30 seconds. Also, if cycle time for every operation in a
complete process can be reduced to equal takt time, products can be made in
single-piece flow.
2) In materials management, it often refers to the length of time from when
material enters a production facility until it exits.
3) In Lean, manual + walking + waiting time for one cycle of work sequence.
Syn: span time or throughput time.
Defects Per Million Opportunities (DPMO) The ratio of defects found per unit (DPU) multiplied by 1,000,000 to the
average opportunities for error in one unit. DPMO can be used in
benchmarking because it is normalized to provide an equivalent comparison
to products or services of varying complexity.
Design for Assembly The practice in which ease and cost of assembly is emphasized during the
product-design stage. DFMA asks: Can this design be manufactured at
superior quality levels, at a cost and using processes which will give it a clear
sustainable competitive advantage?
Design for Manufacturing & Assembly A conscious process of making design decisions only after fully evaluating the
manufacturing processes, tools, quality control measures, and equipment
impacts. Design for Procurement - A practice in which product designers work
effectively with suppliers and sourcing personnel to identify and incorporate
technologies or designs which can be used in multiple products, facilitating the
use of standardized components to achieve economies of scale and assure
continuity of supply.
Design for Quality The practice in which quality assurance and customer perception of product
quality are emphasized as an integral part of the design process.
Empowered Natural Work Teams Teams that share a common workspace and/or responsibility for a particular
process or process segment. Typically such teams have clearly defined goals
and objectives related to day-to-day production activities, such as, quality
assurance and meeting production schedules, as well as, authority to plan
and implement process improvements. Unlike self-directed teams (see

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definition), empowered work teams typically do not assume traditional

"supervisory" roles.
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) An extension of MRP II software designed to operate on enterprise-wide
client/server computing platforms. ERP systems typically claim the ability to
achieve tighter (or "seamless") integration between a greater variety of
functional areas including materials management, supply chain management,
production, sales and marketing, distribution, finance, field service, and
human resources. They also provide information linkages to help companies
monitor and control activities in geographically dispersed operations.
FMEA (Failure Modes and Effects Analysis ) - A procedure used to identify
and assess risks associated with potential product or process failure modes.
Finite Capacity Scheduling - Software-based systems that enable simulation
of production scheduling (and determination of delivery dates) based on
actual unit/hour capacity at each step in the production routing. Finite
scheduling systems, running on desktop computers, often compensate for the
"infinite capacity" assumptions built into capacity-planning modules in
traditional MRP II systems.
Finite Element Analysis (FEA) A mathematical method for analyzing stress. FEA is used in product design
software to conduct graphical (typically colorized) on-screen analysis of a
model's reactions under various load conditions.
First-Pass Yield The percent of finished product or subassembly/component units that meet all
quality-related specifications at a critical test point in the process. This is a
measure of the yield that results from the first time through the process, prior
to any rework. It should reflect all defective units detected since the preceding
yield test point. In process industries, yield should be calculated as the
percent of output that meets target-grade specifications (excluding saleable
"off-grade" product).
Five (5) Ss: (5 Cs)
Sort - To clearly distinguish the needed from the unneeded. (Clear out &
Classify)
Straighten Keeping needed items in the correct place to allow for easy and
immediate retrieval (Configure)
Shine - Keeping the workplace swept and clean (Clean & Check)
Standardize Consistency applying 6S methods in a uniform and disciplined
manner (Conformity)
Sustain - making a habit of maintaining established procedures (Custom &
Practice)

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OR
5S - refers to the five words,
seiri,
seiton,
seison,
seiketsu,
shitsuke.
These words are shorthand expressions for principles of maintaining an
effective, efficient workplace seiri - eliminating everything not required for the
work being performed
seiton - efficient placement and arrangement of equipment and material
seison - tidiness and cleanliness
seiketsu - ongoing, standardized, continually improving seiri, seiton, seison
shitsuke - discipline with leadership
(Like many concepts, the 5S can be interpreted narrowly or broadly,
depending on circumstances of their use.)
Five (5) Whys Root Cause Analysis - Taiichi Ohno's practice of asking "why" five times
whenever a problem was encountered, in order to identify the root cause of
the problem so that effective countermeasures could be developed and
implemented. Used along with other problem solving tools, enables you to
derive the proper correction action.
Flexible Machining Centers Automated machining equipment that can be rapidly reprogrammed to
accommodate small-lot production of a variety of product or component
configurations.
Flexible Manufacturing Systems Automated manufacturing equipment and/or cross-trained work teams that
can accommodate small-lot production of a variety of product or part
configurations. From an equipment standpoint, an FMS is typically a group of
more than two computer-based machine tools with integrated material
handling, able to produce a family of similar parts.
Flow The progressive achievement of tasks along the value stream so that a
product proceeds from design to launch, order to delivery, and raw materials
into the hands of the customer with no stoppages, scrap, or backflows.
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Focused Improvement Teams

(Kaizen Teams) See Kaizen
Gemba shop floor, on the line, on site
Gembutsu Actual item, real thing
Genjitsu Reality
HEIJUNKA or Production Smoothing is a technique used to adapt production to naturally
fluctuating customer demand. The Japanese word HEIJUNKA (pronounced
hey June kah), means literally "make flat and level." Customer demand must
be met with the customer's preferred delivery times, but customer demand is
"bumpy," while factories prefer "level," or stable production. So, a
manufacturer needs to try and smooth out these bumps in production.
Hoshin kanri Policy deployment A strategic decision-making tool that focuses resources on the critical
initiatives necessary to accomplish the business objectives of the firm. Using
visual matrix diagrams, three to five key objectives are selected while all
others are clearly deselected. The selected objectives are translated into
specific projects and deployed down to the implementation level in the firm see genba kanri. Progress toward the key objectives is then measured on a
regular basis against clear targets. "Hoshin" translates literally as 'shining
metal' or more poetically as 'the glint from the spear of a forward guide that
leads the way' and "kanri" means 'control'.
ISO 9000 An international quality process auditing program, based on a series of
standards published by the International Organization of Standardization in
Geneva, Switzerland, through which manufacturing plants receive certification
attesting that their stated quality processes are adhered to in practice.
ISO 14001 A series of generic environmental management standards developed by the
International Organization of Standardization which provide structure and
systems for managing environmental compliance with legislative and
regulatory requirements and affect every aspect of a company's
environmental operations.
Improvement -

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as a part of a successful Kaizen strategy, "improvement" goes beyond the

dictionary definition of the word. Improvement is a mindset of maintaining and
improving standards. In a still broader sense, improvement can be defined as
Kaizen and Innovation, where a Kaizen strategy maintains and improves
working standards through small, gradual improvements, and innovation calls
for radical improvements as a result of large investments in technology,
processes, and/or equipment. The Kaizen strategy clearly delineates
responsibilities: workers are to maintain standards, and managers are to
improve standards. The Japanese perception of management boils down to
one precept: maintain and improve standards.
Jidohka see "Autonomation"
Jishu Kanri self-management, or voluntary participation.
Jishuken Kaizen with outside help - a "fresh pair of eyes" approach to kaizen to
complement the improvement ideas of those carrying out production tasks
day-by-day. Outsiders (for example, from a customer) help the production
team to eliminate waste. Process improvement engineers going into suppliers
are sometimes described as "jishuken teams".
JIT/Continuous-Flow Production Implementation of "just in time" techniques to reduce lot size, reduce setup
times, slash work-in-process inventory, reduce waste, minimize nonvalueadded activities, improve throughput, and reduce manufacturing cycle time.
JIT production typically involves use of "pull" signals to initiate production
activity, in contrast to work-order ("push") systems in which production
scheduling typically is based on forecasted demand rather than actual orders.
In many "pull" systems, a customer order/shipment date triggers final
assembly, which in turn forces replenishment of component WIP inventory at
upstream stages of production.
Just-in-Time (JIT) A system for producing and delivering the right items at the right time in the
right amounts. Just-in-Time approaches just-on-time when upstream activities
occur minutes or seconds before down-stream activities, so single-piece flow
is possible.
Jutsu the art of something (i.e., 'leanjutsu: the art of lean production').
KPIs
Key Performance Indicators. Vital measurement tools showing how the
business is performing, from shop floor, or Gemba level feeding right up into
company targets and goals.
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Kaikaku Radical improvement of an activity to eliminate muda, single piece flow in a

small space. Reduce travel by co-locating related activities. [Also called
breakthrough kaizen, flow kaizen, and system kaizen.]
Kaizen The systematic, organized improvement of processes by those who operate
them, using straightforward methods of analysis. It is a "do it now" approach
to continuous, incremental improvement of an activity to create more value
with less muda. Kaizen establishes what needs to be done and instils the
principles of continuous improvement. [Also called point kaizen, process
kaizen, or blitz]
OR
Kaizen - the philosophy of continual improvement, that every process can and
should be continually evaluated and improved in terms of time required,
resources used, resultant quality, and other aspects relevant to the process.
When applied to the workplace, Kaizen means continuing improvement
involving everyone - managers and workers alike. Kaizen is not limited to
manufacturing systems only. It also means continuing improvement in
personal life, home life, social life, and working life.
Kaizen Event A concentrated effort, in which a team plans and implements a major process
change or changes to quickly achieve a quantum improvement in
performance. Participants generally represent various functions and
perspectives, and may include non-plant personnel.
Kamishi bai
T Card system of process confirmation, used throughout the levels of the
business to ensure standards are adhered to.
Kanban a communication tool in the "just-in-time" production and inventory control
system which authorizes production or movement. It was developed by Taiichi
Ohno at Toyota.
Kanban is a card or signboard ( or any other authorizing device) that is
attached to specific parts in the production line signifying the delivery of a
given quantity.
The quantity authorized per individual kanban is minimal, ideally one. The
number of circulating or available kanban for an item is determined by the
demand rate for the item and the time required to produce or acquire more.
This number generally is established and remains unchanged unless demand
or other circumstances are altered dramatically; in this way inventory is kept
under control while production is forced to keep pace with shipment volume.
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A routine exception to this rule is that managers and workers are continually
exhorted to improve their processes and thereby reduce the number of
kanban required.
When fully implemented, kanban (the plural is the same as the singular)
operates according to the following rules:
All production and movement of parts and material take place only as
required by a downstream operation, i.e. all manufacturing and procurement
are ultimately driven by the requirements of final assembly or the equivalent.
Kanban have various formats and content as appropriate for their usage; for
example, a kanban for a vendor is different than a kanban for an internal
machining operation.
Kanban Signal A method of signaling suppliers or upstream production operations when it is
time to replenish limited stocks of components or subassemblies in a just-intime system. Originally a card system used in Japan, kanban signals now
include empty containers, empty spaces and even electronic messages.
Karoshi Death from overwork.
Lead Time The total time a customer must wait to receive a product after placing an
order. When a scheduling and production system is running at or below
capacity, lead time and throughput time are the same. When the demand
exceeds the capacity of a system, there is additional waiting time before the
start of scheduling and production, and lead time exceeds throughput time.
Lean Manufacturing or Lean Production the philosophy of continually reducing waste in all areas and in all forms; an
English phrase coined to summarize Japanese manufacturing techniques
(specifically, the Toyota Production System).
Level Scheduling The sequencing of orders in a repetitive pattern and smoothing the day-to-day
variations in total orders.
Life Cycle Costing The identification, evaluation, tracking, and accumulation of actual costs for
each product from its initial research and development through final customer
servicing and support in the field.
Line Balancing -

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Equalizing cycle times [productive capacity, assuming 100% capacity

utilization] for relatively small units of the manufacturing process, through
proper assignment of workers and machines; ensures smooth production flow.
Machine Availability Rate The percent of time that production equipment is available for use, divided by
the maximum time it would be available if there were no downtime for repair or
unplanned maintenance.
Manufacturing Cells The layout of machines of different types performing different operations in a
tight sequence, typically U-shape, to permit single-piece flow and flexible
deployment of human effort.
Manufacturing Cost Includes quality-related costs, direct and indirect labor, equipment repair and
maintenance, other manufacturing support and overhead, and other costs
directly associated with manufacturing operations. It does not include
purchased materials costs or costs related to sales and other nonproduction
functions.
Manufacturing Cycle Time The length of time from the start of production and assembly operations for a
particular (finished) product to the completion of all manufacturing, assembly,
and testing for that product or specific customer order. (Does not include frontend order-entry time or engineering time spent on customized configuration of
nonstandard items).
Mixed-model production capability to produce a variety of models, that in fact differ in labor and
material content, on the same production line; allows for efficient utilization of
resources while providing rapid response to marketplace demands.
MRP II
Software-based Manufacturing Resource Planning systems that translate
forecasts into master production schedules, maintain bills of material (lists of
product components), create work orders for each step in the production
routing, track inventory levels, coordinate materials purchases with production
requirements, generate "exception" reports identifying expected material
shortages or other potential production problems, record shop-floor data,
collect data for financial reporting purposes, and other tasks depending on the
configuration of the MRP II package.
Muda (waste) activities and results to be eliminated; within manufacturing, categories of
waste, according to Shigeo Shingo, include: 1. Overproduction - excess
production and early production
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2. Waiting - waste time spent at the machine; delays

3. Transportation - waste involved in the movement and transportation of units
4. Processing - waste in processing; poor process design
5. Inventory - waste in taking inventory
6. Motion - actions of people or machinery that do not add value to the product
7. Defective units - production of an item that is scrapped or required rework
Mura inconsistency , variation
Muri unreasonablness , overburden
Nagara smooth production flow, ideally one piece at a time, characterized by
synchronization [balancing] of production processes and maximum utilization
of available time, including overlapping of operations where practical.
Nemawashi The Japanese have very different ways of conducting business meeting.
Before a formal meeting starts, participants have already drawn conclusions
regarding information to be presented at the meeting. This is called
nemawashi (prior consultation).
The original meaning of the word is to smooth around roots before planting.
This system was developed to avoid discrepancies, and gain agreement from
everyone in advance, when making a decision in formal meeting. It is also to
keep the relationship harmonious.
Nemawashi is best used to let people of differing opinions have time to adjust
their opinions. When the principles of nemawashi are put into effect first,
people have the time to adjust opinions beforehand without wasting time.
The main fear people have of nemawashi is its use in politics. People are
worried that decisions are sometimes made behind the scenes, instead of out
in the open. It is therefore seen as an undemocratic process.
Ninjutsu the art of invisibility (applies to management)
Non-Value-Added Activities which are essential tasks that have to be done under present
working conditions but don't add value to the product (sometimes referred to

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as required waste). The desire is to either minimize these activities or

introduce process improvements that would eliminate them entirely.
OEE
OEE is a total measure of a total measure of performance that relates the
availability of a process to the productivity and quality.
Operation An activity or activities performed on a product by a single machine, or
operator.
PDCA Cycle (plan, do, check, action) an adaptation of the Deming wheel. While the Deming wheel stresses the
need for constant interaction among research, design, production, and sales,
the PDCA Cycle asserts that every managerial action can be improved by
careful application of the sequence: plan, do, check, action (see also SDCA
Cycle).
Perfection The complete elimination of muda so that all activities along a value stream
create value.
Poka Yoke A mistake proofing device or procedure to prevent a defect during order-taking
or manufacture.
Poka-yoke is designed to stop the movement of a component to the next
station by using "fail-safing" techniques to eliminate errors or quality-related
production defects as far upstream in the process as possible.
Example: requiring completed components to pass through a customized
opening to ensure that dimensions do not exceed tolerance limits. Also
includes methods to check equipment operating conditions prior to making a
part. A major objective is to minimize the need for rework.
Policy Deployment Unifies and aligns resources and establishes clearly measurable targets
against which progress toward the key objectives is measured on a regular
basis.
Predictive Maintenance Practices that seek to prevent unscheduled machinery downtime by collecting
and analyzing data on equipment conditions. The analysis is then used to
predict time-to-failure, plan maintenance, and restore machinery to good
operating condition.
Predictive maintenance systems typically measure parameters on machine
operations, such as vibration, heat, pressure, noise, and lubricant condition. In
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conjunction with computerized maintenance management systems (CMMS),

predictive maintenance enables repair-work orders to be released
automatically, repair-parts inventories checked, or routine maintenance
scheduled.
Problem Solving Methodologies A variety of approaches to problem solving, including the Deming Circle (PlanDo-Check-Act), used by all persons working in the same team or organization.
Considered fundamental to teamwork.
Process A series of individual operations required to create a design, completed order,
or product.
Processing Time The time a product is actually being worked on in design or production and the
time an order is actually being processed. Typically, processing time is a small
fraction of throughput time and lead time.
Productivity Increase The primary definition here is "the plantwide increase in annual value-added
per employee, based on total employment in the plant, not just direct labour".
Value-added should be calculated by subtracting cost of purchased materials
and services from value of shipments.
The Best Plants entry form also includes a secondary calculation, which many
manufacturers prefer to use: "increase in sales per employee." Where
possible, Best Plants candidates should compute and report five-year
productivity increases using both calculations.
Pull A system of cascading production and delivery instructions from downstream
to upstream activities in which nothing is produced by the upstream supplier
until the downstream customer signals a need.
Pull System A system for controlling work flow and priorities whereby the processes
needing materials (or attention) draw them from the feeding processes or
storage areas as needed, typically using "kanban" signals in contrast to
"push" systems in which material is processed, then pushed to the next stage
whether or not it is really needed.
QFD (Quality Function Deployment) A customer-focused approach to quality improvement in which customer
needs (desired product or service characteristics) are analyzed at the design

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stage and translated into specific product-and process-design requirements

for the supplier organization.
Targeted customer needs may include product features, cost, durability, and
other product characteristics.
QFD involves carefully listening to the customer's true unvarnished
expression of their needs. Then those needs must be translated into
engineering characteristics, competitive assessment, selection of critical/key
characteristics, the product/process design, and follow-up.
Through this technique, product performance features and the characteristics
that deliver them are determined by the customer and paid heed to by the
producer (by listening and acting). The quality responsibility is then deployed
throughout the organization by tying compliance activities directly to the
fulfillment of these customer requirements.
Quick Changeover Methods A variety of techniques, such as SMED (single-minute exchange of dies),
which reduce equipment setup time and permit more frequent setups, thus
improving flexibility and reducing lot sizes and leadtimes.
Route Map
Strategic planning tool used to translate the goals and vision of an
organization into a long term workable strategic plan.
SDCA Cycle (standardize, do, check, action) a refinement of the PDCA Cycle wherein management decides first to
establish the standard before performing the regular PDCA function.
Seiban the name of a Japanese management practice taken from the Japanese
words "sei", which means manufacturing, and "ban", which means number. A
Seiban number is assigned to all parts, materials, and purchase orders
associated with a particular customer job, or with a project, or anything else.
This enables a manufacturer to track everything related with a particular
product, project, or customer. It also facilitates setting aside inventory for
specific projects or priorities. That makes it great for project and build-to-order
manufacturing.
Self-Directed Natural Work Teams Nearly autonomous teams of empowered employees, including hourly
workers that share a common workspace and/or responsibility for a particular
process or process segment.
Typically such teams have authority for day-to-day production activities and
many supervisory responsibilities, such as job assignments, production
scheduling, maintenance, materials purchasing, training, quality assurance,
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performance appraisals, and customer service. Often called "self-managed"

work teams.
Sensei one who provides information; a teacher, instructor, or rabbi.
Setup Time work required to change over a machine or process from one item or
operation to the next item or operation; can be divided into two types:
1. internal: setup work that can be done only when the machine or process is
not actively engaged in production;
OR
2. external: setup work that can be done concurrently with the machine or
process performing production duties.
Seven Forms of Muda (Waste)Taiichi Ohno's original enumeration of the wastes commonly found in physical
production.
They are overproduction, waiting, transportation, overprocessing, excess
inventory, worker movement, and production of defective parts.
7 Quality Tools Flowcharts, Cause-and-effect diagrams, Check sheets, Histograms, Scatter
diagrams, Pareto charts, Control charts.
Shojinka continually optimizing the number of workers in a work center to meet the type
and volume of demand imposed on the work center; shojinka requires workers
trained in multiple disciplines; work center layout, such as U-shaped or
circular, that supports a variable number of workers performing the tasks in
the layout; the capability to vary the manufacturing process as appropriate to
fit the demand profile.
Single Minute Exchange of Dies (SMED) A series of techniques pioneered by Shigeo Shingo for changeovers of
production machinery in less than ten minutes. One-Touch setup is the term
applied when changeovers require less than a minute.
Obviously, the long-term objective is always zero setup, in which changeovers
are instantaneous and do not interfere in any way with continuous flow.
Single Piece Flow -

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A situation in which products proceed, one complete product at a time,

through various operations in design, order taking, and production, without
interruptions, backflows, or scrap.
Six Sigma Six Sigma is a term used to describe a measure of quality control that is
higher than "normal". The manufacturer generally associated with starting Six
Sigma programs is General Electric.
Six Sigma is a methodology that is intended to reduce process variation to
within a limit that will result in 3.4 defects per million samples or less.
Spaghetti Chart A map of the path taken by a specific product as it travels down the value
stream in a mass-production organization, so-called because the product's
route typically looks like a plate of spaghetti.
Stakeholder Map
A tool used during the diagnostic phase of implementation showing the
relationships and relative spheres of individuals and groups within an
organization.
Standard Work A precise description of each work activity specifying cycle time, takt time, the
work sequence of specific tasks, and the minimum inventory of parts on hand
needed to conduct the activity.
Standard Work details the motion of the operator and the process sequence in
producing a part. It is the proclamation of the most waste-free production
method, through the best combination of people and equipment, the least
amount of work in process possible, showing where to check for quality, and
where there are safety issues.
It provides a routine for consistency of an operation and a basis for
improvement.
Statistical Process Control (SPC) The use of basic graphical and statistical methods for measuring, analyzing,
and controlling the variation of a process for the purpose of continuously
improving the process.
Supplier Partnerships Agreements with suppliers whereby operations are linked together,
information is openly shared, problems and issues are commonly solved, and
joint performance is mutually approved. These are usually multiyear
agreements.

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SMED - Single minute exchange of dies

Takt Time The available production time divided by the rate of customer demand.
Takt time sets the pace of production to match the rate of customer demand
and becomes the heartbeat of any lean system.
In repetitive operations, the cycle time between completion of units calculated
based upon the rate of need for those units. Used to determine how to set up,
revise, or improve operations.
Throughput Time The time required for a product to proceed from concept to launch, order to
delivery, or raw material into the hands of the customer. This includes both
processing and queue time.
Tactical Implementation Plan (TIP) -Tactical Implementation Plan. Derived
from the route map, a TIP is a shorter term plan, typically covering 3 6
months, containing actionable steps to turn strategy into actuality.
Toyota Production System
A High performing team will always achieve greater results than a group of
individuals.
Total Cost of Quality The aggregate cost of poor quality or product failures including scrap,
rework, and warranty costs as well as expenses incurred to prevent or
resolve quality problems (including the cost of inspection). In calculations for
Best Plants entries, do not include costs of normal maintenance, quality
training, or quality-related equipment upgrades.
Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) A comprehensive program to maximize equipment availability in which
production operators are trained to perform routine maintenance tasks on a
regular basis, while technicians and engineers handle more specialized tasks.
The scope of TPM programs includes maintenance prevention (through
design or selection of easy-to-service equipment), equipment improvements,
preventive maintenance, and predictive maintenance (determining when to
replace components before they fail).
Total Quality Management (TQM) -

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A multifaceted, company-wide approach to improving all aspects of quality

and customer satisfaction including fast response and service, as well as
product quality.
TQM begins with top management and diffuses responsibility to all employees
and managers who can have an impact on quality and customer satisfaction.
It uses a variety of quality tools such as QFD, Taguchi methods, SPC,
corrective-action response teams, cause-and-effect analysis, problem-solving
methodologies, and fail-safing.
Total Quality Control (TQC) organized Kaizen activities involving everyone in the company - managers
and workers - in a totally integrated effort toward improving performance at
every level. This improved performance is directed toward satisfying such
cross-functional goals as quality, cost, scheduling, manpower development,
and new product development. It is assumed that these activities ultimately
lead to increased customer satisfaction. (Also referred to as CWQC Company-Wide Quality Control.)
Toyota Changed from the true form, Toyoda, meaning abundant rice field, by the
Toyota marketing department. Toyoda is the family name of the founders of
the Toyota Motor Company.
Toyota Production System see "Lean Production"
Value A capability provided to a customer at the right time at an appropriate price, as
defined in each case by the customer. The more a product or service meets a
customer's needs in terms of affordability, availability, and utility, the greater
value it has. Thus, a product with true value will enable, or provide the
capability for, the customer to accomplish his objective. - or Value Value is a measurement of the worth of a specific product or service by a
customer, and is a function of:
(1) the product's usefulness in satisfying a customer need,
(2) the relative importance of the need being satisfied,
(3) the availability of the product relative to when it is needed and
(4) the cost of ownership to the customer. Value Added - A type of processing
(accomplished correctly the first time) that changes (transforms) the shape or
character (fit, form, or function) of a product or assembly.
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The specific activities required to design, order, and provide a specific

product, from concept to launch, order to delivery, and raw materials into the
hands of the customer.
Value Stream Mapping - Identification of all the specific activities occurring
along a value stream for a product or product family.
Visual Control The placement in plain view of all tools, parts, production activities, and
indicators of production system performance so everyone involved can
understand the status of the system at a glance.
Also the use of signals, charts, measurements, diagrams, lights, and signs all
to clearly define the normal.
Visual Workplace A Visual workplace is a work area that is self-explaining, self-regulating and
self-managing. Where what is supposed to happen does happen: on time,
every day.
Characteristics of a Visual Workplace: - Physical Impediments to effective
processing are removed - Processes are tightly linked and logically ordered
- Tools and fixtures have homes no searching
- Information and material travel together
- Standards are clear and self-explaining.
Clear baseline for continuous improvement.
Waste Includes needless activities that must be eliminated (sometimes referred to as
pure waste).
WIP Turns The value of total annual shipments at plant cost (for the most recent full year)
divided by the current WIP value at plant cost.
Work-in-Process Inventory (WIP) The amount or value of all materials, components, and subassemblies
representing partially completed production; anything between the raw
material/purchased component stage and finished goods stage. Value should
be calculated at plant cost, including material, direct labor, and overhead.
WCM world class manufacturing is the philosophy of being the best, the fastest, and
the lowest cost producer of a product or service. It implies the constant
improvement of products , processes, and services to remain an industry
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leader and provide the best choice for customers, regardless of where they
are in the process.
Yamazumi Meaning literally "to pile in heaps", a yamazumi board is a tool to achieve line
balance, with strips of paper or card representing particular tasks.
Here is a description from a Toyota engine plant in the US:
"Magnetic strips of varying width are stacked one on top of the other forming
several columns across the board. A scale of seconds is marked off beside
the columns, and a pink thread is pulled taunt across the board at the 65
second level - the takt time. Each strip represents the time it takes for an
assembly team member to complete a task; each column represents total time
for a complete process.
Whenever process rebalancing needs to be done because of increased
production or a new product introduction, tasks can be quickly rearranged.
Also, any underutilization of a team member's time can be recognized
immediately by seeing a column that does not make it up to the pink thread."
Yield Improvement For Best Plants calculation, it should be defined as the percentage reduction
in rejects, within a five-year period, at a process operation or quality test point.
(Example: If yield improves from 95% to 98%, that means rejects have been
reduced by 60% -- from 5% to 2%. Therefore, yield improvement equals 60%.

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