Index

(identically equal), 312

notation, 211, 224
absolute value, 85
as square root of square, 88
dened geometrically, 85
dened using cases, 87
equations and inequations, 86
graphical solutions, 92
graphs, 87
identities and inequalities, 88
adding and subtracting functions, 70
alternating harmonic series, 458
altitude of a triangle, 184
and area formula, 140
and cosine rule, 147
and sine rule, 139
concurrence of, 184
Alzheimers disease, 484
AM and GM, 208, 236, 311
amplitude, 496
and, 25
angle between two curves, 510
angle between two lines, 509
Apollonius theorem, 186
Apollonius, circle of, 184
arc length, 491
area formula, 140
area
and limits, 397
between curves, 420
by integration, 415
of a circle, 405
arithmetic mean, 207
and geometry, 208, 210
and the midpoint, 309
and the sum of the roots, 309
arithmetic sequence, 200
and geometric sequences, 207
and linear functions, 202
and simple interest, 202
nth term of, 200
partial sums of, 215

asymptotes, 55
horizontal, 101
oblique, 104
vertical, 100
axis of parabola, 320
bearings, 109
boundary angles, 118
boundary condition, 392
Brahmaguptas formula, 155
calculus, 237
carbon dating, 484
cardinal numbers, 29
Cartesian equation, 328
centroid, 185, 187
chain rule, 254
generalised, 259
chord of contact, 341
chords of a parabola, 330
circle
and trigonometric functions, 117
and parabola, 321
dened geometrically, 317
equation of, 54
circumcentre, 187
circumcircle, 146, 150, 187
and sine rule, 142
collinear points, 163
complement of a set, 25
completing the square, 21, 285
and circles, 64
composite numbers, 30
compound angles, 504
concavity, 373
concurrent lines, 172
cone
and Pythagoras theorem, 121
area and volume of, 266, 425
congruence
and trigonometry, 150
area formula and SAS, 141
cosine rule and ASS, 151

ISBN: 9781107633322
Bill Pender, David Sadler, Julia Shea, Derek Ward 2012
Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party

Cambridge University Press

634

Index

cosine rule and SAS, 147

sine rule and AAS, 140
sine rule and ASS, 141
continued fractions, 38, 42, 45
continuity
and limits, 270
at a point, 269, 79
in a closed interval, 270
coordinate plane, 156
and lines, 167
and points, 156
Copernicus, 487
cosine rule, 146
and Pythagoras theorem, 146
critical values, 367
cubic identities, 11
curvature, 372
curve sketching, 48, 52, 64, 69
and calculus, 378
exponential functions, 487
logarithmic functions, 451
menu, 102, 378
quadratic functions, 280
trigonometric functions, 523
cusps, 275, 369
cyclic quadrilateral, 155
cylinder, surface area and volume of, 266
damped oscillations, 524
decimals
periods of, 228
recurring, 32, 227
terminating, 32
decimals base 2, 228
decreasing at a point, 357
denite, 304
degree, algebraic and geometric, 313
depression, angle of, 110
derivative, 237
and discriminant, 244
dened as a limit, 242
dened geometrically, 239
of 1/x, 245
of powers of x, 245
of
semicircle, 239
of x, 245
Descartes, Rene, 184
dierence of cubes, 11
dierence of powers, 229
sequence of, 215
dierence of squares, 3, 5
dierentiability at a point, 273
directrix of parabola, 320
discontinuity, 79, 269
discriminant, 290, 299

CAMBRIDGE MATHEMATICS 3 UNIT YEAR 11

and tangents, 301

disjoint sets, 25
domain, 48, 82
natural, 49, 82
restriction of, 62
dominance, 451, 468
double-angle formulae, 506
e, 441, 443
and exponential function, 464
and logarithmic functions, 447
and , 520
electron shells, 214
elevation, angle of, 110
ellipse, 70
empty set, 24
Euclid, and cosine rule, 147
Euler, Leonhard, 49
Euler function, 34
even functions, 82
and integration, 408
and symmetry, 82
derivatives of, 377
exponential functions, 56, 194, 438, 462
curve sketching, 468
derivative of, 462, 464
gradient equals height, 463
integral of, 472, 473
the exponential function, 463
external division, 158, 349
extremum, 362
factorisation, 5
feedback loop, 526
Fermat primes, 230
Fermats little theorem, 228
Fibonacci sequence, 199, 215, 236
focal chords, 320, 331, 345
focal length, 320
focus of parabola, 320
Folium of Descartes, 279
fraction
algebraic, 7
arithmetic, 31
functions, 48
fundamental theorem of calculus, 402
dierential form, 403
integral form, 402
general angles, 117
general form, 168
geometric mean, 207
and geometry, 208, 210
and organ pipes, 210
and similarity, 210

ISBN: 9781107633322
Bill Pender, David Sadler, Julia Shea, Derek Ward 2012
Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party

Cambridge University Press

Index

and the product of the roots, 309

geometric sequence, 203
and arithmetic sequences, 207
and compound interest, 206
and depreciation, 206
and exponential functions, 207
limiting sum of, 223
nth term of, 203
partial sums of, 219
golden mean, 210, 292
gradient, 162
gradientintercept form, 168
graphical solution of equations, 91
grouping, factoring by, 6
harmonic mean, 222
HCF
algebraic, 5
arithmetic, 30
Herons formula, 150
higher powers of x, 54
homogeneous equations, 137
horizontal line test, 60
if and only if, 24
if, 24
implicit dierentiation, 276
incircle, 146, 150
inclination, angle of, 164
increasing at a point, 357
indenite, 304
indices, 1, 188, 438
laws of, 189, 439
inequalities, 73, 75
and denite integral, 409
and surds, 43
inequations, 73
absolute value, 86
exponential, 75
graphical solution of, 92
linear, 13, 74
logarithmic, 75
quadratic, 74
variable in denominator, 75
inexion, 363, 373
stationary point of, 363
initial condition, 392
inscribed, 388
integers, 31
integral
denite, 400
indenite, 412
integration, 397, 400
intercepts, 78
intersection of sets, 25

635

inverse function, 59
bx and logb x, 439
dierentiation of, 256
ex and log x, 462
inverse relation, 59, 65
irrational numbers, 35
irreducible, 5
latus rectum of parabola, 320
LCM
algebraic, 7
arithmetic, 30
least squares, 388
Leibniz, Gottfried, 237, 400
Lemniscate of Bernoulli, 72, 279
less than, 73
limits, 55
and continuity, 270
ex , x and log x, 451, 468
of denite integrals, 412
of functions, 268
of geometric series, 223
sin x
, 513
of
x
tan x
of
, 513
x
line through two points, 171
linear equations and inequations, 13, 74
linear functions, 52
lines
horizontal and vertical, 167
intersection of, 172
parallel, 163
perpendicular, 164
through the intersection of two lines, 180
locus, 316
locus problems, parametric, 350
log x, loge x and ln x, 445
log x and ln x on calculators, 445
logarithmic functions, 56, 194, 438
derivatives of, 441, 446
the logarithmic function, 445
logarithmic inequations, 75
logarithms, 192, 438
change of base, 193, 439
laws of, 193, 439
natural, 445
Lucas sequence, 199, 215, 236
maximisation and minimisation
by calculus, 383
in geometry, 388
of quadratics, 294
maximum and minimum
global or absolute, 380

ISBN: 9781107633322
Bill Pender, David Sadler, Julia Shea, Derek Ward 2012
Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party

Cambridge University Press

636

Index

local or relative, 362, 380

maximum turning point, 364, 375
mean value theorem, 276
median of a triangle, 184, 185, 187
concurrence of, 185
Mersenne primes, 230
midpoint formula, 157
minimum turning point, 364, 375
monic quadratics, 5, 283
music and the geometric mean, 210
Napier, John, 445
natural growth and decay, 479
negative denite, 304
Newton, Sir Isaac, 237
Newtons method, 45
normal
to a curve, 246
to parabola, 335
not, 25
odd functions, 83
and integration, 408
and symmetry, 83
derivative of, 377
or, 25
orthocentre, 184, 187
paraboloid, 324, 327
parabola, 316
dened geometrically, 320
reection property, 345
standard forms, 321
translations, 325
parallelogram, 159
parameters, 327
parametric dierentiation, 256
parametrisation 328
of circle, 328
of parabola, 328
of rectangular hyperbola, 329
pentagon, 114
perfect numbers, 34, 231
period, 498
perpendicular distance, 176
perpendicular form, 175

and circles, 405

and e, 520
and trigonometric functions, 487, 496, 513, 517
piecewise dened functions, 269
pointgradient form, 170
polynomial, 78
population, 479
positive denite, 304

CAMBRIDGE MATHEMATICS 3 UNIT YEAR 11

power series
for ex , 475
for log(1 + x), 458
for sin x and cos x, 516, 522, 533
prime numbers, 30
primitive function, 391
of discontinuous function, 394
rule for nding, 392, 393
product rule, 260
generalised, 262
proof
by contradiction, 31, 35
by mathematical induction, 231
by strong induction, 236
using coordinate geometry, 184
pyramid, area and volume, 266
Pythagorean identities, 129
quadrants, 121
quadratic equations, 16, 280
quadratic formula, 16
quadratic functions, 53, 280
quadratic identities, 311
quadratic inequations, 74
quadratics, 280
AM and GM of roots of, 309
and lines, 313
axes and vertices of, 281, 286, 290
determined by three points, 313
double zeroes of, 299
factoring of, 5, 281
identically equal, 312
maxima and minima of, 294
monic, 283, 5
non-monic, 5, 285
perfect squares, 300
rational zeroes of, 300
real and unreal zeroes of, 299
with common vertex, 287
with given roots or zeroes, 282, 307
quotient rule, 262
radians, 487, 488
radioactive decay, 481
range, 48
rates of change, 265
ratio division formula, 157
rational function, 101
rational numbers, 31
rationalising the denominator, 42
real numbers, 35
reciprocal function, 55
general primitive of, 455
integral of, 441, 454
rectangle, 159

ISBN: 9781107633322
Bill Pender, David Sadler, Julia Shea, Derek Ward 2012
Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party

Cambridge University Press

Index

rectangular hyperbola, 55
recursive denition, 188, 197
reecting the graph, 65
reection in the origin, 65
regions, graphing of, 96
regular pentagon, 114
related angle, 121
relations, 49
reverse chain rule, 429, 454, 472, 530
rhombus, 159
roots and zeroes, 280
sec and secant, 114
second derivative, 371
sector, area of, 492
segment, area of, 492, 523
semicircle, equation of, 54
sequences, 196
partial sums of, 213
recursive formula for, 197
series, 214
sets, 23
sign of a function, 79
similarity
and the geometric mean, 210
and trigonometry, 108
Simpsons rule, 434
simultaneous equations, 18
sin and semichords, 114
sine rule, 139
and the circumcircle, 142
Snells law, 388
sphere
surface area and volume of, 266, 425
equation of, 319
square,
159

x , 39
as inverse function, 62
graph of, 54
2 is not rational, 35
St Ives, 220
stationary point, 357
analysing, 364
and second derivative, 375
stretching the graph, 69
subsets, 24
number of, 235
sum and product of roots, 307
sum of cubes, 11
sum of rst n squares, 234
sum of rst n cubes, 231
sum of powers, 229
surds, 39
equality of, 45
inequalities, 43

637

surface area, formulae for, 266

symmetric
in p and q, 331
in and , 308
tan and tangent, 114
tangent to a curve, 242
and derivative, 242
and discriminant, 301, 339
as limits of secants, 334
inexional, 374
to a circle, 177, 239
to general conic, 341
to parabola, 333, 338
vertical, 368
terms, like and unlike, 1
translating the graph, 64
trapezium, 159
trapezoidal rule, 432
triangular numbers, 231
trigonometry, 107
and right triangles, 107
and similarity, 108
and special angles, 108, 507
trigonometric elimination, 131
trigonometric equations, 133, 489
trigonometric functions, 117, 487
a fundamental inequality, 513
approximations of, 514
as functions of real numbers, 487, 496
dened for acute angles, 107
dened for general angles, 117
derivatives of, 517
graphs of, 124, 496
primitives of, 528
symmetry of, 498
two fundamental limits, 513
trigonometric identities, 129
turning point, 363
two-intercept form, 171
union of sets, 25
universal set, 25
Venn diagram, 25
vertex of parabola, 320
vertical line test, 50
volume
formulae for, 266
of revolution, 423
zeroes, 78
zeroes and roots, 280

ISBN: 9781107633322
Bill Pender, David Sadler, Julia Shea, Derek Ward 2012
Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party

Cambridge University Press