3.1.
Introduction
3 Behavior of Vertical Subsystems
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Shear Wall Subsystem
3.3. Shafts(Tubes) Subsystem
3.4. Rigid Frame Subsystem
3.5. Lateral Deflections
Fig. 7-1 Shafts and Rigid Frame subsystem
Many structural solutions are combined
with four basic types:
(1) Shear wall subsystem
(2) Vertical shaft(tube)
(3) Rigid beam-column frames
(4) Pin-connected slender columns
Fig. 7-2 Some combined basic subsystem types
Fig.7-3 Schemes with internal shear resisting
core shafts
Fig.7-4 Bracing exterior columns reduces deflection
Fig.7-4 Bracing exterior columns reduces deflection
The advantage of using heavy trusses at
the top and possibly at middle of a
building is to brace the exterior columns
against a core shaft. This can achieve a
frame-like action in the shaft for reducing
deflection under horizontal loads.
3.2. Shear Wall Subsystem
When the walls are braced by floors or
roofs, they can provide excellent
resistance to vertical and horizontal loads
in the plane of the walls.
If the section area of wall is
bxh=9m x 0.3m, then
Ib=bh/12,
Ih=hb/12
Ib/Ih=h/b=900/1
Therefore, Ih can be ignored.
Overall design of shear wall:
Fig. 7-5
Different shear
wall layouts
considering to
against possible
torsion
Mmax=wL/2
I=bh/12
fmax=Mmax/(I/c)
v=V/(bh), vmax=1.5v
Fig. 7-6 Overall design of shear wall
Fig. 7-8
Combination Shear
wall and slit wall
Fig. 7-6 Overall design of truss shear wall
3.3. Shafts(Tubes) Subsystem
Vertical shafts(tube structures) generally
have a rectangular, square or circular
sections.
Fig 3-15 Building as space structure
Subsystem against
Vertical Forces
Shear Forces
Bending Forces
(Strength+Stiffness)
Fig 3-16 Vertical loads transferred axially
Fig 3-17 Horizontal loads on tube structure
Fig 3-18 Interaction of vertical and
horizontal subsystem of tube structure
Fig 3-21 Horizontal subsystem increase
stiffness of vertical subsystem
Fig 3-19 Tube structure = H section in bending
Fig 3-20 Horizontal subsystem applied loads over h
Fig 3-22 Vertical subsystem transfer wind loads to
Horizontal subsystem
Summary of tube action
-Very good in strength and stiffness
-One part of tube takes bending
moment75%
-Another part of tube takes shear 90%
-Horizontal and vertical subsystems work
together to achieve tube action
Fig 3-23 Tube action achieved by core design
Summary of tube action
The core tubes can carry most of the
vertical loads and provide all of the shear
and overturn resistance.
The enclosing subsystems need only carry
a small part of the total vertical load and
to pick up and transfer local increments
of the horizontal load to the horizontal
subsystems.
Example: The Knights of Columbus Building
If h/d<3, it is a shear-resisting problem.
If h/d=3-5, it is a bending control problem.
If h/d> 5, it is a bending dominant problem.
If h/d>7, the tube is excessive flexibile and
may require two or more shafts together with
heavy connectors to get mega-frame action .
Fig. 7-9 Rough calculation of a tube
If the cutout area of a shaft is not more
than 50%, it can be regarded as a frame
tube and its rigidity should be reduced
accordingly.
If the cutout area is small than 30%, the
rigidity should not be reduced in
preliminary design.
Frames
3.4. Rigid Frame Subsystem
3.4.1 Rigid frame under vertical loads
3.4.2 Rigid frame under horizontal loads
Fig 3-24 Space structure of column and frame
Buildings conceived as columnar space
structures by considering a simple
rectangular space-form enclosed by four
slender columns.
Fig 3-25 The pin connection cannot restrict the displacement
Fig 3-26 The fix corner portal frame prevents the displacement
-The pin connection cannot restrict the
displacement.
-The fix corner portal frame prevents the
displacement, where rotation is being
restricted.
Frame action
With fixity between horizontal beam connectors
and columns, the beam connectors can resist
independent cantilever rotation of the column
tops and cause them to bend in opposite
directions from top to bottom.
The bending reversal (Point of Inflection) causes
each column to act as two short components, to
improve the buckling resistance and to reduce
the horizontal deflection.
Total frame action
Stiffness of beam connector should be large
enough.
(Stiffness of beam should be more than 4 times
larger than the stiffness of column)
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Fig 3-27 Total cantilever action and total frame action
Fig 3-28 The relationship of aspect ratio and axial forces
Fig 3-29 Total frame action (Method 1 to improve the
frame stiffness by additional horizontal stiff edges)
Fig. 3-32 Frame stiffness increased by increasing depth
of column(Method 3, the deflection reduces to 1/27 if the
dc increases to 3dc)
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Fig. 3-33 The stiffness of frame will always be less than
that of a tube design
Fig. 3-37 Perforated tube and tube structure
(Shear Lag Action)
Fig. 3-34 Frame stiffness can be increased with more
connectors(Method 4)
Fig. 3-38
The combination
of different
vertical and
horizontal
subsystem
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3.4.1 Rigid frame under vertical loads
With simplified moment distribution
methods.
The approximate analysis will be possible
to provide an overall scheme and sizing of
members for the computer analysis of
structure in detail design stage where
precise analysis is necessary.
Fig. 7-10 Rigid frame rough calculation
The simplified analysis is based on
assumptions:
-neglecting side-way due to asymmetry in
loading and stiffness,
-uniform I values for each member,
-elastic behavior of all members and joints,
-member affected only by the member
connected directly to it.
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The relative stiffness of members around
one end is determined by the rigidity of far
end.
-The carry over moment is 1/2M when
far end is fully fixed(K2/K1>=4);
-The carry over moment is about 1/3M
when far end is partially fixed(K2/K1=1-3);
-The carry over moment is 0 when far
end is fully free(K2/K1<1).
3.4.2 Rigid frame under horizontal loads
-Portal Method
solving the moment and shear
distribution at the columns and beams
over the frame
-Cantilever Method
solving the axial forces in the columns
caused by the overturn moments
Fig.7-11 Example of moment distribution
in frame
Portal Method assumes:
(1)Each bay of a bent acts as a separate portal
frame with two columns and girder;
(2) The point of inflection for all columns is at
mid-height, and for all girders is at mid-span;
(3) The shears in each exterior columns is half
the shear on an interior column.
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Fig. 7-12 Basic portal frame
Fig. 7-13 Multi-bay frame
Fig. 7-14 Multi-story frame
Fig. 7-15 Multi-bay and multi-story frame
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Fig. 7-16 Girder moment determined
by exterior column moments
Fig. 7-17 Girder moment determined
by interior column moments
Fig. 7-18 Cantilever method for frame column forces
Cantilever Method
is to determine the axial loads on the columns
produced by overturning moment.
Cantilever Method assume
that its stress in each column is proportional to
its distance from the center line of the building
and the moment in column is neglected in the
analysis .
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Example 7-4 Example of rigid frame analysis
M and Q with portal method,
N with cantilever/footprint method
3.5. Lateral Deflections
The reasons of limiting lateral deflection
are:
- To avoid damage problem in building
associated with racking and vibration.
- To avoid uncomfortable horizontal
movement of the occupants.
Case 1:The deflection of a short solid wall
mainly caused by shear
Case 2: The deflection of a tall solid wall
mainly caused by bending
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Horizontal deflection for shear wall:
Fig. 7-19 Shear and moment bending deflections
For h/b<2, if concentrated load V
s = 1.2Vh/GA,
G = 2E/5 for steel and concrete
For h/b>5, if cantilever shear wall
m= whxh/(8EI)
For 2<h/b<5
= s +m
Case 3: The deflection of two slender wall with lintels
mainly caused by lintel deflection
If lintel bending
m= h
= VL/(12EI)
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Case 4: The deflection of frame
Horizontal deflection:
Exterior joint
c=Vc h/(12E Ic), g=Vg hL/(12E Ig)
te=c+ g=Vc h(h/Ic+2L/Ig)/(12E)
(Vg=2Vc)
Interior joint
c=Vc h/(12E Ic), g=Vg hL/(12E Ig)
ti=c+ g=Vc h(h/Ic+L/Ig)/(12E)
(Vg=Vc)
total= nx(te)/2
Case 5: The
deflection of
truss
Vertical deflection:
Simple supported beam,
=(5/384)wLL/EI (Uniform load)
=(1/48)WL/EI (Concentrated load)
Continuous beam,
=(1/384)wLL/EI (with fixed ends)
=(3/384)wLL/EI (normal conditions)
=(1/192)WL/EI (Concentrated load)
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Homework 2
An approximate rigid-frame analysis is to
be made for 2 buildings, under the
actions of vertical and horizontal loads as
shown in attached figures. The moment
drawings of frames should be given as the
analysis results. The Mmax should be
found out as design conditions.
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