Latest Software Testing Questions With Answers: More From This Lesson
Latest Software Testing Questions With Answers: More From This Lesson
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Equivalence partitioning testing is a software testing technique which divides the application input test data into each partition at least once of
equivalent data from which test cases can be derived. By this testing method it reduces the time required for software testing.
Unstable software: If the software is still under development and undergoing many changes automation testing will not be that
effective.
2.
Once in a blue moon test scripts: Do not automate test scripts which will be run once in a while.
3.
Code and document review: Do not try to automate code and document reviews; they will just cause trouble.
The
following
figure
shows
what
should
not
be
automated.
All repetitive tasks which are frequently used should be automated. For instance, regression tests are prime candidates for automation
because they're typically executed many times. Smoke, load, and performance tests are other examples of repetitive tasks that are suitable
for automation. White box testing can also be automated using various unit testing tools. Code coverage can also be a good candidate for
automation.
4. What is white box testing and list the types of white box testing?
White box testing technique involves selection of test cases based on an analysis of the internal structure (Code coverage, branches
coverage, paths coverage, condition coverage etc.) of a component or system. It is also known as Code-Based testing or Structural testing.
Different types of white box testing are :
1.
Statement Coverage
2.
Decision Coverage
Definition: The first step any organization needs to do is define one unique definition for testing within the organization so that everyone is of
the
same
mindset.
How to achieve: How are we going to achieve our objective? Is there going to be a testing committee, will there be compulsory test plans
which need to be executed, etc?.
Evaluate: After testing is implemented in a project how do we evaluate it? Are we going to derive metrics of defects per phase, per
programmer, etc. Finally, it's important to let everyone know how testing has added value to the project?.
Standards: Finally, what are the standards we want to achieve by testing? For instance, we can say that more than 20 defects per KLOC will
be considered below standard and code review should be done for it.
6. What is the MAIN benefit of designing tests early in the life cycle?
It helps prevent defects from being introduced into the code.
8. What is the KEY difference between preventative and reactive approaches to testing?
Preventative tests are designed early; reactive tests are designed after the software has been produced.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Verify all conditional loops in the code to check the complete functionality of the application
6.
b) Dynamic testing: To perform this testing the code is required to be in an executable form.
Unit/component/program/module testing
2.
Integration testing
3.
System testing
4.
Acceptance testing
2.
Scope
3.
Features to be tested
4.
5.
6.
Test deliverables
7.
Responsibilities
8.
9.
15. What is the difference between UAT (User Acceptance Testing) and System testing?
System Testing: System testing is finding defects when the system under goes testing as a whole, it is also known as end to end testing. In
such type of testing, the application undergoes from beginning till the end.
UAT: User Acceptance Testing (UAT) involves running a product through a series of specific tests which determines whether the product
wil meet the needs of its users.
19. Should testing be done only after the build and execution phases are complete?
In traditional testing methodology testing is always done after the build and execution phases.But that's a wrong way of thinking because the
earlier we catch a defect, the more cost effective it is. For instance, fixing a defect in maintenance is ten times more costly than fixing it
during
execution.
In the requirement phase we can verify if the requirements are met according to the customer needs. During design we can check whether
the design document covers all the requirements. In this stage we can also generate rough functional data. We can also review the design
document from the architecture and the correctness perspectives. In the build and execution phase we can execute unit test cases and
generate structural and functional data. And finally comes the testing phase done in the traditional way. i.e., run the system test cases and
see if the system works according to the requirements. During installation we need to see if the system is compatible with the software.
Finally, during the maintenance phase when any fixes are made we can retest the fixes and follow the regression testing.Therefore, Testing
should occur in conjunction with each phase of the software development.
20. When should testing be stopped?
It depends on the risks for the system being tested. There are some criteria bases on which you can stop testing.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
21. Which of the following is the main purpose of the integration strategy for integration testing in the small?
The main purpose of the integration strategy is to specify which modules to combine when and how many at once.
23. What is black box testing? What are the different black box testing techniques?
Black box testing is the software testing method which is used to test the software without knowing the internal structure of code or program.
This testing is usually done to check the functionality of an application. The different black box testing techniques are :
1.
Equivalence Partitioning
2.
3.
24. Which review is normally used to evaluate a product to determine its suitability for intended use and to identify discrepancies?
Technical Review.
(e.g. inputs). This technique is sometimes also referred to as a 'cause-effect' table. The reason for this is that there is an associated logic
diagramming technique called 'cause-effect graphing' which was sometimes used to help derive the decision table
27. Are there more defects in the design phase or in the coding phase?
The design phase is more error prone than the execution phase. One of the most frequent defects which occur during design is that the
product does not cover the complete requirements of the customer. Second is wrong or bad architecture and technical decisions make the
next phase, execution, more prone to defects. Because the design phase drives the execution phase it's the most critical phase to test. The
testing of the design phase can be done by good review. On average, 60% of defects occur during design and 40% during the execution
phase.
29. What type of review requires formal entry and exit criteria, including metrics?
Inspection
34. A Type of functional Testing, which investigates the functions relating to detection of threats, such as virus from malicious
outsiders?
a) Security Testing
Testing where in we subject the target of the test , to varying workloads to measure and evaluate the performance behaviours and ability of
the target and of the test to continue to function properly under these different workloads?
b) Load Testing
Testing activity which is performed to expose defects in the interfaces and in the interaction between integrated components is?
c) Integration Level Testing
37. Which of the following are valid objectives for incident reports?
Provide developers and other parties with feedback about the problem to enable identification, isolation and correction as necessary.
1.
2.
3.
Provide testers with a means of tracking the quality of the system under test.
40. What kind of input do we need from the end user to begin proper testing?
The product has to be used by the user. He is the most important person as he has more interest than anyone else in the project.
In order to understand testing methodology we need to understand the workbench concept. A Workbench is a way of documenting how a
specific activity has to be performed. A workbench is referred to as phases, steps, and tasks as shown in the following figure.
54. What are the different strategies for rollout to end users?
There
are
four
major
ways
of
rolling
out
any
project:
Pilot : The actual production system is installed at a single or limited number of users. Pilot basically means that the product is actually rolled
out to limited users for real work.
Gradual Implementation : In this implementation we ship the entire product to the limited users or all users at the customer end. Here, the
developers get instant feedback from the recipients which allow them to make changes before the product is available. But the downside is
that
developers
and
testers
maintain
more
than
one
version
at
one
time.
Phased Implementation: In this implementation the product is rolled out to all users in incrementally. That means each successive rollout has
some added functionality. So as new functionality comes in, new installations occur and the customer tests them progressively. The benefit of
this kind of rollout is that customers can start using the functionality and provide valuable feedback progressively. The only issue here is that
with each rollout and added functionality the integration becomes more complicated.
Parallel Implementation : In these types of rollouts the existing application is run side by side with the new application. If there are any
issues with the new application we again move back to the old application. One of the biggest problems with parallel implementation is we
need extra hardware, software, and resources.
The likelihood of an adverse event and the impact of the event determine the level of risk.
Decision table testing is used for testing systems for which the specification takes the form of rules or cause-effect combinations. In a
decision table the inputs are listed in a column, with the outputs in the same column but below the inputs. The remainder of the table
explores combinations of inputs to define the outputs produced.
Six Sigma is a statistical measure of variation in a process. We say a process has achieved Six Sigma if the quality is 3.4 DPMO (Defect per
Million Opportunities). It's a problem-solving methodology that can be applied to a process to eliminate the root cause of defects and costs
associated with it.
61. In a REACTIVE approach to testing when would you expect the bulk of the test design work to be begun?
The bulk of the test design work begun after the software or system has been produced.
62. What's the difference between System testing and Acceptance testing?
Acceptance testing checks the system against the "Requirements." It is similar to System testing in that the whole system is checked but the
important
difference
is
the
change
in
focus:
System testing checks that the system that was specified has been delivered. Acceptance testing checks that the system will deliver what
was
requested.
The
customer
should
always
do
Acceptance
testing
and
not
the
developer.
The customer knows what is required from the system to achieve value in the business and is the only person qualified to make that
judgement. This testing is more about ensuring that the software is delivered as defined by the customer. It's like getting a green light from
the customer that the software meets expectations and is ready to be used.
65. As part of which test process do you determine the exit criteria?
The exit criteria is determined on the bases of Test Planning.
67. What is the difference between Testing Techniques and Testing Tools?
Testing technique : Is a process for ensuring that some aspects of the application system or unit functions properly there may be few
techniques but many tools.
Testing Tools : Is a vehicle for performing a test process. The tool is a resource to the tester, but itself is insufficient to conduct testing
following
figure
shows
the
difference
between
regression
and
confirmation
testing.
If we fix a defect in an existing application we use confirmation testing to test if the defect is removed. It's very possible because of this defect
or changes to the application that other sections of the application are affected. So to ensure that no other section is affected we can use
regression testing to confirm this.
2.
Scrum
3.
4.
Feature-Driven Development
5.
6.
Crystal
7.
70. Which activity in the fundamental test process includes evaluation of the testability of the requirements and system?
A Test Analysis and Design includes evaluation of the testability of the requirements and system.
71. What is typically the MOST important reason to use risk to drive testing efforts?
Because testing everything is not feasible.
72. Consider the following techniques. Which are static and which are dynamic techniques?
1.
Equivalence Partitioning.
2.
3.
4.
Exploratory Testing.
5.
Decision Testing.
6.
Inspections.
Data Flow Analysis and Inspections are static; Equivalence Partitioning, Use Case Testing, Exploratory Testing and Decision Testing
are dynamic.
74. Why are static testing and dynamic testing described as complementary?
Because they share the aim of identifying defects but differ in the types of defect they find.
Planning
2.
Kick-off
3.
Preparation
4.
Review meeting
5.
Rework
6.
Follow-up.
82. What is the one Key reason why developers have difficulty testing their own work?
Lack of Objectivity
84. Why does the boundary value analysis provide good test cases?
Because errors are frequently made during programming of the different cases near the edges of the range of values.
86. What are the different kinds of variations used in Six Sigma?
Variation is the basis of Six Sigma. It defines how many changes are happening in the output of a process. So if a process is improved then
this should reduce variations. In Six Sigma we identify variations in the process, control them, and reduce or eliminate defects.
87. What is test coverage?
Test coverage measures in some specific way the amount of testing performed by a set of tests (derived in some other way, e.g. using
specification-based techniques). Wherever we can count things and can tell whether or not each of those things has been tested by some
test, then we can measure coverage.
89. When do we prepare RTM (Requirement traceability matrix), is it before test case designing or after test case designing?
It would be before test case designing. Requirements should already be traceable from Review activities since you should have traceability
in the Test Plan already. This question also would depend on the organisation. If the organisations do test after development started then
requirements must be already traceable to their source. To make life simpler use a tool to manage requirements.
90. What is called the process starting with the terminal modules?
Bottom-up integration
91. Explain Unit Testing, Integration Tests, System Testing and Acceptance Testing?
Unit
testing
: Testing
performed
on
a
single,
stand-alone
Integration Tests : Testing performed on groups of modules to ensure that data and control are
System testing
: Testing a predetermined combination of tests that, when executed
Acceptance testing : Testing to ensure that the system meets the needs of the organization and the
that the right system was built).
module
or
unit
of
code.
passed properly between modules.
successfully meets requirements.
end user or customer (i.e. validates
92. How would you estimate the amount of re-testing likely to be required?
Metrics from previous similar projects and discussions with the development team.When testing a grade calculation system, a tester
determines that all scores from 90 to 100 will yield a grade of A, but scores below 90 will not. This analysis is known as:
Equivalence partitioning:
A test manager wants to use the resources available for the automated testing of a web application. The best choice is Tester, test automater,
web specialist, DBA
93. During the testing of a module tester X finds a bug and assigned it to developer. But developer rejects the same, saying that
its not a bug. What X should do?
Send to the detailed information of the bug encountered and check the reproducibility
95. Which test cases are written first: white boxes or black boxes?
Normally black box test cases are written first and white box test cases later. In order to write black box test cases we need the requirement
document and, design or project plan. All these documents are easily available at the initial start of the project. White box test cases cannot
be started in the initial phase of the project because they need more architecture clarity which is not available at the start of the project. So
normally white box test cases are written after black box test cases are written.Black box test cases do not require system understanding but
white box testing needs more structural understanding. And structural understanding is clearer i00n the later part of project, i.e., while
executing or designing. For black box testing you need to only analyze from the functional perspective which is easily available from a simple
requirement
document.
A type of integration testing in which software elements, hardware elements, or both are combined all at once into a component or an overall
system, rather than in stages.
Big-Bang Testing
Which technique can be used to achieve input and output coverage? It can be applied to human input, input via interfaces to a system, or
interface parameters in integration testing.
Equivalence partitioning
Conditions, test cases or test scripts. This does not mean that other, more formal testing techniques will not be used. For example, the tester
may decide to use boundary value analysis but will think through and test the most important boundary values without necessarily writing
them down. Some notes will be written during the exploratory-testing session, so that a report can be produced afterwards.
97. What is the difference between STLC ( Software Testing Life Cycle) and SDLC ( Software Development Life Cycle) ?
The complete Verification and Validation of software is done in SDLC, while STLC only does Validation of the system. SDLC is a part of
STLC.
2.
Verify that the software under technical review meets its requirements.
3.
4.
The FTR includes walkthroughs and inspections.Each FTR is conducted as a normal meeting. FTR will be successful only if it is properly
planned, and executed.
A good test should be neither too simple nor too complex. In general, each test should be executed separately. If we combine more than one
test into one test case, it might be very difficult to execute. Sometimes we can combine tests but it may hide some errors.