LAB EXPERIMENT 01

Name: _____________________________________________

ID No. ____________________

Signature of the lab tutor________________________

Date:_____________________

OPERATION OF AUTOMATIC WINDING MACHINE

Performance Objective:
Upon successful completion of the experiment the students will become technically aware of:
The different parts of automatic winder,
The technical aspects of yarn fault removal systems.

Apparatus or Equipment:
Automatic Winding Machine

Raw material:
Ring bobbins

Discussion/Theory:
Winding
The first step in yarn preparation for both knitting and weaving is winding. The reasons for winding yarn
are:
(1) To produce a package which is suitable for further processing and
(2) To inspect and clear (remove thick and thin sports) the yarn.
To perform the above tasks a winder, schematically illustrated, is divided into three principal zones:
(1) The unwinding zone,
(2) The tension and clearing zone, and
(3) The winding zone.
To rewind the yarn on a new package, it must first be removed from the old package. This is
accomplished in the unwinding zone. This zone merely consists of a creel, which holds the old package in
an optimum position for unwinding;
The common yarn withdrawal methods, side withdrawal and over-end withdrawal.

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In the over-end withdrawal method the package need not be rotated as the yarn is pulled over the end
of the package. This method is the simplest and most common method of yarn withdrawal. There are,
however, two factors which must be taken into account when this method of withdrawal is use.
The first of these factors is known as ballooning. As the yarn is unwound from the package at high
speed, centrifugal force causes it to follow a curved path. As the yarn rotates, it gives the illusion of a
balloon above the package. This ballooning leads to uneven tensions being produced in the yarn which
mayor may not alter some of the particular properties of the yarn.
The second factor for consideration if that for each time one complete wrap of yarn is removed from the
supply package, the twist in that length changes by one turn. For most yarns this change is insignificant
and may be ignored.
The next zone is the tension and clearing zone. It is in his zone that the yarn receives the proper tension
to provide an acceptable package density and build for further processing. This zone consist of a tension
device, a device to detect thick spots, or slubs, in the yarn and a stop motion which causes the winding
to stop in the case of a yarn break or the depletion of a supply package. The yarn is directed into this
zone by a guide.
Following the guide the yarn enters a tension device. The purpose of the tension device is to allow the
maintenance of proper tension in the yarn in order to achieve a uniform package density. The tension
device also serves as a detector for excessively weak spots in the yarn which break under the added
tension induced by the tension device.
Upon leaving the tension device, the yarn passes through a detector whose purpose is to detect thick
spots. This detector may be as simple as a frame which contains an adjustable blade which can be set to
allow only predetermined yarn diameters to a pass through. This device is often called a snick blade. The
detector, however, may contain sophisticated electronics which continuously monitor the yarn to detect
thick (or thin) portions.
After leaving the slub catcher, the yarn passes through a stop motion device. The purpose of the stop
motion is to stop winding when the yarn breaks or runs out. This stop motion varies in configuration
from machine to machine but in general consists of a counter weighted or spring loaded sensing device
which is held in an inactive position if the yarn is present. Breakage or running out causes the absence of
this restraining yarn and allows the sensing device to activate.
The yarn is now ready to be put on, a suitable package in the winding zone. This package may be one of
many types, a cone, a tube, a cheese, a dye tube or a spool, depending upon the next operation the yarn
must encounter. It is important that, during winding, no twist change take place. Thus physically
wrapping the yarn around the package during winding should be avoided. The yarn is wound on the
package by only rotating the package.

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This rotation may be accomplished in one of two ways:

(1) Spindle drive, where the spindle upon which the package is placed is driven directly; or
(2) Friction drive, where the spindle upon which the package is placed is free to rotate and the
package is drive, through friction, by contact with a driven drum.
In any type of winding machine when a special device detects an imperfection or fault, the
yarn is broken. After the yarn is broken and winding operation is stopped, the imperfection or fault is
removed and the yarn is again joined and processed.
This removal, joining and rejoining operation may be done either manually or automatically by special
mechanism.
In automatic winding machines a special splicing mechanism is provided which on detection of any
perfection cuts the yarn and rejoins the yarn after the removal of that imperfection by means of splicing
the two ends of the yarn. This is done automatically therefore this machine is known as automatic
winding machine.

PROCEDURE:
First of all check that whether all parts of the machine are at there right position and condition
or not.
Switch on the machine by main switch.
Put the bobbin in the machine that is wound on the package.
Start the machine.
The machine is running and winding is started on the package up to a certain heights.

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Questions:
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LAB EXPERIMENT 02
Name: _____________________________________________

ID No. ____________________

Signature of the lab tutor________________________

Date:_____________________

OPERATION OF WARPING MACHINE

Performance Objective:
Upon successful completion of this experiment the students will become technically aware of:
The different parts of the warping machine,
The maintain the machine and rectify he problems.

Apparatus or Equipment:
Warping machine.

Raw material:
Cones and Cheeses

Discussion/Theory:
It is practically not possible to place hundreds or thousands of cones before a loom for the sake of
providing warp to the fabric, so warping is used. Warping is basically the process of winding a part of the
total ends of warp in full width on a beam.
What Warping Should Do?

To form from a predetermined single end packages, such as cones or cheeses, a continuous
sheet of yarn of specified length and width.
The individual ends of the sheet should be spaced uniformly across its full width.
All the ends in the sheet should be wound at almost uniform tension.
The density of wound yarn beam should be uniform across the width and from start to end of
winding the sheet.

PROCEDURE:
1) First of all switch on the machine.
2) The yarn, which is wound onto cones, is passed through different parts of creel, such as
tensioner, proclaine guide, guide plate, guide peg, and stop motion lever.
3) After passing through parts of creel yarns are passed through dressing or fixed combs. Single
yarn should be passed from single end of fixed comb.
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4) Then double yarns are passed through each dent of moveable or zigzag comb.
5) Yarns emerging out of moveable comb are wound on warper beam.
6) Ultimately the warper beam is ready for subsequent process

PRECAUTONS:

Before starting the experiment, check the lubrication in a proper way.

Try to avoid any carelessness during operation of the machine which may result in any accident.
Note down proper method of operating the machine by the teacher or lab assistant in order to
avoid any machine fault.

TEST RESULTS:
1. By proper attention on the machine during operation the efficiency of the machine can be
increased.
2. If the warping is not carried out properly, certainly it will create problems in forthcoming
process.

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Questions:
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LAB EXPERIMENT 03
Name: _____________________________________________

ID No. ____________________

Signature of the lab tutor________________________

Date:_____________________

OPERATION OF YARN CLEARER AND ITS SETTINGS

Performance Objective:
Upon successful completion of this experiment the students will become technically aware of:
The purpose and operation of yarn clearer on winding machine,
The setting of yarn clearer on winding machine.

Apparatus or Equipment:
Automatic winding machine equipped with yarn clearer.

Raw material:
Ring bobbins

Discussion/Theory:
The purpose of yarn detector is to remove thick and thin places. Yarn detectors are usually of two types:
mechanical and electronic.
A mechanical clearer may be as simple as two parallel blades. The distance between the plates is
adjustable to allow only a predetermined yarn diameter to pass through. A thicker spot on yarn (slub)
will cause the tension on the yarn build up and eventually breaks the yarn. These types of devices can
only detect and deal with thick places in the yarn. The clearer of todays technology are more
sophisticated and contains electronics that continuously monitor the yarn to detect thin and thick
places. Electronic detectors are mainly of two types:
Capacitive, and
Photoelectric.
In capacitive type detector, the variation in the mass of the yarn passing through the plates changes the
capacitance of the unit. It should be emphasized that the system measures the mass of the yarn. The
signal is not based on the physical dimensions of the yarn. Then the generated signal reaches a certain
value, the yarn is cut.

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In photoelectric detector, the yarn passes between light source and a photocell. Any fluctuation in yarn
thickness causes the fluctuation of the light coming to the photocell, which changes the resistance of the
photocell. This resistance change is detected by a signal conditioning amplifier, which can be set to send
a signal to cut the yarn and stop the winding the process.
The latest yarn clearing systems can also detect foreign fibers. These fibers are classified and eliminated
during the winding process. As a result, the quality of the yarn can be improved during the winding
process.

PROCEDURE:
First of all check that whether all parts of the machine are at there right position and condition
or not.
Switch on the machine by main switch.
Put the bobbin the machine that is wound on the package.
Start the machine.
The machine is running and winding is started on the package upto a certain height.

TEST RESULTS:
3. It is not possible to detect and remove yarn faults on ring spinning frame.
4. Automatic winders also help to build larger packages suitable for further processing.

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Questions:
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LAB EXPERIMENT 04
Name: _____________________________________________

ID No. ____________________

Signature of the lab tutor________________________

Date:_____________________

STUDY OF CREELS USED IN WARPING MACHINES.

Performance Objective:
Upon successful completion of this experiment the students will become technically aware of:
The applications of different types of creels,
The characteristic potential of different creels with different types of warping machines.

Apparatus or Equipment:
Creels of different designs.

Raw material:
Cones and Cheeses

Discussion/Theory:
Before thinking about winding a specified number of yarns on a beam, first consider the problem of
positioning the packages from with the yarn is taken in such a manner so as to facilitate the removal of
yarn. Also keep in mind that the number of yarns per beam is in the hundreds or thousands and that
there must, at least, be one supply package for each of these yarns.
It is logical, therefore, to build a frame of some sort to hold the packages. This frame is known as a creel
and its function is to hold the supply packages in a manner so as to facilitate warping. To accomplish this
purpose creels are equipped with package holders on which the supply packages are placed, tension
devices to help maintain uniform tension throughout the creel, guides to direct charges created by the
rubbing of the yarn against the various surfaces and stop motions to detect broken ends and/ or empty
packages.

PROCEDURE:
Creels may be classified by the number of creel positons per end supplied. Using this classification,
creels are either single or multiple package creels. To achieve higher beaming efficiency, single package
creels are often used in various combination. If the winding head, or headstock, is fixed; often nonstationary single end creels are moved in and out of positon as required. These creels are called truck
creels. Truck creels require that floor space be reserved for the empty creel. A more space efficient setMujahid Mehdi

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up results if the headstock is capable of being moved. Creels used in this manner are known as
duplicated creels. A diagram of a truck creel set-up is given in figure 13

Figure 5-1 TRUCK CREELS

And a duplicated creel is the lack of need for an empty creel space in which to move an expended creel.

Figure 5-2 DUPLICATED CREELS

In one type of multiple package creel, known as a magazine creel, illustrated schematically

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Figure 5-3 MAGZINE CREELS

In above Figure, more than one package is provided for each end. The packages are tied head-to-tail so
warping can continue when one package is exhausted. Another multiple package creel, known as the
traveling package creel, is illustrated by figure below.

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Figure 5-5 Traveling Packages Creels

Instead of moving creels or headstock when fresh packages are required, the packages themselves are
moved into position. With a traveling package creel, the replacement of empty packages with full ones,
or creeling, is done in the center while the packages in use are on the outside.
The yarn is now ready to be put on a beam. Tae manner in which this is done depends upon the capacity
of the creel, the number of ends required in the final beam and the necessity if any, of maintaining a
pattern in the warp, e.g. for warp stripes in, the fabric. Figures 17 and 18 illustrate the major methods of
warping.

If the creel capacity is sufficiently high and the total number of, ends required is sufficiently low
or, if creel capacity is not sufficient or supply all the required ends and no distinct yarn pattern
is required, then beam warping is generally used. Beam warping is simple the winding of yarns
directly from the supply packages onto a beam. This beam is called a section beam since, except
for the case in which all the required ends can be put on a single beam, it contains only a
section of the warp required.
If, however, with insufficient creel capacity, it is necessary to build a warp beam containing the
totality of ends required or if the warp yarns have to be arranged in a definite order, then drum
warping is used. In drum warping, the warp is not wound directly from the creel onto the beam
but rather sections of the warp are wound onto a pattern drum.
In this manner the entire warp is built up in a series of sections on the pattern drum. Then the
total number of warp ends required in the fabric has been wound on the pattern drum, they
are all removed simultaneously and wound upon a beam. This beam contains the exact number
of ends required in the warp. Also, because when the ends are taken from the creel and wound
on the pattern drum, exact placement in to each other may to made. The final beam maintains
this placement, and hence any pattern in the warp.
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In general, for warp knitting the yarn for the entire fabric is not put on a single beam, but rather
put up on a series of smaller section beams which contain only a position of the ends required
for in full-width fabric. These beams may be produced either by beams or dram warping
methods. If the yarn is to be used for warp knitting. It is usually ready at the point to go to the
knitting machine. If, however, the yarn is to be used in weaving, if generally, must undergo one
further operation, slashing.

TEST RESULTS:
5. By proper attention on the machine during operation the efficiency of the machine can be
increased.
6. If the warping is not carried out properly, certainly it will create problems in forthcoming
process.

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Questions:
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LAB EXPERIMENT 05
Name: _____________________________________________

ID No. ____________________

Signature of the lab tutor________________________

Date:_____________________

STUDY OF WARP SIZING RECIPE AND INGREDIENTS

PERFORMANCE:
Upon the successful completion of this experiment the students will become technically able to
understand:
* How to optimize sizing recipe.
* What are the individual functions of sizing ingredients?

APARATUS:

Sizing cooker.

THEORY:
it is desirable to produce as high quality warp as possible one which will with stand the rigors of
weaving. This is the purpose of slashing or warp sizing. Assuming the yarns are single spun yarns, the
tensile strength of the yarn needs to be improved. At this point, the major strength that the yarns
possess is that derived from the twisting of their fibers. In general, this strength is inadequate to assure
an acceptable level of end breakage and therefore attempts should be made to boost the strength of
the yarn by causing the fibers to adhesives to each other. This is accomplished by adding and adhesive
to the yarn. Continuous filament and ply yarns are inherently strong enough and usually do not required
boosting of their strength.
The most important factors in choosing size ingredients are:

The recipe should be that which gives fewest and breaks.

It should be that which gives the least exfoliation *(dusting off)
It should be that which permits easy desizing.
It should be providing fabric characteristics if not removed.
It should not cause any health hazards.
It should not cause any degradation of the textile material.
The cost of sizing plus the cost of weaving and finishing should be minimum.

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PRODUCRE:
Aqueous sizes are solution of:

An adhesive
An lubricant
An emulsifier
A deliquescent or an antiseptic.

ADHESIVE:
* Adhesives can be divided into three broad categories,
* Natural starch: such as Sago, corn, potato, or wheat,
* Modified or Etherized starches: which have been modified to produce lower viscosity or reduces
preparation time, and
* Synthetic sizes: such as polyvinyl Alcohol (P.V.A), Acrylic copolymers and the sodium salt of
carboxymethyl cellulose.
* The on-shot size is a hybrid (mixture), commonly being a combination of a modified or etherized
starch with P.V.A, some type of lubricants and a small percentage of other additives.

CMC is used mainly on spun viscose warps to give water solubility in finishing operation. It is
frequently applied as a replacement for a proportion of the starch on a third on the starch
weight basis, and its extremely useful used alone for the sizing of colored woven fabrics which
are to be sold loom state, particularly in dark shades.

LUBRICANTS:

Lubricants may be oils such as mineral and vegetable, waxes such as mineral, vegetable and
animal or animal fats.
The purpose of the lubricants is to reduced fibers to yarn friction. At the reduction of yarn to
yarn friction facilitates the beat up of the weft and also reduced the dusting of due to easier
separation is shedding.

ADDITIVES:
additives may be included to provide features such as static elimination and mildew resistance.
PRECAUTIONS:

Before starting the experiments check the lubrication in a proper way.

Try to avoid are carelessness during operation of the machine which may result an any
accident.

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RESULT:

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By proper work out the best quality fabric can be achieved.

Sizing recipe plays a vital role in the manufacture of best quality fabric free from faults.

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Questions:
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LAB EXPERIMENT 06
Name: _____________________________________________

ID No. ____________________

Score: ________________ Signature of the lab tutor_______________ Date:_________________

STUDY OF TENSIONERS AND YARN GUIDES

PERFORMANCE/OBJECTIVES
Upon successful of this experiment the students will technically aware of the:

Types of yarn guides and tensioners

Function of yarn guiders and tensioners.

TOOLS
Yarn guides and tensioners
THEORY
GUIDES FILL INTO TWO CATAGORIES: close which requires a yarn end to thread,
and open, which do not. Open guides, however, give less positive guideing.it is
important that guides kept be smooth to prevent damage to the yarn through abrasion
although friction damage can develop in too smooth a guide. Guides are usually made
from hard stainless steel or from ceramics.

Following the guide the yarn enters a tension device. The purpose of the tension device
is to allow the maintained of proper tension in the yarn in order to achieve a uniform
package density. The tension device also serves as a detector for excessively weak
sport in the yarn which breaks under the added tension induced by the tension device.

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PROCEDURE/WORKING:
Tension device, as illustrated in figure given blow, falls into three categories:
1) Capstan (or multiplicative ) tensioner,
2) Additive tensioner, and
3) Combined (or disc) tensioner.
The following observation may be made about the capstan tensioner,
1) Since u, o and e are constant, the outgoing tension is merely a constant multiple
of the incoming tension, hence the name multiplicative tensioner.
2) If the incoming tension is zero so is the outgoing tension.
3) To vary the tension, at le4ast one of the following must be done:
a) Change the coefficient of friction by changing the post material or surface
characteristics.
b) Change the angle of warp
c) Change the number of post
d) Change the incoming tension.

It should be noted that some of these changes are, at the least impractical. Also,
because of the multiplier effect; tensions can build up to critical levels very rapidly. The
additive tensioner depends upon the coefficient of the friction between the weighting
plates and yarn u and the force applied to the yarn by these weights, F. The
relationship between incoming and outgoing tension is an additive type tensioner is
given by:
Tout = Tin + 2F
The following observation may be made concerning additive tensioners:
1) Since F and 2 are all constant for a giving system, the outgoing tension is
simply a constant added to the incoming tension, hence the name additive.
2) The incoming tension is zero; there is still an outgoing tension 2F.
3) The outing tension may be changed simply by changing the weight F.
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Combined tensioners:
The most common device tensioning device found on winding machine is the combined
tensioner. The device consists of a capstan tensioner accepts weight discs and thus
also functions as an additive tensioner. The capstan is added primarily as a post-type
yarn guide rather than a tensioning device and, tension is regulated by adding or taking
off the weight discs.

TEST RESULT:
1) Tension is very important in fabric formation and we have to completely
monitoring the tension variation.
2) After this study we are able to working of different tensioner devices.
3) After this practical we are able to different types of yarn guiders.

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Questions:
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LAB EXPERIMENT 07
Name: _____________________________________________

ID No. ____________________

Signature of the lab tutor________________________

Date:_____________________

Sizing Process
PERFORMANCE/OBJECTIVES
Study the operation of Sizing machine operation.
TOOLS
Sizing machine, warping beams and Size material.
THEORY
The method of applying a film forming substance of starch on warp yarn before
weaving is known as sizing.
Primary objective
Increasing yarn abrasion resistance
Increasing yarn strength
Controlling yarn hairiness
Maintaining yarn flexibility
Maintaining yarn elongation
Maintaining good loom beam preparation
Parts of sizing machine:
1. Creel (Beam portion)
2. Size box
3. Drying Cylinders
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4. Leasing rods
5. Head stock
6. Wave beam

PROCEDURE/WORKING:

This diagram shows the side view of a slasher and the sections that make up the
slasher.
The creel section of the slasher which contains the section beams from warping. The
yarn flows from the beams forward to the size boxes where the size is applied. The
wet yarn then progresses to the drying cylinders, which are steam heated. As the
yarn passes over the hot surface of the drying cylinder, the moisture is evaporated
leaving a dry size film around the yarn. Next, the lease rod section is shown where
the adjacent yarns are separated to prevent stuck ends. From there the ends pass
through the comb which separates the ends and forms the yarn sheet into the
correct width for the loom beam. Next the ends pass around the delivery roll and
then to the loom beam. After the beam is filled with yarn, it is removed and is now
ready to go to the entering area for weaving.

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Questions:
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LAB EXPERIMENT 08
Name: _____________________________________________

ID No. ____________________

Signature of the lab tutor________________________

Date:_____________________

SARNING PROCESS (DRAWING-IN AND TYING-IN)

PERFORMANCE:
Upon successful completion of this experiment the students will become technically
aware of:

The purpose of sarnnings and its procedure,

The design considerations involved in sarnning.

APARATUS:
Sarnning stand, heald Wires, Reed and Drop Wires.
RAW MATERIALS:
Sized yarn bean or weavers bean.
THEORY:
The next operation is dependent upon the current beam (or lack of beam) on the loom.
If the new warp corresponds one for one in number of ends and weave pattern with the
warp presently in place, the operation of tying-in is performed.
Tying-in is merely (only)n the cutting-off of the old warp and the end-to-end
tying of the yarns from the new beam to the corresponding warp yarns already in place
on the loom. This Operation
Is generally occurs at the loom. When the mill is producing long runs of the same
fabrics, tying-in is most prevalent (common).
There are relatively inexpensive portable machines which can tie-in the
new warp at a rate
Of up to 600 ends/minutes; which is called knotter, so manual tying-in is rarely
encountered (met) in most mills.

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If the new warp does not correspond exactly to the old warp or the loom
does not have a warp to begin with, then drawing-in must be performed. Drawing-in is
the process of providing each and with a drop wire, a heddle in the proper harness and
a dent in the reed.
Drawing-in does not generally occur at the loom, but rather in another area
in the mill. Drawing-in machines are also available but they are extremely expensive.
Thus, unless the mill is very large and produces many short run fabrics of different
design, manual drawing-in is more prevalent. In warp knitting, the yarns are taken from
the warp beam and manually threaded through the machine. Tying-in, even if the new
beams are replacements, is not normally practiced.

PRODUCRE:

First of all certain length of warp yarn is unwound from the weavers beam.
Each individual warp yarn is passed through a single drop wire.
The yarns are then passed through appropriate heddle eyes, and reed dent
according to the design of the fabric.
Note that only single warp yarn is passed through each heald eye, whereas
multiple warp ends can be passed through single dent of reed.

RESULT:

By proper work out the best quality fabric can be achieved.

Sizing recipe plays a vital role in the manufacture of best quality fabric free from
faults.

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LAB EXPERIMENT 09
Name: _____________________________________________

ID No. ____________________

Signature of the lab tutor________________________

Date:_____________________

STUDY OF AIR JET LOOM

PERFORMANCE/OBJECTIVES:To study the Looms and its types.

TOOLS:Weaving Machines

THEORY:Weaving is one of the processes that required in textile in terms of producing a fabric. Weaving
is a process of interlacing two types of yarn known as warp or ends (run parallel to the weaving
machine known as loom) and weft or filling yarn (run perpendicular to the loom) to produce a
rigid fabric. The machine used for weaving is known as weaving machine or loom. Weaving is
an art has been practiced for thousands of years. The earliest application of weaving dates back
to Egyptian civilization. Over the years, both machine as well as process has undergone
phenomenal changes.
MOTIONS OF LOOM
In order to interlace the warp and weft yarn, there are three operations which often called
primary motions are necessary:
1.Shedding
2.Picking
3.Beat-up
There are motions as well namely as secondary / auxiliary motions mainly used to make
weaving process continuous.
1.Let-off
2.Take up
In addition to that there are some motions which are being used to make fabric qualitative.
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1.Warp Stop Motion

2.Weft Stop Motion

3. Temple
4. Selvedge

Shedding:
Separation of warp threads into to layers, one is raised and one is lowered.
Picking:
To insert weft thread into warp shed.
Beat-up:
To push the weft thread that has been inserted across the warp end, upto the cloth fell
position.
Let-off:
To unwind the warp threads from warp beam.
Tack-up:
To pull the cloth forward after the beat-up of weft, maintain the same pick density.
WARP STOP MOTION:
Warp stop motion stop the loom when a drop wire fall as the result of end break.
WEFT STOP MOTION:
This motion enables to stop the loom immediately after a weft break or weft running out.
A loom is a device used to weave cloth. The basic purpose of any loom is to hold
the warp threads under tension to facilitate the interweaving of the weft threads.
Types of weaving loom used are:
Shuttle Loom
Shuttle Less Loom
Projectile Loom
Air Jet Loom
Water Jet Loom

PROCEDURE/WORKING:Air Jet Loom:

The air jet weaving machine combines high performance with low manufacturing requirements.
It has an extremely high insertion rate. Due to its exceptional performance, air jet machines are
used primarily for the economical production of standard fabrics, covering a wide range of
styles. Meanwhile, more and more niches and special fabric segments are covered; heavy
cotton fabrics such as denim, terry fabrics, glass fabrics, etc.
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Main Parts of Air Jet Loom for Weft Insertion:

1) TENSIONER: Additive disk type tensioner is used for weft insertion which maintain proper
tension in the weft yarn.
2) WEFT BREAK SENSOR: It is an electric sensor which detect any weft break in the region
between weft package and accumulator and automatically stop the loom in case any weft
break.
3) ACCUMULATOR: It is adevice which fitted between weft package and main nozzle that
unwinds a predetermined length of weft from the package and store it in the form of no. of
coils on a cylindrical drum. This yarn then fed in to insertion device.
4) STOPPER: It is an electronically controlled electromagnetic device integrated along with the
accumulator. Its function in releasing the yarn at starts of insertion and stop it at the end of
insertion.
5) BALLOON BREAKER: It is fitted just after accumulator, its function is to separate the balloon
formation. So as to reduce as ballooning tension as well as minimize the tension fluctuation. It
is generally used for coarser yarn.
6) FIXED MAIN NOZZLE: Its function is to form the air jet from compressed air with the required
velocity and acceleration characteristics and project it in a proper direction in to air guide
channel.
7) RELAY NOZZLE OR SUB NOZZLE: Fitted in series along the sley. It creates an additional air
flow in the direction of air jet. So as to comensate the loss of air velocity.
8) PROFILE REED: Here the reed is profiled. So as to form a guide channel which guide the air
jet as well as weft during insertion.
9) WEFT CUTTER: It is cam operated device fitted in the region between the moveable main
nozzle and the reed at picking side. Its function is to gripping and cutting the weft after every
pick at around beat-up.
10) AIR GUIDE CHANNEL: It is formed on the reed. Its function is guiding and confining the free
expansion of the air jet in order to maintain the velocity over larger distance as possible.

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11) WEFT DETECTOR: It is an optical device fitted at the end of reed at the receiving side. Its
function is to check the arrival of weft at the receiving side .In case of late arrival or miss pick,
then it sense and automatically stopped the loom.
12) STRETCH NOZZLE: Located just beside the weft detector .It supplement the effect of
enhanced stretching action on the weft by the closely spaced relay nozzle at the end of insert
ion. So as to prevent the chance of weft recoiling due to action of stopper.
13) SELVEDGE CUTTER: Located at the receiving side. It is an electronically operated mechanical
device which cut the weft yarn extending between fabric and auxiliary selvedge .So as to
separate the auxiliary selvedge which is passed out as a waste.

TEST RESULT:We understood the loom and its types.

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Questions:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

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LAB EXPERIMENT 10
Name: _____________________________________________

ID No. ____________________

Signature of the lab tutor________________________

Date:_____________________

Draft and types of draft

PERFORMANCE/OBJECTIVES
To study the draft and types of draft in fabric formation

TOOLS

Graph paper

THEORY
The draft or drawing plan indicates the manner of drawing the ends through the heald
eyes and it also denotes the number of heald shaft required for a given weave repeat.
The choice of the type of drafting plan depends upon the type of fabric woven.

Types of drafts:
The various drafts are classified as follows :
(i) Straight
(ii) Pointed
(iii) Skip and sateen
(iv) Broken
(v) Divided
(vi) Grouped
(vii) Combination

STRAIGHT DRAFT:
This is the most commonly used draft. It is the simplest of all the types of draft plans. In this kind of draft
the drafting order progresses successively from first to the last heald frame. Thus the first warp end of a
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weave is drawn through the first heald shaft, the second warp through the second heald frame and so
on. One important feature of the straight draft that distinguishes it from other types of draft plans is
that the peg or lifting plan is same as the design. Hence it is sufficient to indicate only the design.

POINTED DRAFT:
This is similar to a straight draft. It is suitable for weaves such as pointed twill, diamond weaves and
ordinary types of honeycombs. The straight draft is reversed after half the repeat warp way. The
number of heald shafts is about half the repeat size of the weave.

SKIP AND SATEEN:

The skip draft is suitable for weaving fabrics having heavy warp thread density. In this kind of draft plan
the number of heald frames may be twice or more than the minimum required for a weave. The
purpose of using more heald frames than the minimum recommended is only to distribute the warp
threads more uniformly so as to prevent abrasion of the threads due to overcrowding.

BROKEN:

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A broken draft almost resembles the pointed draft. However the pointed effect is broken. This type of
draft is suitable for weaves such as herringbone twills.

DIVIDED:
This draft is used for weaves having two series of warp threads such as terry, double cloth, warp backed
cloth etc. As can be seen in Fig. 2.7, the two sets of warp threads, say, face and back warps are divided
into two groups. The first group is for 8 heald shafts and second for 9-12 heald shafts.

GROUPED:
These drafts are employed for the production of stripe and check designs, in which the stripes have
different weaves or their combinations. This draft (Fig. 2.8) is used for producing the fabric with two
different stripes. The repeat of the draft is determined by the number of stripes and the number of
threads in each stripe. The number of shafts in the draft depends upon the number of stripes and the
warp repeat of weave of each stripe.

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COMBINATION:
Various methods of drawing in can be combined in one draft for producing a certain type of fabric. Two
or more drafts described above can be applied simultaneously, for example, straight and skip or sateen,
grouped and curved, and so on. Combined draft is the most complicated and can be chosen only if there
are some technological or economical reasons. The designer having a great experience can do it
properly.

PROCEDURE/WORKING:

RESULT:
Hence we learn the preparation of draft and its types before fabric formation.

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Questions:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

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LAB EXPERIMENT 10
Name: _____________________________________________

ID No. ____________________

Signature of the lab tutor________________________

Date:_____________________

Draft and types of draft

PERFORMANCE/OBJECTIVES
To study the draft and types of draft in fabric formation

TOOLS

Graph paper

THEORY
The draft or drawing plan indicates the manner of drawing the ends through the heald
eyes and it also denotes the number of heald shaft required for a given weave repeat.
The choice of the type of drafting plan depends upon the type of fabric woven.

Types of drafts:
The various drafts are classified as follows :
(i) Straight
(ii) Pointed
(iii) Skip and sateen
(iv) Broken
(v) Divided
(vi) Grouped
(vii) Combination

STRAIGHT DRAFT:
This is the most commonly used draft. It is the simplest of all the types of draft plans. In this kind of draft
the drafting order progresses successively from first to the last heald frame. Thus the first warp end of a
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weave is drawn through the first heald shaft, the second warp through the second heald frame and so
on. One important feature of the straight draft that distinguishes it from other types of draft plans is
that the peg or lifting plan is same as the design. Hence it is sufficient to indicate only the design.

POINTED DRAFT:
This is similar to a straight draft. It is suitable for weaves such as pointed twill, diamond weaves and
ordinary types of honeycombs. The straight draft is reversed after half the repeat warp way. The
number of heald shafts is about half the repeat size of the weave.

SKIP AND SATEEN:

The skip draft is suitable for weaving fabrics having heavy warp thread density. In this kind of draft plan
the number of heald frames may be twice or more than the minimum required for a weave. The
purpose of using more heald frames than the minimum recommended is only to distribute the warp
threads more uniformly so as to prevent abrasion of the threads due to overcrowding.

BROKEN:

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A broken draft almost resembles the pointed draft. However the pointed effect is broken. This type of
draft is suitable for weaves such as herringbone twills.

DIVIDED:
This draft is used for weaves having two series of warp threads such as terry, double cloth, warp backed
cloth etc. As can be seen in Fig. 2.7, the two sets of warp threads, say, face and back warps are divided
into two groups. The first group is for 8 heald shafts and second for 9-12 heald shafts.

GROUPED:
These drafts are employed for the production of stripe and check designs, in which the stripes have
different weaves or their combinations. This draft (Fig. 2.8) is used for producing the fabric with two
different stripes. The repeat of the draft is determined by the number of stripes and the number of
threads in each stripe. The number of shafts in the draft depends upon the number of stripes and the
warp repeat of weave of each stripe.

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COMBINATION:
Various methods of drawing in can be combined in one draft for producing a certain type of fabric. Two
or more drafts described above can be applied simultaneously, for example, straight and skip or sateen,
grouped and curved, and so on. Combined draft is the most complicated and can be chosen only if there
are some technological or economical reasons. The designer having a great experience can do it
properly.

PROCEDURE/WORKING:

RESULT:
Hence we learn the preparation of draft and its types before fabric formation.

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Questions:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

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LAB EXPERIMENT 11
Name: _____________________________________________

ID No. ____________________

Signature of the lab tutor________________________

Date:_____________________

Demonstration of Plain weave and twill weave

PERFORMANCE:
Upon successful completion of this experiment the students will become technically
aware of:

The design and its types,

The effects of different designs.

APARATUS:
Graph paper, drawing instrument
RAW MATERIALS:
Graph papers.
THEORY:
A woven cloth is formed by the interlacement of two sets of threads, namely, warp and
weft threads. These threads are interlaced with one another according to the type of
weave or design. The warp threads are those that run longitudinally along the length of
the fabric and the weft threads are those that run transversely across the fabric. For the
sake of convenience the warp threads are termed as ends and the weft as picks or
fillings
The design indicates the interlacement of warp and weft threads in the repeat of the
design. It is made up of a number of squares, which constitute the repeat size of a
design. The vertical direction of the squares indicates the picks and the horizontal
direction indicates the ends. A blank in a square indicates that a warp goes below the
corresponding weft and X mark in the square indicates that the warp floats above the
weft.

The various designs are classified as follows:

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(i)

Plain weave

(ii)

Twill weave

(iii)

Satin and sateen weave

(iv)

Honey comb weave

(v)

Pile weave etc.

The plain weave is variously known as calico or tabby weave. It is the simplest of all
weaves having a repeat size of 2. The range of application of this weave is wide.
The plain weave has the following characteristics:
(i) It has the maximum number of binding points
(ii) The threads interlace on alternate order of 1 up and 1 down.
(iii) The thread density is limited
(iv) Cloth thickness and mass per unit area are limited.
(v) It produces a relatively stronger fabric that is obtained by any other simple
combination of threads, excepting that of gauze or cross weaving.
The principle involved in the construction of plain cloth is the interlacement of any two
continuous threads either warp or weft in an exactly contrary manner to each other, with
every thread in each series passing alternately under and over consecutive threads of
other series interlaces uniformly throughout the fabric. By this plan of interlacement,
every thread in each series interlaces with every thread in the other series to the
maximum extent, thereby producing a comparatively firm and strong texture of cloth. A
complete unit of the plain weave occupies only two warp threads and two picks of weft
(Fig. 3.1), which is the design for that weave. Plain weave finds extensive uses. It is
used in cambric, muslin, blanket, canvas, dhothi, saree, shirting, suiting, etc.

Modification in plain weave

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The chart below shows the derivatives/modifications of plain weave:

Warp rib weave

These are produced by extending the plain weave in warp wary direction. Fig 3.2 shows
the warp rib weaves constructed on regular and irregular basis.

Weft rib weave

These are constructed by extending the plain weave in weft direction as shown in Fig.
3.3.

Matt rib weave

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These weaves are also variously known as hopsack or basket weaves. The matt rib
structures result from extending the plain weave in both directions. The regular and
irregular types are shown in Fig. 3.4

End uses
Matt weave finds extensive uses for a great variety of fabrics such as dress materials,
shirtings, sail cloth, duck cloth etc.
Twill weave
Twill weaves are the weaves that find a wide range of application. They can be
constructed in a variety of ways. The main feature of these weaves that distinguishes
from other types is the presence of pronounced diagonal lines that run along the width
of the fabric.
The basic characteristics of twill weaves are:
(i)

They form diagonal lines from one selvedge to another.

(ii) More ends per unit area and picks per unit area than plain cloth.
(iii) Less binding points than plain cloth
(iv) Better cover than plain weave
(v) More cloth thickness and mass per unit area.
Classification of twill weave
The twill weaves are produced in a wide variety of forms. They are however classified
broadly into important categories, namely:

(i) Ordinary or continuous twills

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(ii) Zig zag , pointed or wavy twills

(iii) Rearranged twills such as satin/sateen weaves and corkscrew weaves
(iv) Herring bone twills
(v) Broken twills
The above types of twills are further sub classified as:
(a) Warp face twills
(b) Weft face twills
(c) Warp and weft face twills
Ordinary or continuous twills
Warp faced twill:
In these types of twills the warp thread floats over all the picks in a repeat except one
pick. The minimum repeat size required is 3. Examples of warp faced twills are 2/1, 3/1,
4/1, 5/1 etc.
Weft faced twill:
These twills are the reverse of the previous ones. In these weaves the weft thread floats
over the warp on all picks in a repeat except one. Examples of weft faced twills are 1/2,
1/3, 1/4, 1/5 etc. Some types of weft faced twills are shown in Fig. 4.2. Fig. 4.2 B, C and
D show a right handed or Z twill and Fig. A shows left handed or S twill.

Warp and weft faced twill:

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In these twills the warp and weft floats may be equal or unequal with either the warp
floats predominating the weft floats and vice versa. Some examples of these twills are
shown in Fig. 4.4 A, B and C respectively.

RESULT:

By proper understanding the design best quality fabric and new designs can be
achieved.
Well known to different designs of fabric.

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Questions:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

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LAB EXPERIMENT 12
Name: _____________________________________________

ID No. ____________________

Signature of the lab tutor________________________

Date:_____________________

Demonstration of knitting and its elements

PERFORMANCE:
Upon successful completion of this experiment the students will become technically
aware of:

Introduction to knitting and its procedure,

Well known to basic knitting elements.

APARATUS:
Knitting machine
THEORY:
Knitting is the process of intermeshing of loops formed by a single source of yarn.
Knitting is forming of loop on the yarn. Repeatedly loops of the yarn are pulled through
similar element from another yarn.

Advantage: Easy fabric creation (short movements).

Disadvantage: Easy destruction (symmetrical structure).
Elements of knitting
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loop of yarn (open, closed).

Knitted stitch or loop (F -face, R reverse side)
Wale: Longitudinal series of loops
Course: Transverse series of loops
Loop: The basic knitted element
Needle: The knitting element
Sinker: The supporting element for knitting
Feeder: The yarn feeding element
Cylinder/Dial: The device to decide the needle movement

Structure of knitting loop:

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The types of knitting needles:

a) By swing of the latch 2 (Latch needle).
b) By pressing of long flexible hook (Bearded needle).
c) By independently controlled latch 3 (Bi- partite/Compound needle)

RESULT:

Through this practical we understand the knitting and knitting procedure.

Basic elements of knitting and type of knitting needles used.

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