INTRODUCTION

TO OPTIMUM
DESIGN
THIRD EDITION

JASBIR S. ARORA
The University of Iowa
College of Engineering
Iowa City, Iowa

ii

Table of Contents
Chapters
1 Introduction to Design Optimization 1-1
2 Optimum Design Problem Formulation 2-1
3
Graphical Optimization and Basic Concepts 3-1
4
Optimum Design Concepts: Optimality Conditions 4-1
5
More on Optimum Design Concepts: Optimality Conditions 5-1
6
Optimum Design with Excel Solvers 6-1
7
Introduction to Optimum Design with MATLAB 7-1
8
Linear Programming Methods for Optimum Design 8-1
9
More on Linear Programming Methods for Optimum Design 9-1
10 Numerical Methods for Unconstrained Optimum Design 10-1
11 More on Numerical Methods for Unconstrained Optimum Design 11-1
12 Numerical Methods for Constrained Optimum Design 12-1
13 More on Numerical Methods for Constrained Optimum Design 13-1
14 Practical Applications of Optimization 14-1
17 Multi-objective Optimum Design Concepts and Methods 17-1

Appendix
A

Vector and Matrix Algebra A-1

iii

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Arora, Introduction to Optimum Design, 3e

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Chapter 1 Introduction

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CHAPTER

2
Optimum Design Problem Formulation
2.1___________________________________________________________________________
A 100 100 m lot is available to construct a multistory office building. At least 20,000 m2 total floor
space is needed. According to a zoning ordinance, the maximum height of the building can be only
21 m, and the area for parking outside the building must be at least 25 percent of the floor area. It
has been decided to fix the height of each story at 3.5 m. The cost of the building in millions of
dollars is estimated at 0.6h +0.001A, where A is the cross-sectional area of the building per floor and
h is the height of the building. Formulate the minimum cost design problem.
Solution
Step 1: Problem Statement
Shown above
Step 2: Data and Information Collection
Area of the lot =100100, m2
Area available for parking = (10000 A), m2
Total floor area = (number of floors)A =
, m2
Step 3: Definition of Design Variables
A = cross-sectional area of the building for each floor, m 2
h = height of the building, m
Step 4: Optimization Criterion
Optimization criterion is to minimize $ cost, and the cost function is defined as
Cost = (0.6h + 0.001A), million dollars
Step 5: Formulation of Constraints
Floor Space Constraint: hA/3.5 20,000
Parking Constraint: (10,000 A ) 0.25hA/3.5
Explicit Design Variable Constraints:
h 3.5, m
h 21, m
A 0

Note that for a meaningful design, h must be a multiple of 3.5.

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Chapter 2 Optimum Design Problem Formulation

2.2_________________________________________________________________________________
A refinery has two crude oils:
1. Crude A costs $120/barrel (bbl) and 20,000 bbl are available.
2. Crude B costs $150/bbl and 30,000 bbl are available.
The company manufactures gasoline and lube oil from the crudes. Yield and sale price barrel of the
product and markets are shown in Table E2.2. How much crude oils should the company use to
maximize its profit? Formulate the optimum design problem.
Table E2.2 Data for Refinery Operation
Yield/bbl
Sale Price
Product
per bbl ($)
Crude A
Crude B
Gasoline
0.6
0.8
200
Lube oil
0.4
0.2
450

Market (bbl)
20,000
10,000

Solution
Step 1: Problem Statement
Shown above
Step 2: Data and Information Collection
Shown above
Step 3: Definition of Design Variables
A = Crude A used in barrels
B = Crude B used in barrels
Step 4: Optimization Criterion
Optimization criterion is to maximize profit, and the cost function is defined as
Profit = 200(0.6A + 0.8B) + 450(0.4A + 0.2B) 120A 150B = 180A + 100B
Step 5: Formulation of Constraints
Gasoline Market Constraint:
(0.6A + 0.8B) 20,000, bbl
Lube Oil Market Constraint:
(0.4A + 0.2B) 10,000, bbl
Explicit Design Variable Constraints:
A 20,000, bbl
B 30,000, bbl
A 0; B 0

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Chapter 2 Optimum Design Problem Formulation

2.3_________________________________________________________________________________
Design a beer bug, shown in Fig. E2.3, to hold as much beer as possible. The height and radius of
the mug should be not more than 20 cm. The mug must be at least 5 cm in radius. The surface area
of the sides must not be greater than 900 cm2 (ignore the area of the bottom of the mug and ignore
the mug handle see figure). Formulate the optimum design problem.

FIGURE E2.3 Beer mug.

Solution
Step 1: Problem Statement
Shown above
Step 2: Data and Information Collection
Shown above
Step 3: Definition of Design Variables
R = radius of the mug in cm
H = height of the mug in cm
Step 4: Optimization Criterion
Optimization criterion is to maximize volume of the mug, and the cost function is defined as
Volume = R2H,
Step 5: Formulation of Constraints
Surface Area Constraint: 2 RH 900
Explicit Design Variable Constraints:
R 5 cm, R 20 cm; H 0 cm, H 20 cm

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Chapter 2 Optimum Design Problem Formulation

2.4_________________________________________________________________________________
A company is redesigning its parallel flow heat exchanger of length l to increase its heat transfer. An
end view of the units is shown in Fig. E2.4. There are certain limitations on the design problem. The
smallest available conducting tube has a radius of 0.5 cm and all tubes must be of the same size.
Further, the total cross sectional area of all the tubes cannot exceed 2000 cm2 to ensure adequate
space inside the outer shell. Formulate the problem to determine the number of tubes and the radius
of each tube to maximize the surface are of the tubes in the exchanger.

FIGURE E2.4 Cross section of heat exchanger.

Solution
Step 1: Problem Statement
Shown above
Step 2: Data and Information Collection
Shown above
Step 3: Definition of Design Variables
N = number of tubes
R = radius of the tubes, cm
Step 4: Optimization Criterion
Optimization criterion is to maximize surface area of tubes, and the cost function is defined as
Surface area = N(2 R)l = 2 RlN, cm2
Step 5: Formulation of Constraints
Cross-sectional Area Constraint: N( R) 2000, cm2
Explicit Design Variable Constraints:
R 0.5, cm; N 0
Note that for a meaningful solution, N should assume an integer value.

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Chapter 2 Optimum Design Problem Formulation

2.5_________________________________________________________________________________
Proposals for a parking ramp having been defeated, we plan to build parking lot in the downtown
urban renewal section. The cost of land is 200W + 100D, where W is the width along the street and D
the depth of the lot in meters. The available width along the street is 100 m, while the maximum
depth available is 200 m. We want to have at least 10,000 m2 in the lot. To avoid unsightly lots, the
city requires that the longer dimension of any lot be no more than twice the shorter dimension.
Formulate the minimum cost design problem.
Solution
Step 1: Problem Statement
Shown above
Step 2: Data and Information Collection
Shown above
Step 3: Definition of Design Variables
W = width of lot in m
D = depth of lot in m
Step 4: Optimization Criterion
Optimization criterion is to minimize $ cost, and the cost function is defined as
Cost = 200W + 100D, $
Step 5: Formulation of Constraints
Width Limitation Constraint: W 100, m
Depth Limitation Constraint: D 200, m
Area Constraint: WD 10000
Explicit Design Variable Constraints:
D 2W, m
W 2D, m
W 0, m
D 0, m

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2.6_________________________________________________________________________________
A manufacturer sells products A and B. Profit from A is $10/kg and from B $8/k g. Available raw
materials for the products are: 100 kg of C and 80 kg of D. To produce 1 kg of A, 0.4 kg of C and
0.6kg of D are needed. To produce 1 kg of B, 0.5 kg of C and 0.5 kg of D are needed. The markets
for the products are 70 kg for A and 110 kg for B. How much A and B should be produced to
maximize profit? Formulate the design optimization problem.
Solution
Step 1: Problem Statement
Shown above
Step 2: Data and Information Collection
Shown above
Step 3: Definition of Design Variables
A = product A produced in kg
B = product B produced in kg
Step 4: Optimization Criterion
Optimization criterion is to maximize profit, and the cost function is defined as
Profit = 10A + 8B, $
Step 5: Formulation of Constraints
Limits on Products Constraints:
A 70 kg, B 110 kg
Raw Material Constraints:
0.4A + 0.5B 100 kg (C)
0.6A + 0.5B 80 kg (D)
Explicit Design Variable Constraints:
A 0, B 0

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Chapter 2 Optimum Design Problem Formulation

2.7_________________________________________________________________________________
Design a diet of bread and milk to get at least 5 units of vitamin A and 4 units of vitamin B each day.
The amount of vitamins A and B in 1 kg of each food and the cost per kilogram of food are given in
Table E2.7. Formulate the design optimization problem so that we get at least the basic requirements
of vitamins at the minimum cost.
Table E2.7 Data for the Diet Problem
Vitamin
Bread
Milk
A
1
2
B
3
2
Cost/kg
2
1
Solution
Step 1: Problem Statement
Shown above
Step 2: Data and Information Collection
Shown above
Step 3: Definition of Design Variables
B = bread consumed in kg
M = milk consumed in kg
Step 4: Optimization Criterion
Optimization criterion is to minimize the cost, and the cost function is defined as
Cost = 2B + M, $
Step 5: Formulation of Constraints
Vitamin A Constraint: B + 2M 5
Vitamin B Constraint: 3B + 2M 4
Explicit Design Variable Constraints:
B 0, kg; M 0, kg

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Chapter 2 Optimum Design Problem Formulation

2.8_________________________________________________________________________________
Enterprising chemical engineering students have set up a still in a bathtub. They can produce 225
bottles of pure alcohol each week. They bottle two products from alcohol: (i) wine, 20 proof, and (ii)
whiskey, 80 proof. Recall that pure alcohol is 200 proof. They have an unlimited supply of water but
can only obtain 800 empty bottles per week because of stiff competition. The weekly supply of sugar
is enough for either 600 bottles of wine or 1200 bottles of whiskey. They make $1.00 profit on each
bottle of wine and $2.00 profit on each bottle of whiskey. They can sell whatever they produce. How
many bottles of wine and whisky should they produce each week to maximize profit? Formulate the
design optimization problem. (created by D. Levy)
Solution
Step 1: Problem Statement
Shown above
Step 2: Data and Information Collection
Shown above
Step 3: Definition of Design Variables
x1 = bottles of wine produced/week
x2 = bottles of whiskey produced/week
Step 4: Optimization Criterion
Optimization criterion is to maximize profit, and the cost function is defined as
Profit = x1 + 2x2
Step 5: Formulation of Constraints
Supply of Bottles Constraint: x1 + x2 800
Supply of Alcohol Constraint: 0.1x1 + 0.4x2 225
Sugar Limitation Constraint: x1/600 + x2/1200 1
Explicit Design Variable Constraints:
x1 0, x2 0

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Chapter 2 Optimum Design Problem Formulation

2.9_________________________________________________________________________________
Design a can closed at one end using the smallest area of sheet metal for a specified interior volume
of 600 cm3. The can is a right circular cylinder with interior height h and radius r. The ratio of height
to diameter must not be less than 1.0 and not greater than 1.5. The height cannot be more than 20 cm.
Formulate the design optimization problem.
Solution
Step 1: Problem Statement
Shown above
Step 2: Data and Information Collection
Shown above
Step 3: Definition of Design Variables
h = interior height of the can in cm
r = interior radius of the can in cm
Step 4: Optimization Criterion
Optimization criterion is to minimize area of sheet metal, and the cost function is defined as
Area = r 2 + 2rh,
Step 5: Formulation of Constraints
Volume Constraint: r 2 h = 600,
Height/Diameter Constraints:
h/2r 1
h/2r 1.5
Explicit Design Variable Constraints:
h 20, cm; h 0, cm; r 0, cm

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Chapter 2 Optimum Design Problem Formulation

2.10________________________________________________________________________________
Design a shipping container closed at both ends with dimensions b b h to minimize the ratio:
(round-trip cost of shipping the container only)/(one-way cost of shipping the contents only).
Use the following data:
Mass of the container/surface area: 80 kg/ m2
Maximum b: 10 m
Maximum h: 18 m
One-way shipping cost, full of empty :$18/kg gross mass
Mass of the contents: 150 kg/ m3
Formulate the design optimization problem.
Solution
Step 1: Problem Statement
Shown above
Step 2: Data and Information Collection
Shown above
Step 3: Definition of Design Variables
b = base of the container, m
h = height of the container, m
Step 4: Optimization Criterion
Optimization criterion is to minimize a ratio, and the cost function is defined as
Ratio =

round - trip cost of shipping

the container

one - way cost of shipping

the contents

2 18 80 2 b + 4 bh
2

18 150 b 2 h

2
32 b + 2 bh 32 1 2
=
=

+
2
15 b h 15 h b

Step 5: Formulation of Constraints

Explicit Design Variable Constraints:
b 10, m
h 18, m
b 0, m
h 0, m

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Chapter 2 Optimum Design Problem Formulation

2.11________________________________________________________________________________
Certain mining operations require an open top rectangular container to transport materials. The data
for the problem are:
Construction costs:
sides: $50/m2
ends: $60/m2
bottom: $90/m2
Minimum volume needed: 150 m3
Formulate the problem of determining the container dimensions for minimum present cost.
Solution
Step 1: Problem Statement
Shown above
Step 2: Data and Information Collection
Shown above
Step 3: Definition of Design Variables
dimensions of the container;
b = width, m
d = depth, m
h = height, m
Step 4: Optimization Criterion
Optimization criterion is to minimize total present cost, and the cost function is defined as
Cost = 2 dh 50 2 bh 60 bd 90
Cost = 100 dh 120 bh 90 bd
Step 5: Formulation of Constraints
Volume Constraint:
bdh 150
Explicit Design Variable Constraints:
b 0, m; d 0, m; h 0, m

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Chapter 2 Optimum Design Problem Formulation

2.12________________________________________________________________________________
Design a circular tank closed at both ends to have a volume of 250 m3. The fabrication cost in
proportional to the surface area of the sheet metal and is $400/m2. The tank is to be housed in a shed
with a sloping roof. Therefore, height H of the tank is limited by the relation H 10 - D/2, where D
is the diameter of the tank. Formulate the minimum cost design problem.
Solution
Step 1: Problem Statement
Shown above
Step 2: Data and Information Collection
Shown above
Step 3: Definition of Design Variables
H = height of the tank in m
D = diameter of the tank in m
Step 4: Optimization Criterion
Optimization criterion is to minimize the cost, and the cost function is defined as
Cost = 400( D2/2 + DH )
Step 5: Formulation of Constraints
Constraint: D2H/4 = 250
Constraint: H 10 D /2, m
Explicit Design Variable Constraints:
H 0, m; D 0, m

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Chapter 2 Optimum Design Problem Formulation

2.13________________________________________________________________________________
Design the steel framework shown in Fig. E2.13 at a minimum cost. The cost of a horizontal
memeber in one direction is $20w and in the other direction it is $30d. The cost of a vertical column
is $50h. The frame must enclose a total volume of at least 600 m3. Formulate the design optimization
problem.

FIGURE E2.13 Steel frame.

Solution
Step 1: Problem Statement
Shown above
Step 2: Data and Information Collection
Shown above
Step 3: Definition of Design Variables
w = width of the frame, m
d = depth of the frame, m
h = height of the frame, m
Step 4: Optimization Criterion
Optimization criterion is to minimize the cost, and the cost function is defined as
Cost = 80w + 120d + 200h
Step 5: Formulation of Constraints
Volume Constraint: wdh 600
Explicit Design Variable Constraints:
w, d, h 0, m

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Chapter 2 Optimum Design Problem Formulation

2.14________________________________________________________________________________
Two electric generators are interconnected to provide total power to meet the load. Each generators
cost is a function of the power output, as shown in Fig. E2.14. All costs and power are expressed on
a per unit basis. The total power needed is at least 60 units. Formulate a minimum cost design
problem to determine the power outputs P1 and P2.

FIGURE E2.14 Power generator.

Solution
Step 1: Problem Statement
Shown above
Step 2: Data and Information Collection
Shown above
Step 3: Definition of Design Variables
P1 = Number of power units for generator one
P2 = Number of power units for generator two
Step 4: Optimization Criterion
Optimization criterion is to minimize the cost, and the cost function is defined as
Cost = C1 + C2 = ( 1 P1 P12 ) + (1 0 . 6 P2 P22 )
Step 5: Formulation of Constraints
Constraint: P1 + P2 60
Explicit Design Variable Constraints:
P1 0; P2 0

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Chapter 2 Optimum Design Problem Formulation

2.15________________________________________________________________________________
Transportation Problem. A company has m manufacturing facilities. The facility at the ith location
has capacity to produce units of an item. The product should be shipped to n distribution centers.
The distribution center at the jth location requires at least units of the item to satisfy demand. The
cost of shipping an item from the ith plant to the jth distribution center is . Formulate a minimum
cost transportation system to meet each distribution centers demand without exceeding the capacity
of any manufacturing facility.
Solution
Step 1: Problem Statement
Shown above
Step 2: Data and Information Collection
Shown above
Step 3: Definition of Design Variables
xij : number of items produced at the ith facility shipped to jth distribution center
where i = 1 to m; j = 1 to n
Step 4: Optimization Criterion
Optimization criterion is to minimize the cost, and the cost function is defined as
Cost =

i 1

j 1

ij

x ij

Step 5: Formulation of Constraints

n

Capacity of Manufacturing Facility Constraint:

ij

bi

for i = 1 to m

j 1

Demand Constraint:

ij

a j for j = 1 to n; x ij 0 for all i and j

i 1

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Chapter 2 Optimum Design Problem Formulation

2.16________________________________________________________________________________
Design of a two-bar truss. Design a symmetric two-bar truss (both members have the same cross
section) shown in Fig. E2.16 to support a load W. The truss consists of two steel tubes pinned
together at one end and supported on the ground at the other. The span of the truss is fixed at s.
Formulate the minimum mass truss design problem using height and the cross-sectional dimensions
as design variable. The design should satisfy the following constraints:
1. Because of space limitations, the height of the truss must not exceed , and must not be less
than .
2. The ratio of the mean diameter to thickness of the tube must not exceed .
3. The compressive stress in the tubes must not exceed the allowable stress
for steel.
4. The height, diameter, and thickness must be chosen to safeguard against member buckling
Use the following data; W = 10 kN; span s = 2 m; = 5 m; = 2 m; =90; allowable stress,
=250 MPa; modulus of elasticity, E = 210 GPa; mass density, =785 0kg/ m3; factor of safety
against buckling; FS=2; 0.1 D 2, m) and 0.01 t 0.1, m.

FIGURE E2.16 Two-bar structure.

Solution
Step 1: Problem Statement
Shown above
Step 2: Data and Information Collection
Member Force: F = W( s 2 4 H 2 )

1
2

2H

Step 3: Definition of Design Variables

H = height of the truss, m
D = mean diameter of the tube, m
t = thickness of the tube, m

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Chapter 2 Optimum Design Problem Formulation

Step 4: Optimization Criterion
Optimization criterion is to minimize mass, and the cost function is defined as
1
2

Mass = 2 A l 2 D t s 2 4 + H 2 ; where is the mass density of the material

Substituting the given values, we get
1
2

1
2

Mass = 2(7850)( Dt)(1 + H 2 ) = 49323 Dt(1 + H 2 ) , kg

Step 5: Formulation of Constraints
Stress Constraint: F/A a ; W( s 2 /4 + H 2 )

1
2

2H ( Dt ) a

Buckling Constraint: F Fcr FS ; Fcr = E I l

2

or

W s

4 H

1
2

2H

2
3
3
E D t Dt 8

FS s 2

4 H

2
3
3
E D t + Dt 8

4+H

Explicit Design Variable Constraints: H b1 ; H b2 ; D t b3 ;

0.1 D 2 m; 0.1 t 0.1 m
Substituting the given data into the constraints, we get
10000(1 + H 2 )
10000(1 + H 2 )

1
2

1
2

2 H D t 250 10

2 H 210 10

t Dt

H 5, m;
H 2, m;
D/t 90;
0.1 D 2, m;
0.01 t 0.1, m

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Chapter 2 Optimum Design Problem Formulation

2.17________________________________________________________________________________
A beam of rectangular cross section (Fig. E2.17) is subjected to a maximum bending moment of M
and maximum shear of V. The allowable bending and shearing stresses are and , respectively.
The bending stress in the beam is calculated as

and average shear stress in the beam is calculated as

where d is the depth and b is the width of the beam. It is also desired that the depth of the beam shall
not exceed twice its width. Formulate the design problem for minimum cross-sectional area using
the following data: M=140 kN m, V=24 kN, =165 MPa, =50 MPa.

FIGURE E2.17 Cross section of a rectangular beam.

Solution
Step 1: Problem Statement
Shown above
Step 2: Data and Information Collection
M = 140 kN.m = 1.4 10 7 N.cm;
V = 24 kN = 2.4 10 4 N;
2
4
a = 165 MPa = 1.65 10 N/cm ;
a

= 50 MPa = 5000 N/cm2

Step 3: Definition of Design Variables

b = width of the beam, cm
d = depth of the beam, cm

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Chapter 2 Optimum Design Problem Formulation

Step 4: Optimization Criterion

Optimization criterion is to minimize the cross-sectional area, and the cost function is defined as
Area = bd, cm2

Step 5: Formulation of Constraints

Bending Stress Constraint: 6M/bd 2 a or 6(1.4 10 7 )/bd 2 1.65 10 4
Shear Stress Constraint: 3V/2bd a or 3(2.4 10 4 )/2bd 5000
Constraint: d 2b or d 2 b 0
Explicit Design Variable Constraints: b, d 0
From the graph for the problem, we get the optimum solution as
b 10.8 cm, d 21.6 cm, Area 233 cm where constraint numbers 1 and 3 are active.

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Chapter 2 Optimum Design Problem Formulation

2.18________________________________________________________________________________
A vegetable oil processor wishes to determine how much shortening salad oil, and margarine to
produce to optimize the use of his current oil stocks. At the current time, he has 250,000 kg of
soybean oil, 110,000 kg of cottonseed oil, and 2000 kg of milk base substances. The milk base
substances are required only in the production of margarine. There are certain processing losses
associated with each product; 10 percent for shortening, 5 percent for salad oil, and no loss for
margarine. The producers back orders require him to produce at least 100,000 kg of shortening,
50,000 kg of salad oil, and 10,000 kg of margarine. In addition, sales forecasts indicate a strong
demand for all produces in the near future. The profit per kilogram and the base stock required per
kilogram of each product are given in Table E2.18. Formulate the problem to maximize profit over
the next production scheduling period (created by Liittschwager).
Table E2.18 Data for the Vegetable Oil Processing Problem
Parts per kg of base stock
Requirements
Product
Profit per kg Soybean Cottonseed Milk base
Shortening
1.0
2
1
0
Salad oil
0.8
0
1
0
Margarine
0.5
3
1
1
Solution
Step 1: Problem Statement
Shown above
Step 2: Data and Information Collection
Shown above
Step 3: Definition of Design Variables
x1 = shortening produced after losses, kg
x2 = salad oil produced after losses, kg
x3 = margarine produced, kg
Step 4: Optimization Criterion
Optimization criterion is to maximize the profit, and the cost function is defined as
Profit = x1 + 0.8 x2 + 0.5 x3
Step 5: Formulation of Constraints
The ingredients used cannot exceed current stocks
Soybean Constraint: 2 x1 3 1 0.9 3 x 3 5 250,000
Milk Base Constraint: ( x 3 5 ) 2000
Cottonseed Constraint: x1 3 1 0.9 x 2 1 0.95 x 3 5 110,000
The demand for the needs of the products to be satisfied
Explicit Design Variable Constraints: x1 100,000; x 2 50,000; x 3 10,000

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Section 2.11 A General Mathematical Model for Optimum Design
2.19________________________________________________________________________________
Answer True or False.
1. Design of a system implies specification for the design variable values.
2. All design problems have only linear inequality constraints.
3. All design variables should be independent of each other as far as possible.
4. If there is an equality constraint in the design problem, the optimum solution must satisfy it.
5. Each optimization problem must have certain parameters called the design variables.
6. A feasible design may violate equality constraints.
7. A feasible design may violate type constraints.
8. A type constraint expressed in the standard form is active at a design point if it has zero
value there.
9. The constraint set for a design problem consists of all the feasible points.
10. The number of independent equality constraints can be larger than the number of design
variables for the problem.
11. The number of type constraints must be less than the number of design variables for a valid
problem formulation.
12. The feasible region for an equality constraint is a subset of that for the same constraint expressed
as an inequality.
13. Maximization of
is equivalent to minimization of
.
14. A lower minimum value for the cost function is obtained if more constraints are added to the
problem formulation.
15. Let be the minimum value for the cost function with n design variables for a problem. If the
number of design variables for the same problem is increased to, say m = 2n, then
where is the minimum value for the cost function with m design variables.
Solution
1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. T 6. F 7. F 8. T 9. T 10. F 11. F 12. T 13. F 14. F
15. F

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2.20*_______________________________________________________________________________
A trucking company wants to purchase several new trucks. It has $2 million to spend. The
investment should yield a maximum of trucking capacity for each day in tonnes kilometers. Data
for the three available truck models are given in Table E2.20; i.e., truck load capacity speed, crew
required/shift, hours of operations for three shifts, and the cost of each truck. There are some
limitations on the operations that need to be considered. The labor market is such that the company
can hire at the most 150 persons to operate the trucks. Garage and maintenance facilities can handle
at the most 25 trucks. How many trucks of each type should the company purchase? Formulate the
design optimization problem.
Table E2.20 Data for Available Trucks
Truck
model

Truck load
Capacity
(tones)

Average truck
speed
(km/h)

Crew required
per shift

A
B
C

10
20
18

66
50
50

1
2
2

No. of hours
of operations
per day
(3 shifts)
19
18
21

Cost of each
truck($)

40,000
60,000
70,000

Solution
Step 1: Problem Statement
Shown above
Step 2: Data and Information Collection
Shown above
Step 3: Definition of Design Variables
A, B and C are the number of trucks to be purchased of the type A, B and C, respectively.
Step 4: Optimization Criterion
Optimization criterion is to maximize the capacity (tonnes kilometers), and the cost function is
defined as
Capacity = A(10 55 18) + B(20 50 18) + C(18 50 21) = 9900A + 18000B + 18900C
Transcribing into the standard form, we get
minimize f = 9900A 18000B 18900C
Step 5: Formulation of Constraints
Available Capital Constraint: A(40,000) + B(60,000) + C(70,000) 2,000,000
Limit on Available Drivers Constraint: 3A + 6B + 6C 150
Limitation on Maintenance Facility Constraint: A + B + C 30
Explicit Design Variable Constraints: A, B, C 0

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Chapter 2 Optimum Design Problem Formulation

Transcribing into the standard form, we get

g1 = (40000A + 60000B + 70000C) 2000000 0:
g2 = (3A + 6B + 6C) 150 0;
g3 = (A + B + C) 30 0 ;
A0
B 0
C 0

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Chapter 2 Optimum Design Problem Formulation

2.21*_______________________________________________________________________________
A large steel corporation has two iron ore reduction plants. Each plant processes iron ore into two
different ingot stocks. They are shipped to any of the three fabricating plants where they are made
into either of the two finished products. In total, there are two reduction plants, two ingot stocks,
three fabricating plants, and two finished products.
For the coming season, the company wants to minimize total tonnage of iron ore processed in its
reduction plants, subject to production and demand constraints. Formulate the design optimization
problem and transcribe it into the standard model.
Nomenclature
tonnage yield of ingot stock s from 1 ton of iron ore processed at reduction plant r
total yield from 1 ton of ingot stock s shipped to fabricating plant f and manufactured
into product p
iron ore processing capacity in tonnage at reduction plant r
capacity of the fabricating plant f in tonnage for all stocks
tonnage demand requirement for product p
Production and demand constraints
1. The total tonnage of iron ore processed by both reduction plants must equal the total tonnage
processed into ingot stocks for shipment to the fabricating plants.
2. The total tonnage of iron ore processed by each reduction plant cannot exceed its capacity.
3. The total tonnage of ingot stock manufactured into products at each fabricating plant must equal
the tonnage of ingot stock shipped to it by the reduction plants.
4. The total tonnage of ingot stock manufactured into products at each fabrication plant cannot
exceed its available capacity.
5. The total tonnage of each product must equal its demand.
Constants for the problem
a(1,1) = 0.39
c(1) = 1,200,000
a(1,2) = 0.46
c(2) = 1,000,000
a(2,1) = 0.44
a(2,2) = 0.48
b(1,1,1) = 0.79
b(2,1,1) = 0.68
b(1,2,1) = 0.73
b(2,2,1) = 0.67
b(1,3,1) = 0.74
b(2,3,1) = 0.62

k(1) = 190,000
k(2) = 240,000
k(3) = 290,000

D(1) = 330,000
D(2) = 125,000

b(1,1,2)=0.84
b(2,1,2)=0.81
b(1,2,2)=0.85
b(2,2,2)=0.77
b(1,3,2)=0.72
b(2,3,2)=0.78

Solution
Several formulations for the design problem are possible. For each formulation proper design
variables are identified. Expressions for the cost and constraint functions are derived.

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Chapter 2 Optimum Design Problem Formulation

Formulation 1:
Step 1: Problem Statement
Shown above
Step 2: Data and Information Collection
Shown above
Step 3: Definition of Design Variables
For this formulation, twenty-four design variables are chosen which designate the twenty-four
different paths of processing the iron ore, i.e., R(i, j, k, l) with i=1, 2; j=1, 2; k=1, 2, 3; and l =1,
2. For a particular set of i, j, k, and l, R(i, j, k, l) means that the tonnage of iron ore processed at
reduction plant i, yielding ingot stock j, shipped to the fabricating plant k and manufactured into
product l.
For simplicity of the following derivation, let
x1 = R(1,1,1,1); x2 = R(1,1,1,2); x3 = R(1,2,1,1); x4 = R(1,2,1,2); x5 = R(1,1,2,1); x6 = R(1,1,2,2);
x7 = R(1,2,2,1); x8 = R(1,2,2,2); x9 = R(1,1,3,1); x10 = R(1,1,3,2); x11= R(1,2,3,1); x12= R(1,2,3,2);
y1 = R(2,1,1,1); y2 = R(2,1,1,2); y3 = R(2,2,1,1); y4 = R(2,2,1,2); y5 = R(2,1,2,1); y6 = R(2,1,2,2);
y7 = R(2,2,2,1); y8 = R(2,2,2,2); y9 = R(2,1,3,1); y10 = R(2,1,3,2); y11= R(2,2,3,1); y12= R(2,2,3,2)
Step 4: Optimization Criterion
Optimization criterion is to minimize total tonnage of iron ore processed at the reduction plants,
and the cost function is defined as

Summarizing and transcribing into the standard model, we get

f = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 + x7 + x8 + x9 + x10 + x11 + x12 + y1 + y2 + y3 + y4 + y5 + y6 + y7 + y8
+ y9 + y10 + y11 + y12
Step 5: Formulation of Constraints
(1) The total tonnage of iron ore processed by each reduction plant cannot exceed its capacity,
i.e., RP1 c(1); RP2 c(2) where RP1 and RP2 represent the total tonnage of iron ore
processed at the two reduction plants separately. In terms of design variables and the given data,
these two constraints are:
12

g1: x i 1,200,000;
i 1

12

g2: y j 1,000,000
j 1

(2) The total tonnage of ingot stocks manufactured into products at each fabricating plant cannot
exceed its available capacity, i.e., F1 k(1); F2 k(2); F3 k(3) where F1, F2 and F3
represent the total tonnage of ingot stocks processed at three fabricating plants separately. In

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Chapter 2 Optimum Design Problem Formulation

terms of design variables and the given data, these constraints can be written as:
g3: a(1,1)(x1 + x2) + a(1,2)(x3 + x4) + a(2,1)(y1 + y2) + a(2,2)(y3 + y4) 190,000; or
: 0.39(x1 + x2) + 0.46(x3 + x4) + 0.44(y1 + y2) + 0.48(y3 + y4) 190,000
g4: 0.39(x5 + x6) + 0.46(x7 + x8) + 0.44(y5 + y6) + 0.48(y7 + y8) 240,000
g5: 0.39(x9 + x10) + 0.46(x11 + x12) + 0.44(y9 + y10) + 0.48(y11 + y12) 290,000
(3) The total tonnage of each product p1 and p2 respectively, must be equal to its demand, i.e.,
p1 = D(1); p2 = D(2) In terms of the design variables and the given data, the two constraints are
written as:
h1 :

( e i x i f i y i ) 330, 000;

h2 :

i 1,3,5,7,9,11

( e i x i f i y i ) 125, 000

i 2,4,6,8,10,12

where e i 's and f i 's are coefficients transferring tonnage of iron ore into products. These
coefficients are given as:
e1
e3
e5
e7
e9
e11
f1
f3
f5
f7
f9
f11

= a(1,1) b(1,1,1) = 0.39(0.79) = 0.3081;

= a(1,2) b(2,1,1) = 0.46(0.68) = 0.3128;
= a(1,1) b(1,2,1) = 0.39(0.73) = 0.2847;
= a(1,2) b(2,2,1) = 0.46(0.67) = 0.3082;
= a(1,1) b(1,3,1) = 0.39(0.74) = 0.2886;
= a(1,2) b(2,3,1) = 0.46(0.62) = 0.2852;
= a(2,1) b(1,1,1) = 0.44(0.79) = 0.3476;
= a(2,2) b(2,1,1) = 0.48(0.68) = 0.3264;
= a(2,1) b(1,2,1) = 0.44(0.73) = 0.3212;
= a(2,2) b(2,2,1) = 0.48(0.67) = 0.3216;
= a(2,1) b(1,3,1) = 0.44(0.74) = 0.3256;
= a(2,2) b(2,3,1) = 0.48(0.62) = 0.2976;

e2
e4
e6
e8
e10
e12
f2
f4
f6
f8
f10
f12

= a(1,1) b(1,1,2) = 0.39(0.84) = 0.3276

= a(1,2) b(2,1,2) = 0.46(0.81) = 0.3726
= a(1,1) b(1,2,2) = 0.39(0.85) = 0.3315
= a(1,2) b(2,2,2) = 0.46(0.77) = 0.3542
= a(1,1) b(1,3,2) = 0.39(0.72) = 0.2808
= a(1,2) b(2,3,2) = 0.46(0.78) = 0.3588
= a(2,1) b(1,1,2) = 0.44(0.84) = 0.3696
= a(2,2) b(2,1,2) = 0.48(0.81) = 0.3888
= a(2,1) b(1,2,2) = 0.44(0.85) = 0.3740
= a(2,2) b(2,2,2) = 0.48(0.77) = 0.3696
= a(2,1) b(1,3,2) = 0.44(0.72) = 0.3168
= a(2,2) b(2,3,2) = 0.48(0.78) = 0.3744

(4) There are constraints requiring that both the reduction plants and fabricating plants do not
have any inventory of their own. These constraints have been satisfied automatically since the
twenty-four design variables (paths) are chosen which satisfy these conditions.
Summarizing and transcribing into the standard model, we get
h1 = 0.3081 x1 + 0.3128 x3 + 0.2847 x5 + 0.3082 x7 + 0.2886 x9 + 0.2852 x11 + 0.3476 y1 + 0.3264 y3
+ 0.3212 y5 + 0.3216 y7 + 0.3256 y9 + 0.2976 y11 330,000 = 0
h2 = 0.3276 x2 + 0.3726 x4 + 0.3315 x6 + 0.3542 x8 + 0.2808 x10 + 0.3588 x12 + 0.3696 y2 + 0.3888 y4
+ 0.3740 y6 + 0.3696 y8 + 0.3168 y10 + 0.3744 y12 125,000 = 0
g1 = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 + x7 + x8 + x9 + x10 + x11 + x12 1,200,000 0
g2 = y1 + y2 + y3 + y4 + y5 + y6 + y7 + y8 + y9 + y10 + y11 + y12 1,000,000 0
g3 = 0.39 x1 + 0.39 x2 + 0.46 x3 + 0.46 x4 + 0.44 y1 + 0.44 y2 + 0.48 y3 + 0.48 y4 190,000 0
g4 = 0.39 x5 + 0.39 x6 + 0.46 x7 + 0.46 x8 + 0.44 y5 + 0.44 y6 + 0.48 y7 + 0.48 y8 240,000 0
g5 = 0.39 x9 + 0.39 x10 + 0.46 x11 + 0.46 x12 + 0.44 y9 + 0.44 y10 + 0.48 y11 + 0.48 y12 290,000 0
x i 0, y i 0, i = 1 to 12

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Chapter 2 Optimum Design Problem Formulation

Formulation 2:
Step 1: Problem Statement
Shown above
Step 2: Data and Information Collection
Shown above
Step 3: Definition of Design Variables
The design variables are chosen as follows:
x1 :
x2 :
x3 :
x4 :
x5 :
x6 :
x7 :
x8 :
x9 :
x10 :
x11 :
x12 :
x13 :
x14 :
x15 :
x16 :
x17 :
x18 :
x19 :
x20 :

total tonnage of iron ore processed by plant 1;

total tonnage of iron ore processed by plant 2
tonnage of ore processed by plant 1 for ingot stock 1;
tonnage of ore processed by plant 1 for ingot stock 2
tonnage of ore processed by plant 2 for ingot stock 1;
tonnage of ore processed by plant 2 for ingot stock 2
total tonnage yield of ingot stock 1;
total tonnage yield of ingot stock 2
tonnage of ingot stock 1 shipped to fabricating plant 1 to yield product 1
tonnage of ingot stock 1 shipped to fabricating plant 1 to yield product 2
tonnage of ingot stock 1 shipped to fabricating plant 2 to yield product 1
tonnage of ingot stock 1 shipped to fabricating plant 2 to yield product 2
tonnage of ingot stock 1 shipped to fabricating plant 3 to yield product 1
tonnage of ingot stock 1 shipped to fabricating plant 3 to yield product 2
tonnage of ingot stock 2 shipped to fabricating plant 1 to yield product 1
tonnage of ingot stock 2 shipped to fabricating plant 1 to yield product 2
tonnage of ingot stock 2 shipped to fabricating plant 2 to yield product 1
tonnage of ingot stock 2 shipped to fabricating plant 2 to yield product 2
tonnage of ingot stock 2 shipped to fabricating plant 3 to yield product 1
tonnage of ingot stock 2 shipped to fabricating plant 3 to yield product 2

Step 4: Optimization Criterion

The cost function is defined as
minimize f = x1 + x2
which is already in the standard form
Step 5: Formulation of Constraints
(1) The first constraint, total tonnage into each reduction plant must be equal to the tonnage
processed into ingot stocks for shipment, implies that there will be no stock piling at the
reduction plants:
x1 = x3 + x4; x2 = x5 + x6

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Chapter 2 Optimum Design Problem Formulation

(2) The second constraint requires that the iron ore processed by each reduction plant should not
exceed its maximum capacity:
x3 + x4 1,200,000; x5 + x6 1,000,000
(3) The third constraint states that there is no stock piling at the fabricating plants. By the
definition of design variables, these are:
x7 = 0.39 x3 + 0.44 x5;
x8 = 0.46 x4 + 0.48 x6;
x7 = x9 + x10 + x11 + x12 + x13 + x14
x8 = x15 + x16 + x17 + x18 + x19+ x20
(4) The fourth constraint is on the maximum capacity of ingot stocks at each fabricating plant:
x9 + x10 + x15 + x16 190,000; x11 + x12 + x17 + x18 240,000;
x13 + x14 + x19 + x20 290,000
(5) The fifth constraint states that the total tonnage of each product must be equal to its demand:
0.79 x9 + 0.73 x11 + 0.74 x13 + 0.68 x15 + 0.67 x17 + 0.62 x19 = 330,000
0.84 x10 + 0.85 x12 + 0.72 x14 + 0.81 x16 + 0.77 x18 + 0.78 x20 = 125,000
In the standard form, the constraints become
h1 = x1 x3 x4 = 0; h2 = x2 x5 x6 = 0; h3 = x7 0.39 x3 0.44 x5 = 0;
h4 = x8 0.46 x4 0.48 x6 = 0; h5 = x7 x9 x10 x11 x12 x13 x14 = 0;
h6 = x8 x15 x16 x17 x18 x19 x20 = 0;
h7 = 0.79 x9 + 0.73 x11 + 0.74 x13 + 0.68 x15 + 0.67 x17 + 0.62 x19 330,000 = 0
h8 = 0.84 x10 + 0.85 x12 + 0.72 x14 + 0.81 x16 + 0.77 x18 + 0.78 x20 125,000 = 0
g1 = x3 + x4 1,200,000 0; g2 = x5 + x6 1,000,000 0; g3 = x9 + x10 + x15 + x16 190,000
0
g4 = x11 + x12 + x17 + x18 240,000 0; g5 = x13 + x14 + x19 + x20 290,000 0;
xi 0, i = 1 to 20

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Chapter 2 Optimum Design Problem Formulation

2.22_____________________________________________________________________________
Optimization of water canal. Design a water canal having a cross-sectional area of 150m2. Least
construction costs occur when the volume of the excavated material equals the amount of material
required for the dykes, as shown in Fig.E2.22. Formulate the problem to minimize the dugout
material A1. Transcribe the problem into the standard design optimization model (created by
V.K.Goel).

FIGURE E2.22 Cross section of a canal.

Solution
Step 1: Problem Statement
Shown above
Step 2: Data and Information Collection
Shown above
Step 3: Definition of Design Variables
w, w1, w2, w3, H1 and H2 (m) are chosen as design variables which are defined as shown in Figure
E2.22.
Step 4: Optimization Criterion
Optimization criterion is to minimize the volume of excavation, and the cost function is defined
as
f = (w1 + w)(H1/2)
Step 5: Formulation of Constraints
Cross-Sectional Area Constraint: (w1 + w3)(H1 + H2 + 1)/2 = 150 or
h1 (w1 + w3)(H1 + H2 + 1)/2 150 = 0;
Excavated Material Constraint: (w1 + w)(H1/2) = (2)(w2 + 2)(H2 + 1)/2 or
h2 (w1 + w)(H1/2) (w2 + 2)(H2 + 1) = 0
The design variables are not independent; they are related as follows:

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Chapter 2 Optimum Design Problem Formulation

tan =

H1

w1 2

H2 1

w2

2 2

H1 H 2 1

w3

w1 2

So we get two more constraints from these relationships, as

h3

H1
w w1

H2 1
w2 2

= 0; h4

H1
w w1

H1 H 2 1
w 3 x1

=0

All the design variables must also be nonnegative:

w 0; w1 0; w 2 0; w 3 0; H 1 0; H 2 0

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Chapter 2 Optimum Design Problem Formulation

2.23________________________________________________________________________________
A cantilever beam is subjected to the point load P(kN), as shown in Fig. E2.23. The maximum
bending moment in the beam is PL(kN m) and the maximum shear is P(kN). Formulate the
minimum mass design problem using a hollow circular cross section. The material should not fail
under bending stress or shear stress. The maximum bending stress is calculated as
where I = moment of inertia of the cross section. The maximum shearing stress is calculated as

Transcribe the problem into the standard design optimization model (also use
40.0 cm,
40.0 cm). Use the following data: P = 14 kN ; l = 10m; mass density, =7850kg/m3, allowable
bending stress, = 165MPa, Allowable shear stress, =50MPa.

FIGURE E2.23 Cantilever beam.

Solution
Step 1: Problem Statement
Shown above
Step 2: Data and Information Collection
Given: P = 14 kN = 1.4 10 4 N; L = 10 m = 1000 cm;
a

= 50 MPa = 5000 N/cm2;

= 165 MPa = 1.65 10 4 N/cm2;

= 7850 kg/m3 = 7.85 10 3 kg/cm3;

Moment of inertia of a hollow tube is I = R 4o R i4 4

Using kg, N and cm as units
Step 3: Definition of Design Variables
Ro = outer radius of hollow tube
Ri = inner radius of hollow tube
Step 4: Optimization Criterion

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Chapter 2 Optimum Design Problem Formulation

Optimization criterion is to minimize mass of hollow tube, and the cost function is defined as
f = R 2o R i2 L or
f =

L R o R i
2

7.85 10 1000 R
3

2
o

Ri

24.66 R

2
o

R i , kg
2

Step 5: Formulation of Constraints

g1 : bending stress should be smaller than the allowable bending stress
g2 : shear stress smaller than allowable shear stress
Using the standard form, we get
g1 : 4 P l R o R o4 R i4

; or 4 1.4 10 4 10 3 R o R o4 R i4 1.65 10 4 0; or

R o4 R i4 1.65 10 4 0

g1 1.7825 10 7 R o

g2 : 4 P R o2 + R o R i + R i2 3 R o4 R i4
4 1.4 10

; or

R + R R + R 3 R R 5000 0 ; or
g2 5941.78 R + R R + R R R 5000 0
4

2
o

2
o

2
i

4
o

2
i

4
o

4
i

4
i

g3 R o 40 0; g 4 R i 40 0 ; g 5 R o 0 ; g 6 R i 0

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Chapter 2 Optimum Design Problem Formulation

2.24________________________________________________________________________________
Design a hollow circular beam shown in Fig. E2.24 for two conditions: when P = 50 (kN), the axial
stress should be less than , and when P = 0, deflection due to self-weight should satisfy
. The limits for dimensions are t = 0.10 to 1.0 cm, R = 2.0 to 20.0 cm, and R/t 20.
Formulate the minimum weight design problem and transcribe it into the standard form. Formulate
the minimum weight design problem and transcribe it into the standard form. Use the following data:

; w = self weight force/length (N/m); =250 MPa; modulus of elasticity, E =

210GPa ; mass density, =7800 kg/m3; =P/A; gravitational constant; g = 9.80m/s2 ; moment of
inertia, I =
(m4).

FIGURE E2.24 Hollow circular beam.

Solution
Step 1: Problem Statement
Shown above
Step 2: Data and Information Collection
Assuming that the wall is thin (R >> t), the cross-sectional area and moment of inertia are:
A = 2 R t ; I = R 3t
Use millimeter and Newton as the unit for length and force respectively, and the following data
= 250 MPa = 250 N/mm2; E = 210 GPa = 2.1 10 5 N/mm2; g = 9.8 m/sec2 (Note that g must
a
have units of m/s2 for correct evaluation of self-weight);
L = 3 m = 3000 mm; P = 50 kN = 5 10 4 N;

= 7800 kg/m3 = 7.8 10 6 kg/mm3;

Step 3: Definition of Design Variables

R = mean radius of the section, mm
t = wall thickness, mm
Step 4: Optimization Criterion
Optimization criterion is to minimize total weight of the beam-column, and the cost function is
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Chapter 2 Optimum Design Problem Formulation

defined as
f = g LA = 2 g l R t , N or
f = 2(7.8 10 6 )(9.8)(3000) Rt = 1.44086Rt, N
which is in the standard form.
Step 5: Formulation of Constraints
Axial stress (P/A) should not exceed the allowable stress (
g1 = P A

2 Rt

), i.e.,

The deflection

due to self-weight should be less than 0.001L, i.e.,

4
g 2 0.001 L 5 w L 384 E I 0.001 L 0 ;
where w = self-weight per unit length = gA 2 g R t , N
g2

52

g RtL

384 E R t
3

0.001 L 0,

or

gL

384 E R

10

0.001 L ; Other constraints are:

g 3 R t 20 0 ; g 4 R 20 0 ; g 5 R 200 0

; g 6 t 1 0 ; g 7 t 10 0

or
g1 : P 2 Rt
g2 :

10

; or 5.0 10 4 2 R t 250 0 , or g 1 7957.75 R t 250 0

g L

384 ER

0.001 L , or

10 7.8 10

9.8 3000
384 2.1 10 R
6

0.001 3000

Summarizing the constraints and rewriting in standard form, we get

g 1 7957.7 R t 250 0

g 2 767.8 R

3 0

g 3 R t 20 0
g 4 20 R 0
g 5 R 200 0

g 6 1 t 0;
g 7 t 10 0

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