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Semantic Web

This document provides an overview of a course on the Semantic Web. It introduces the key concepts and layers that make up the Semantic Web, including RDF, RDFS, OWL, ontologies, and Linked Data. The course will cover these layers through 10 lectures, exploring topics such as RDF syntax and tools, ontology modeling with OWL, and writing and querying RDF and OWL models. The goal is to provide students with an understanding of the Semantic Web technologies and how they address limitations of current web search by adding formal semantics to data.

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74 views

Semantic Web

This document provides an overview of a course on the Semantic Web. It introduces the key concepts and layers that make up the Semantic Web, including RDF, RDFS, OWL, ontologies, and Linked Data. The course will cover these layers through 10 lectures, exploring topics such as RDF syntax and tools, ontology modeling with OWL, and writing and querying RDF and OWL models. The goal is to provide students with an understanding of the Semantic Web technologies and how they address limitations of current web search by adding formal semantics to data.

Uploaded by

Anonymous nXoDDKtmCh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 31

Semantic Web

Riccardo Rosati
Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Ingegneria Informatica
Sapienza Universit di Roma
2012/2013

Overview
Lecture 1: Introduction to the Semantic Web
Lecture 2: The RDF layer 1
RDF

Lecture 3: The RDF layer 2


RDFS, SPARQL

Lecture 4: The RDF layer 3


Linked Data, RDF tools

Lecture 5: The RDF layer 4


Writing and querying RDF models
The Semantic Web - course overview

Overview
Lecture 6: The Ontology layer 1
Ontologies, Description Logics, OWL

Lecture 7: The Ontology layer 2


OWL, OWL 2, OWL 2 profiles, DL-Lite

Lecture 8: The Ontology layer 3


OWL reasoners and tools (Protg, Pellet, QuOnto)

Lecture 9: The Ontology layer 4


Writing and querying OWL ontologies

Lecture 10: The upper layers (and concluding


remarks)
The Semantic Web - course overview

Part 1
Introduction to the Semantic Web

What is the Semantic Web?


The Semantic Web is a Web of actionable
informationinformation derived from data
through a semantic theory for interpreting the
symbols.
The semantic theory provides an account of
meaning in which the logical connection of
terms establishes interoperability between
systems
(Shadbot, Hall, Berners-Lee, The Semantic Web revisited, IEEE
Intelligent Systems, May 2006)
Introduction to the Semantic Web

The Semantic Web: why?


search on the Web: problems...
...due to the way in which information is stored on
the Web
Problem 1: web documents do not distinguish
between information content and presentation
(solved by XML)
Problem 2: different web documents may
represent in different ways semantically related
pieces of information
this leads to hard problems for intelligent
information search on the Web
Introduction to the Semantic Web

Separating content and presentation


Problem 1: web documents do not distinguish
between information content and presentation
problem due to the HTML language
problem solved by current technology
stylesheets (HTML, XML)
XML

stylesheets allow for separating formatting


attributes from the information presented

Introduction to the Semantic Web

Separating content and presentation


XML: eXtensible Mark-up Language
XML documents are written through a userdefined set of tags
tags are used to express the semantics of the
various pieces of information

Introduction to the Semantic Web

XML: example
HTML:
<H1>Seminari di Ingegneria del Software</H1>
<UL>
<LI>Teacher: Giuseppe De Giacomo
<LI>Room: 7
<LI>Prerequisites: none
</UL>

XML:
<course>
<title>Seminari di Ingegneria del Software
</title>
<teacher>Giuseppe De Giacomo</teacher>
<room>1AI, 1I</room>
<prereq>none</prereq>
</course>
Introduction to the Semantic Web

Limitations of XML
XML does not solve all the problems:
legacy HTML documents
different XML documents may express
information with the same meaning using different
tags

Introduction to the Semantic Web

10

The need for a Semantic Web


Problem 2: different web documents may
represent in different ways semantically related
pieces of information
different XML documents do not share the
semantics of information
idea: annotate (mark-up) pieces of information to
express the meaning of such a piece of
information
the meaning of such tags is shared!
shared semantics
Introduction to the Semantic Web

11

The Semantic Web initiative


viewpoint:
the Web = a web of data
goal:
to provide a common framework to share data on
the Web across application boundaries
main ideas:
ontology
standards
layers
Introduction to the Semantic Web

12

The Semantic Web Tower

Introduction to the Semantic Web

13

The Semantic Web Layers


XML layer
RDF + RDFS layer
Ontology layer
Proof-rule layer
Trust layer

Introduction to the Semantic Web

14

The XML layer


XML (eXtensible Markup Language)
user-definable and domain-specific markup

URI (Uniform Resource Identifier)


universal naming for Web resources
same URI = same resource
URIs are the ground terms of the SW

W3C standards

Introduction to the Semantic Web

15

The RDF + RDFS layer


RDF = a simple conceptual data model
W3C standard (1999)
RDF model = set of RDF triples
triple = expression (statement)
(subject, predicate, object)
subject = resource
predicate = property (of the resource)
object = value (of the property)
=> an RDF model is a graph
Introduction to the Semantic Web

16

The RDF + RDFS layer


Example of RDF graph:
W3C
dc:Publisher

http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax/
dc:Creator
dc:Date

Ora Lassila

1999-02-22

Introduction to the Semantic Web

17

The RDF + RDFS layer


RDFS = RDF Schema
vocabulary for RDF
W3C standard (2004)
example:
Person
subClassOf

subClassOf

RDFS

Student

domain

range

hasSupervisor

type

RDF

Frank

hasSupervisor
Introduction to the Semantic Web

Researcher
type
Jeen
18

The Ontology layer


ontology = shared conceptualization
conceptual model
(more expressive than RDF + RDFS)
expressed in a true knowledge representation
language
OWL (Web Ontology Language) = standard
language for ontologies

Introduction to the Semantic Web

19

The proof/rule layer


beyond OWL:
proof/rule layer
rule: informal notion
rules are used to perform inference over
ontologies
rules as a tool for capturing further knowledge
(not expressible in OWL ontologies)

Introduction to the Semantic Web

20

The Trust layer


SW top layer:
support for provenance/trust
provenance:
where does the information come from?
how this information has been obtained?
can I trust this information?

largely unexplored issue


no standardization effort

Introduction to the Semantic Web

21

The Semantic Web: main ingredients


underlying web layer (URI, XML)
reusing and extending web technologies

basic conceptual modeling language (RDF)


ontology language (OWL)
rules/proof
reusing and extending AI technologies
knowledge representation
automated reasoning

...and database technologies


data integration
Introduction to the Semantic Web

22

The notion of ontology


ontology = shared conceptualization of a domain
of interest
shared vocabulary => simple (shallow) ontology
(complex) relationships between terms => deep
ontology
AI view:
ontology = logical theory (knowledge base)

DB view:
ontology = conceptual model
Introduction to the Semantic Web

23

Ontologies: example
class-def animal
% animals are a class
class-def plant
% plants are a class
subclass-of NOT animal
% that is disjoint from animals
class-def tree
subclass-of plant
% trees are a type of plants
class-def branch
slot-constraint is-part-of
% branches are parts of some tree
has-value tree
max-cardinality 1
class-def defined carnivore
% carnivores are animals
subclass-of animal
slot-constraint eats
% that eat any other animals
value-type animal
% herbivores are animals
class-def defined herbivore
subclass-of animal, NOT carnivore % that are not carnivores, and
slot-constraint eats
% they eat plants or parts of plants
value-type plant OR (slot-constraint is-part-of has-value plant)
Introduction to the Semantic Web

24

Ontologies: the role of logic


ontology = logical theory
why?
declarative
formal semantics
reasoning (sound and complete inference techniques)

well-established correspondence between


conceptual modeling formalisms and logic

Introduction to the Semantic Web

25

Ontologies and Description Logics


OWL is based on a fragment of first-order
predicate logic (FOL)
Description Logics (DLs) = subclasses of FOL

only unary and binary predicates


function-free
quantification allowed only in restricted form
(variable-free syntax)
decidable reasoning

DLs are one of the most prominent languages for


Knowledge Representation
Introduction to the Semantic Web

26

Ontologies and Description Logics


expressive abilities of DLs have been widely
explored
reasoning in DLs has been extensively studied
DL reasoners have been developed and optimized
DLs as a central technology for the SW

Introduction to the Semantic Web

27

Rule-based formalisms

Prolog
Logic programming
Constraint (logic) programming
Production rules
Datalog
...

Rule language for SW not standardized yet


RIF (Rule Interchange Format) W3C working group
Introduction to the Semantic Web

28

The Semantic Web in the real world

Linking Open Data cloud diagram, 09/2011 (by Richard Cyganiak and Anja Jentzsch. http://lod-cloud.net/)
Introduction to the Semantic Web

29

Linked Data
Linked Data: a recommended best practice for exposing, sharing,
and connecting pieces of data, information, and knowledge on the
Semantic Web using URIs and RDF
Linking Open Data (LOD): The goal of the W3C SWEO
Linking Open Data community project is to extend the Web with
a data commons by publishing various open data sets as RDF
on the Web and by setting RDF links between data items from
different data sources.
RDF links enable you to navigate from a data item within one data
source to related data items within other sources using a Semantic
Web browser.
As query results are structured data and not just links to HTML
pages, they can be used within other applications.
Introduction to the Semantic Web

30

The LOD cloud diagram


9/2007

9/2008

9/2009

Introduction to the Semantic Web

9/ 2010

31

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