Exercise 3.

3 (Solutions)

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Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12

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dx
4 + x2
dx
= x 4 2
(2) + x 2
1
x
= x 4 Tan 1 + c
2
2
x
= x 2 Tan 1 + c
2

Question # 1
2 x
Let I =
dx
4 x2
Put t = 4 x 2 dt = 2 x dx
1

dt
So I =
= ( t ) 2 dt
t
1
+1

= dx 4

(t ) 2 + c = (t ) 2 + c
=
1
1
+1
2
2
= 2 t + c = 2 4 x2 + c

Question # 4
1
dx
x ln x
1 1
=
dx
ln x x

Suppose I =

Important Integrals
d
a
x
Since
Tan 1 = 2
dx
a
a + x2
By Integrating, we have
a
x
Tan 1 = 2
dx
a
a + x2

1
= a 2
dx
a + x2
1
1
x
2
dx = Tan 1
2
a
a +x
a
Similarly
dx
1 x
a 2 x 2 = Sin a

dx
x a
2

Question # 5
ex
dx
ex + 3
Put t = e x + 3 dt = e x dx
dt
So I =
= ln t + c
t
= ln e x + 3 + c

Suppose I =

x
1
Sec 1
a
a

Question # 6
Let I =

dx
x + 4 x + 13
2

dx
= 2
x + 2( x ) (2) + (2) 2 (2)2 + 13
dx
=
2
( x + 2 ) 4 + 13
dx
dx
=
2
2
2
( x + 2) + 9
( x + 2 ) + ( 3)
Put t = x + 2 dt = dx
dt
So I = 2 2
t +3
1
t
= Tan1 + c
3
3
1
x+2
= Tan1
+c
3
3
=

Question # 3
x2
4 + x2 dx
4

= 1
2
4+ x

1
4 + x2 x2

dx

1
dx
x

1
So I = dt = ln t + c
t
= ln ln x + c

Question # 2
Let I =

dt =

Put t = ln x

x2 + 4

x+b

(x

+ 2bx + c

Put t = x 2 + 2bx + c
dt = ( 2 x + 2b ) dx

So

1
2

dx

dt = 2 ( x + b ) dx

1
dt = ( x + b ) dx
2
1 dt
1 1
I = 21
= t 2 dt
2
t2
1
+1

1 t 2
=
+c
2 1 1
2 + 1

= x + 2bx + c
2

1
2

1 t2
=
+ c1
2 1
2

+ c1

= x 2 + 2bx + c + c1
Question # 7
sec2 x
Let I =
dx
tan x
Put t = tan x dt = sec2 x dx

FSc-II / Ex- 3.3 - 2

So

dt
t

I =

= t

1
+1
2

1
+1
2

1
2

+ c

= 2 ( tan x )

1
2

= ln x + x 2 a 2 ln a + c1

dt
=

+ c

= ln x + x 2 a 2 + c

1
2

t
1

+ c

where c = ln a + c1

= 2 tan x + c

Important Integral
sec ( sec + tan )
sec d = sec + tan d
sec 2 + sec tan
=
d
sec + tan
sec tan + sec 2
d
=
sec + tan
Take t = sec + tan
dt = sec 2 + sec tan d

So

sec d = t dt
= ln sec + tan + c

sec

cosec cot + c

See proof at page 133

a sec tan d
2

Q 1 + tan 2 = sec 2

= ln sec + sec 2 1 + c1
x
x2
+
1 + c1
a
a2

x
x 2 a2
= ln +
+ c1
a
x2
= ln

x
x 2 a2
+
+ c1
a
a

= ln

x + x2 a 2
+ c1
a

Q 1 sin = cos
2

= a cos a cos d
= a 2 cos 2 d

Q cos =
2

1 + cos 2
2

1 + cos 2
a2
d = (1 + cos 2 ) d
2
2
2
a
sin 2
+
+c

2
2
a2
2sin cos
+
+c
2
2

2
a
+ sin 1 sin 2 + c
x = a sin
2
x
= sin
a 2 1 x x
x2
a
+
1 2 + c
Sin
a a
2
a
x

sin 1 =
a
a 2 1 x x a 2 x 2
+
+
c
Sin

a a
2
a 2

a 2 1 x x a 2 x 2
+
Sin
+c

2
a a
a

2
a 1 x x

Sin
+
a2 x2 + c
2
a a2

2
a
x x 2
Sin 1 +
a x2 + c
2
a 2

= a2

=
=
=
=

Question # 9
dx
Let I =
1 + x2

Put x = tan
I =

x = a sec
x
= sec
a

= a 2 cos 2 a cos d

a 2 sec2 1

a tan
a sec tan d
=
= sec d
a tan
= ln sec + tan + c1

= ln

= a 2 1 sin 2 a cos d

cosec d = ln

So I = a 2 a 2 sin 2 a cos d

d = ln sec + tan + c

Similarly

Let I = a 2 x 2 dx
Put x = a sin
dx = a cos d

= ln t + c

Question # 8(b)

3
2

dx = sec2 d

sec 2 d
3

(1 + tan 2 ) 2
sec 2 d
(sec2 )

3
2

Q 1 + tan 2 = sec 2

sec 2 d
=
sec3
d
=
= cos d = sin + c
sec
sin
1
=
cos + c = tan
+c
cos
sec
1
= tan
+c
1 + tan 2

FSc-II / Ex- 3.3 - 3

x
1 + x2

Q x = tan

+c

1
dx
2
(1 + x ) Tan 1 x
1
1

dx
1
Tan x (1 + x 2 )
1

Put t = Tan x
So

1
dt =
dx
1 + x2

1
I = dt = ln t + c
t
= ln Tan 1 x + c

So I =
=
=
=

1 + sin

cos d
1 + sin

(1 + sin )2
1 sin 2

cos d

=
=

Question # 12
sin
Let I =
d
1 + cos 2
Put t = cos
dt = sin d dt = sin d
dt
dt
So I =
=
2
1+ t
1+ t 2
= tan 1 t + c
= tan 1 ( cos ) + c
Question # 13
ax
Let I =
dx
a2 x4
x
= a
dx
a2 x4
Put t = x 2 then t 2 = x 4
1
dt = 2 x dx dt = x dx
2
1
dt
So I = a 2
a2 t 2

a x
2

= sin

)
dx

dx

( x + 3)2 16

dx

16 ( x + 3)2
Put t = x + 3 dx = dt
dt
dx
So I =
=
2
16 t
(4)2 (t )2
t
= Sin 1 + c
4
x+3
= Sin 1
+c
4
Question # 15
cos x
Let I =
dx
sin x ln sin x
1
cos x
=

dx
ln sin x sin x
dt =

Put t = ln sin x
So

x + 2(3) ( x ) + (3) 2 (3)2 7

(1 + sin )2 cos d

cos 2
1 + sin
=
cos d = (1 + sin ) d
cos
= cos + c
Q x = sin
= 1 sin 2 + c
sin 1 x =
1
2
= Sin x 1 x + c

dx

x2
a
Sin 1 + c
2
a

cos d

Question # 14
dx
Let I =
7 6 x x2
dx
=
x2 + 6 x 7

Question # 11
1+ x
Let I =
dx
1 x
Put x = sin
dx = cos d
1 + sin
1 sin
1 + sin
1 sin

dt

a2 t 2
a
t
= Sin 1 + c
2
a

Question # 10
Let I =

a
2

1
cos x dx
sin x

1
I = dt = ln t + c
t
= ln ln sin x + c

Question # 16
ln sin x
Let I = cos x
dx
sin x
cos x
= ln sin x
dx
sin x
1
cos x dx
sin x
No do yourself

Put t = ln sin x

dt =

Question # 17
x dx
Let I =
4 + 2x + x2
2 x dx
1
= 2
2 x + 2x + 4
+ing and ing 2 in numerator.
1 (2 x + 2) 2
I= 2
dx
2 x + 2x + 4

x
a

FSc-II / Ex- 3.3 - 4

1 2x + 2
2

2
dx

2 x + 2 x + 4 x + 2 x + 4
1
2x + 2
1
2
= 2
dx 2
dx
2 x + 2x + 4
2 x + 2x + 4
d 2
dx
1 dx x + 2 x + 4
2
=
dx 2
2
2
2 x + 2x +1 + 3
x + 2x + 4
1
dx
= ln x 2 + 2 x + 4
2
2
( x + 1) 2 + 3
=

( )

x +1
1
1
= ln x 2 + 2 x + 4
Tan 1
+c
2
3
3
Question # 18
Let I =

x 4 + 2 x2 + 5 dx

Put t = x 2 then t 2 = x 4
1
dt = 2 x dx dt = x dx
2
1
dt
dt
1
So I = 2 2
= 2
2 t + 2t + 1 + 4
t + 2t + 5
1
dt
=
2 (t + 1) 2 + (2) 2
1 1
t +1
= Tan 1
+c
2 2
2
=

x2 + 1
1
Tan 1
+c
4
2

Question # 19

x 1

Let I = cos x
1 dx
2 x

x
Put t = x
2
1
1 1

1 1
dt = x 2 dx dt =
1 dx
2
2 x
2
1

2 dt =
1 dx
x
So I = cos t 2 dt
= 2 cos t dt
= 2sin t + c

Question # 20
x+2
dx
Let I =
x+3
Put t = x + 3 then t 3 = x
dt = dx
t 3+ 2
dx
So I =
t

t 1
t
1
= 1 dx = 1 1
2
(t ) 2
(t ) 2
(t )
1
12

= (t ) (t ) 2 dx

1
+1

+1

(t ) 2
(t ) 2
=

+c
1
1
+1 +1
2
2
=

(t ) 2 (t ) 2
=

+c
3
1
2
2

3
2

1
2( x + 3)
2( x + 3) 2 + c
3
3

2( x + 3) 2
=
2 x+3 +c
3
Question # 21
2
dx
sin x + cos x
1
=
dx
1
( sin x + cos x )
2
1
=
dx
1
1
sin x +
cos x
2
2

= sin
Put cos =
4
4
2
1
So I =
dx

sin sin x + cos cos x

dx = sec x dx
=
4

cos x
4

= ln sec x + tan x + c
4
4

Let I =

Question # 22
Let I =

dx

1
3
sin x +
cos x
2
2
1

3
Q cos =
& sin =
3 2
3
2
dx
I =

cos sin x + sin cos x

dx

=
= cosec x + dx
3

sin x +
3

= ln cosec x + cot x + + c
3
3

Error Analysts
1- Usman Khilji Fazmic Sargodha 2004-06
2- Tahir Waqas UoS Sargodha. 2003-05

The End

dx

17 Oct. 2005