International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882

Volume 5, Issue 8, August 2016

Prediction of voltage stability in power

System by using CPF Method
Pushpanjali Shadangi1, Nisheet Soni2
1
2

M.Tech. Student, Department of Electrical Engineering. RGPV, Bhopal (M.P)

Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, RGPV, Bhopal (M.P)

ABSTRACT
A method for the online testing and estimation of power
system stability is proposed. This paper deals with the
voltage stability by using P V curve method. P V
curve can be drawn by obtaining the various load flow
data. For the load flow analysis we adopted continuous
power flow analysis method on IEEE standard 30 bus
system. Continuous power flow analysis starting from
the initial starting point and reaches to the maximum
loading point. P V curve has been plotted for different
contingency conditions in this paper. A power system
analysis tool is used to run continuation power flow. The
Jacobian matrix of power flow equations becomes
singular at the voltage stability limit. Continuation
power flow overcomes this problem. Continuation
power flow finds successive load flow solutions
according to a load scenario. Power system voltage
stability is analyzed for pre contingency and post
contingency condition by using load ability margin
concept.
Keywords- Voltage stability, continuation power flow,
predictor corrector step, P V curve maximum loading
point.

1. INTRODUCTION
Power System Voltage Stability At any point of time, a
power system operating condition should be stable,
meeting various operational criteria, and it should also
be secure in the event of any credible contingency.
Present day power systems are being operated closer to
their stability limits due to economic and environmental
constraints. Maintaining a stable and secure operation of
a power system is therefore a very important and
challenging issue. It is one of the major sources of power
system insecurity. Voltage instability phenomena are the
ones in which the receiving end voltage decreases well
below its normal value and does not come back even
after setting restoring mechanisms such as VAR
compensators, or continues to oscillate for lack of
damping against the disturbances. Voltage collapse is the

process by which the voltage falls to a low, unacceptable

value as a result of an avalanche of events accompanying
voltage instability. Once associated with weak systems
and long lines, voltage problems are now also a source
of concern in highly developed networks as a result of
heavier loading. The main factors causing voltage
instability in a power system are now well explored and
understood. Simulation results on test power systems are
presented to illustrate the problem of voltage stability
and the conventional methods to analyze the problem.
Limitations of conventional methods of voltage stability
analysis are pointed out and the scope of the use of
continuous power flow method is a better alternative is
discussed.

2. CONTINUATION
METHOD
2.1.

POWER

FLOW

The Predictor-Corrector Continuation Method.

The Jacobian matrix of power flow equations becomes

singular at the voltage stability limit. Continuation
power flow overcomes this problem. Continuation
power flow finds successive load flow solutions
according to a load scenario. It consists of prediction and
correction steps. From a known base solution, a tangent
predictor is used so as to estimate next solution for a
specified pattern of load increase. The corrector step
then determines the exact solution using NewtonRaphson technique employed by a conventional power
flow. After that a new prediction is made for a specified
increase in load based upon the new tangent vector.
Then corrector step is applied. This process goes until
critical point is reached. The critical point is the point
where the tangent vector is zero. The illustration of
predictor-corrector scheme is depicted in Fig.1.

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International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 5, Issue 8, August 2016

Fig.2. Bifurcation diagram for f(x, ).

Fig.1. An illustration of predictor-corrector continuation.

In continuation load flow, first power flow equations are

Reformulated by inserting a load parameter into these
equations (7).
2.2 Mathematical reformulation & analysis of voltage
stability:
The most common methods used in voltage stability
analysis are continuation power flow, point of collapse,
minimum singular value and optimization methods. In
this study, continuation power flow method, widely used
in voltage stability analysis, is utilized in order to
analyze voltage stability of power systems. Voltage
stability can be analyzed by using bifurcation theory.

called equilibrium point where f (xo, o) = 0. For this

value of the linearization of f(x, ) is singular. Fig.1. is
obtained for f(x, ), as changes. When =0 there is a
saddle node point. For <0, there is no equilibrium
whereas for >0 there are two equilibrium points as
stable and unstable points.
The shape of the diagram shown in Fig.1. is quite similar
to the bus voltage versus load parameter curves that are
obtained in the following discussion. Injected powers
can be written for the ith bus of an n-bus system as
follows:

2.2.1. Bifurcation Theory:

Bifurcation theory is used to describe changes in the
qualitative structures of the phase portrait when certain
system parameters change. Local bifurcations can be
studied by analyzing the vector differential equations
near the bifurcation equilibrium points. Voltage collapse
in power systems can be predicted by identifying
parameter values that lead to saddle-node bifurcations.
In order to present the characteristic of bifurcation,
Equation (1) is considered.
( x , ) = = x2

.(1)

In differential Equation (1), x is the state variable and

is a parameter. There is a point called equilibrium point
where f(xo, o) = 0. For this value of the linearization
of f(x, ) is singular. In differential Equation (1), x is the
state variable and is a parameter. There is a point

. (2)
Pi = PGi - PDi ,

Qi = QGi - QDi

..(3)

Where, the subscripts G and D denote generation and

load demand respectively on the related bus. In order to
simulate a load change, a load parameter is inserted
into demand powers PDi and QDi.
PDi

PDio +(Pbase)

QDi = QDio +(Qbase)

.. (4)

PDio and QDio are original load demands on ith bus

whereas Pb base and Qb base are given quantities of
powers chosen to scale appropriately. After
substituting new demand powers in Equation (4) to
Equation (3), new set of equations can be represented as:

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F (, V, ) = 0

.(5)

453

International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 5, Issue 8, August 2016

Where, denotes the vector of bus voltage angles and

V denotes the vector of bus voltage magnitudes. The
base solution for =0 is found via a power flow. Then,
the continuation and parameterization processes are
applied.
2.2.2. Prediction Step

Where k is the state variable chosen as continuation

parameter and is the predicted value of this state
variable. Equation (9) can be solved by using a slightly
modified Newton-Raphson power flow method.

In this step, a linear approximation is used by taking an

appropriately sized step in a direction tangent to the
solution path. Therefore, the derivative of both sides of
Equation (5) is taken.
F d + FVdV +Fd = 0
=0

..(6)

In order to solve Equation (6), one more equation is

needed since an unknown variable is added to load
flow equations. This can be satisfied by setting one of
the tangent vector components to +1 or -1 which is also
called continuation parameter. Setting one of the tangent
vector components +1 or -1 imposes a non-zero value on
the tangent vector and makes Jacobian nonsingular at the
critical point. As a result Equation (6) becomes:

.(9

3. PARAMETERIZATION
Selection of continuation parameter is important in
continuation power flow. Continuation parameter is the
state variable with the greatest rate of change. Initially,
is selected as continuation parameter since at first
steps there are small changes in bus voltages and angles
due to light load. When the load increases after a few
steps the solution approaches the critical point and the
rate of change of bus voltages and angles increase.
Therefore, selection of continuation parameter is
checked after each corrector step. The variable with the
largest change is chosen as continuation parameter. If the
parameter is increasing +1 is used, if it is decreasing -1
is used in the tangent vector in Equation (7).

3.1. Determination of critical point.

=

.(7)

Where is the appropriate row vector with all

elements equal to zero except the kth element equals 1.
At first step W is chosen as the continuation parameter.
As the process continues, the state variable with the
greatest rate of change is selected as continuation
P
P+1 of parameterization.
parameter due to nature
By solving
Equation (7), the tangent vector can be found. Then, the
prediction can be made as follows:
P
P+1
=
+
.(8)
Where the subscript p+1 denotes the next predicted
solution. The step size is chosen so that the predicted
solution is within the radius of convergence of the
corrector. If it is not satisfied, a smaller step size is
chosen.
2.2.3. Correction Step
In correction step, the predicted solution is corrected by
using local parameterization. The original set of equation
is increased by one equation that specifies the value of
state variable chosen and it results in:

The continuation power flow is stopped when critical

point is reached as it is seen in the flow chart. Critical
point is the point where the loading has maximum value.
After this point it starts to decrease. The tangent
component of is zero at the critical point and
negative beyond this point. Therefore, the sign of d
shows whether the critical point is reached or not.

3.2. Continuation Method without Parameterization.

Although parameterization is necessary to guarantee the
non-singularity of Jacobian matrix in power flow
equations, the continuation equations of the corrector
step can be shown nonsingular at the collapse point. In
this method, continuation power flow is applied without
changing continuation parameter. Load parameter is
selected as continuation parameter in all prediction and
correction steps. The non-singularity of Jacobian in this
method can be obtained by reducing step size as the
solution approaches to critical point. In this study,
continuation
power
flow
method
without
parameterization is utilized so as to analyze the voltage
stability of systems since it gives satisfactory results.
The procedure of the method is shown systematically as
in Fig.3. in the form of flow chart.

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International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 5, Issue 8, August 2016

4. CONTINUATION POWER FLOW TO

IEEE-30 BUS SYSTEM
Here continuation power flow method is applied to
following sample systems using Matlab based power
system analysis tools.IEEE-30 bus system consists of 6
generators, 41 transmission lines, 21 loads, 7 Inter Ties
and 3 Areas. IEEE-30 bus test system shown in Fig.5.
The continuation power flow is run with two different
conditions.
1) Without any outage condition(pre contingency case).
2) With outage condition(post contingency case).
CPF results are shown in Table I and II and P-V curve of
the system with and without outage is shown in Fig.6
and Fig.7.Continuation power flow is run up to
bifurcation point, that means when maximum loading
point reaches power flow will stop.

Fig.3. Flow chart for predictor corrector method.

3.3. Loadability Margin Index

The most basic and widely accepted index is loading
margin. The loading margin is straightforward and easily
understood. It can be applicable to any type of power
system model static as well as dynamic. In case of
contingency the loadability margin is reduced to lower
value. Voltage stability margin is defined as distance
with respect to the bifurcation parameter, from the
current operating point to voltage collapse point. The
system is said to be voltage secure if this margin is
reasonably high. In this paper this voltage stability
margin is referred to as maximum loadability margin.
Fig.5.IEEE standard 30 bus system

5. SIMULATION RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The P-V curve has been drawn for two cases:Case1:- while considering 30 buses, 6 generators, 6
committed generators, 41 transmission line , 21 loads , 7
inter-ties , 3 areas. For this case all the load flow
analysis parameters are calculated and listed in Table I.
The P-V curve under this condition is shown in fig.6.
Fig.4. P-V Curve for Pre-contingency and Post-contingency
case.

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International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 5, Issue 8, August 2016
TABLE 1: BUS DATA
Bus

Voltage

Mag(pu)

Ang(deg)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

1
1
0.873
0.851
0.125
0.785
0.488
0.772
0.889
0.944
0.889
0.95
1
0.947
0.955
0.939
0.937
0.937
0.931
0.933
0.984
1
1
0.989
0.99
0.972
1
0.806
0.98
0.968

0.000*
-9.676
-10.019
-12.427
-67.147
-15.438
-22.597
-16.212
-15.99
-16.231
-15.99
-13.312
-10.188
-14.382
-14.762
-14.901
-16.092
-16.111
-16.698
-16.646
-17.148
-17.304
-14.986
-16.29
-15.236
-15.685
-14.305
-15.919
-15.605
-16.518
Total:

Generation
P
Q
(MW) (MVAr)
352.16
-15.71
60.97
707.41
37
36.45
21.59
112.27
19.2
20.68
26.91
52.47
517.83 913.58

Case 2:- Considering outage condition i.e. while branch

10th and 2nd generator are in outage due to some fault
Load
condition. The load flow analysis data sheet is shown
P
Q
in Table II. The related P-V curve is shown in fig.7.
(MW) (MVAr)
21.7
2.4
7.6
94.2
22.8
30
5.8
11.2
6.2
8.2
3.5
9
3.2
9.5
2.2
17.5
3.2
8.7
3.5
2.4
10.6
283.4

12.7
1.2
1.6
19
10.9
30
2
7.5
1.6
2.5
1.8
5.8
0.9
3.4
0.7
11.2
1.6
6.7
2.3
0.9
1.9
126.2

Fig.7. P-V Curve with outage condition

(post contingency)

CONCLUSION
Voltage stability margin can be found easily by CPF
as we can observe from the above result. P-V curve
and maximum loading point can access. From the
curve obtained and found loadability margin
variation for pre contingency and post contingency
condition which clearly indicates that how loadability
margin shifts toward origin during outage and the
collapse point variation can be easily observed.
Only collapse point is not enough for voltage stability
assessment. From loadability margin weakest bus can
identify. The Weakest bus identification is done by
without excessive calculation. Placement of reactive
power sources such as Fact devices, capacitor bank is
known to us. This CPF method is more accurate and
simple for Voltage stability analysis.

Fig.6. P-V Curve without outage condition (pre

contingency)

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International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 5, Issue 8, August 2016

TABLE II: BUS DATA

Bus

Voltage

Generator
P
Q
(MW) (MVAr)
255.49 166.73

REFERENCES

Load
P
Q
(MW) (MVAr)
-

Mag(pu)

Ang(deg)

0.000*

0.896

-5.585

21.7

12.7

0.877

-7.13

2.4

1.2

0.854

-8.827

7.6

1.6

0.776

-16.661

94.2

19

0.811

-10.935

0.785

-13.994

22.8

10.9

0.162

-34.545

30

30

0.902

-11.685

10

0.949

-12.02

5.8

11

0.902

-11.685

12

0.952

-9.356

11.2

7.5

13

-6.236

37

35.59

14

0.948

-10.387

6.2

1.6

15

0.956

-10.729

8.2

2.5

16

0.942

-10.839

3.5

1.8

17

0.942

-11.924

5.8

18

0.94

-12.015

3.2

0.9

19

0.934

-12.561

9.5

3.4

20

0.937

-12.49

2.2

0.7

21

0.986

-12.851

17.5

11.2

22

-12.979

21.59

102.44

23

-10.869

19.2

20.02

3.2

1.6

24

0.989

-12.115

8.7

6.7

25

0.99

-11.258

26

0.972

-11.707

3.5

2.3

27

-10.447

26.91

81.02

28

0.694

-12.58

29

0.98

-11.747

2.4

0.9

30

0.968

-12.66
Total:

360.19

405.8

10.6
283.4

1.9
126.2

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