Introduction
Fluid
Mechanics
Fluid at rest
=0
(Chapter 2)
What is fluid?
(Chapter 1)
=m at
a point
(Chapter 6)
(Chapters 1-9)
=m over a
finite volume
(Chapter 5)
Fluid in motion
=m
(Chapters 3-9)
of fluid
(Chapters 4)
=m along a
stream
(Chapter 3)
Internal Flows
(Chapter 8)
Understand and
simplify the
description
(Chapter 7)
External Flows
(Chapter 9)
A Road Map
Differential Analysis
Ch VI
Ch V
Ch IV
Ch III
Ch I
Dimensional
Analysis
Ch VII
Finite Control
Volume
Fluid
Kinematics
Ch VIII
Ch IX
Internal Flow
External Flow
Bernoulli
Equation
Hydrostatics
Ch II
Fluid Properties.
Chapter I: Fluid Properties
What is fluid?
Fluid is not a state of matter
Fluid cannot hold its shape: Fluidity
Fluid Properties
How to quantify the deformability of fluid?
Fluid Properties
Two basic ways to deform a physical body
Compression/Tension: deformation
caused by force normal to surface
Shear (deformation caused by
force tangent to surface)
Unlike solid, fluid cannot resist shear
force !
An Experiment on Solid
Apply shear force to a solid object
Shear stress:
Deformation/strain:
The deformability of a solid can be characterized as: /
An Experiment on Liquid
Apply shear force to a fluid
No slip condition
Shear stress:
Deformation changes with time: for time
Rate of deformation/strain rate,
The deformability of a fluid can be characterized as: /
Viscosity, precisely, dynamic viscosity
Viscosity
Apply shear force to a fluid
coefficient of viscosity
Dynamic (absolute) viscosity
kg/m s or N s/m2 or Pa s
kinematic viscosity
m2/s
Viscosity: A property that represents the internal resistance of a fluid
to motion or the fluidity.
Macroscopic view of viscosity: Viscosity is due to the internal
frictional force that develops between different layers of fluids as
they are forced to move relative to each other.
Newtonian Fluid
Newtonian fluid: the rate of
deformation
of
is
proportional to shear stress,
and
the
constant
of
proportionality
is
the
viscosity.
Notes:
Both air and water are
Newtonian fluid.
Discuss mainly Newtonian
fluids in this course
Viscosity depends
temperature
on
Viscosity as a function of temperature
Microscopic view of viscosity:
Viscosity is caused by the cohesive
forces between the molecules in
liquids and by the molecular
collisions in gases, and it varies
greatly with temperature.
For liquids, viscosity decreases with temperature
For gases, viscosity increases with temperature
Viscosity of Common Fluids
Water and air, which one is more viscous?
Water has higher dynamic viscosity but lower kinematic viscosity
than that of air.
Viscometer
Viscometer: a device that
measures viscosity.
Non-Newtonian Fluids
Non-Newtonian fluid: the
viscosity (the slope of a
curve at a point is the
apparent viscosity of the
fluid at that point) varies
with different shear stress/
strain rate
Non-Newtonian Fluids
Surface Tension
Another unique property of fluid occurs at the liquid-gas interface.
Surface tension force: the pulling force that
causes the tension acts parallel to the surface.
Surface tension force is present at gas-liquid
interface and acts along the contact line
formed by the object deforming the interface.
Surface tension coefficient : the magnitude of
this pulling force per unit length, F/L, unit N/m
Surface tension can be treated as an effect that
Liquid tends to minimize its surface energy
Surface tension: The work done per unit increase in the surface area of the liquid.
Surface Tension
Attractive forces acting on a liquid molecule
at the surface and deep inside the liquid.
Microscopic view of surface tension:
The intensity of molecular attractions per
unit length.
Stretching a liquid film with a Ushaped wire, and the forces acting
on the movable wire of length b.
Temperature Dependence of Surface Tension
Surface tension of water decreases with the increasing temperature.
Microscopic explanation.
A water strider example
What is the minimum interface to support a water strider?
Ways to Change Surface Tension Force
Increase the contact interface
Increase the surface tension coefficient
Surfactants
Surfactants are chemical compounds that lower the surface tension of a liquid.
A drop of soap on the water surface destroys the water-repellency of the water
strider, from Bush et al. 2007
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Pressure inside a soap bubble
Two experiments
Here are two experiments that you can perform at home.
From NSF fluid video series
From candleandsoap.about.com
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Wettability and Contact Angle
Contact Angle : as the angle that the
tangent to the liquid surface makes with
the solid surface at the point of contact
Perfect wetting: =0
High wettability: 0
<90
Low wettability: 90
180
Perfectly non-wetting: =180
Wettability depends on:
Liquid property
Surface condition
Capillary Effect
Capillary effect: The rise or fall of a liquid in a small-diameter tube
inserted into the liquid.
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Capillary Effect
Liquid Rise in a Capillary Tube
Liquid rise is inversely proportional to the
radius of the tube and density of the
liquid.
Capillary rise: the liquid rise in narrow tubes
or confined flow channels.
The capillary effect is partially responsible
for the rise of water to the top of tall trees.
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Liquid Rise in a Capillary Tube: wetting fluid
P
Other Examples of Surface Tension
http://web.mit.edu/hml/ncfmf.html
From NSF surface tension film: 19:30-20:30
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Other Examples of Surface Tension
From NSF surface tension film: 23:10-26:20
Compressibility of Fluid
Compressibility: the ability of fluid to change its volume with a change
in its temperature or pressure.
Bulk Modulus: characterize the compressibility
of fluid
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Compressibility of Gas
For idea gas, there are two common paths to change the pressure
For isothermal process
For isentropic process
Gas becomes less compressible at higher pressure.
Compressibility of Liquid
www.thefaburicator.com
Liquids can be considered incompressible in many applications
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Water Hammer Effect
Water hammer: characterized by a sound that resembles the sound
produced when a pipe is hammered. This occurs when a liquid in a
piping network encounters an abrupt flow restriction (such as a
closing valve) and is locally compressed.
Water hammer arrestors: (a) A large surge
tower built to protect the pipeline against water
hammer damage. (b) Much smaller arrestors
used for supplying water to a household
washing machine.
Compressibility of Flow
Incompressible flow: If the density of flowing fluid remains nearly
constant throughout (e.g., liquid flow).
Compressible flow: If the density of fluid changes during flow
(e.g., high-speed gas flow)
Thermal effect induced
density change
High speed induced
density change
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Speed of Sound
Compressibility vs Speed of Sound?
Sound: Propagation of vibration as a mechanical wave of pressure.
www.native-drums.ca
The speed of sound is faster in media that are less compressible.
Derivation of Speed of sound
Speed of sound can be derived based on
control volume analysis (Chapter 5)
The first analytical expression
derived by Newton. The speed
of sound in air is
c=
The modern expression for speed of sound
in any fluid
c=
dpd
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Examples
Temperature T=15
, P=101 kPa, what is the speed of sound in air?
Examples
Temperature T=15
, P=101 kPa, what is the speed of sound in water?
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Subsonic and Supersonic
Mach number: Ma=V/c
Subsonic flow: Ma<1; Supersonic flow: Ma>1
Shockwave forms when the flow speed passes the speed of sound
Compressibility effect is neglected when Ma<0.3 conventionally
Supersonic Flow in Water????
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Checklist of Chapter I
Introduction (what is fluid?)
Understand in depth what fluid is: Fluidity
Understand the rate of strain and what the viscosity of fluid is.
Understand the difference between Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids.
Viscometer and its working principle.
Surface tension
Understand microscopic and macroscopic explanation of surface tension
Know what is; the direction and acting location of surface tension force
Able to calculate the pressure inside droplet/air bubble/soap bubble
Understand the cause of capillary rise/fall and know how to calculate
Compressibility and speed of sound
Understand how to define the compressibility of a fluid
Able to quantify the compressibility of idea gas.
Understand the relation between compressibility and speed of sound
Calculate speed of sound, Mach number
Categorize incompressible and compressible flow using Mach number
Review knowledge from previous courses
Dimensions and units, density, specific weight and gravity, idea gas law.
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