Scribd
Upload
70 views

I. Cell Structure

This document provides information about cell structure and physiology. It discusses the parts of the cell including the nucleus, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles like mitochondria and ribosomes, and cytoskeleton. It describes the functions of these parts. The document also explains passive diffusion and active transport as ways materials move across the cell membrane. Cell division is summarized including interphase, mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase), and cytokinesis which completes cell division into two daughter cells.

Uploaded by

Allyson Carlos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
70 views

I. Cell Structure

This document provides information about cell structure and physiology. It discusses the parts of the cell including the nucleus, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles like mitochondria and ribosomes, and cytoskeleton. It describes the functions of these parts. The document also explains passive diffusion and active transport as ways materials move across the cell membrane. Cell division is summarized including interphase, mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase), and cytokinesis which completes cell division into two daughter cells.

Uploaded by

Allyson Carlos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

Cabacungan, Easabelle Demman E.

Canlas, Glen Katrine L.


Capiral, Joseph Edward C.
Capulong Hazel Joy Krissen F.
Carlos, Allyson Denise N.

GROUP 2
2J-PH

I. CELL STRUCTURE
Part
A. Nucleus

Structure
A large organelle usually located
near the center of the cell

1. Nuclear Envelope

Consists of outer and inner


membrane with a narrow space
between them

2. Nucleolus (Nucleoli)

Different bodies with no


surrounding membrane that are
found within the nucleus

3. Chromatin

Chromosomes that are loosely


coiled. Located in the cytoplasm

Function
Contain genetic material of cell
(DNA) and nucleoli, site of RNA
synthesis and ribosomal subunit
assembly
The inner and outer membranes
come to form a nuclear pores,
through which materials can pass
into or out of the nucleus
Subunits of ribosomes are
formed within a nucleolus.
Proteins produced in cytoplasm
move through the nuclear pores
into the nucleus and to the
nucleolus
Site of aerobic respiration and
the major site of ATP synthesis

B. Plasma Membrane

The fundamental structure of the


membrane is the phospholipid
bilayer, which forms a stable
barrier between two aqueous
compartments

Proteins embedded within the


phospholipid bilayer carry out the
specific functions of the plasma
membrane, including selective
transport of molecules and cellcell recognition. It forms the outer
boundary of the cell, through
which the cell interacts with its
external environment.

C. Cytoplasm

The jelly-like fluid that fills a cell


is called cytoplasm. It is made up
of mostly water and salt.
Cytoplasm is present within the
cell membrane of all cell types
and contains all organelles and
cell parts.

Cytoplasm is responsible for


giving a cell its shape. It helps to
fill out the cell and keeps
organelles in their place. Without
cytoplasm, the cell would be
deflated and materials would not
be able to pass easily from one
organelle to another.
Major sited of the adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) production
within cells. Carry out Aerobic
Respiration
It is the site of protein synthesis.

1. Mitochondria

Small organelles with inner and


outer membranes separated by a
space

2. Ribosome

May be attached to other


organelles such as the
endoplasmic reticulum
A series of membranes forming
sacs and tubules that extends

3. Endoplasmic Reticulum

Functions as a manufacturing
and packaging system.

a. Rough

b. Smooth

4. Golgi Apparatus

5. Lysosomes

from the outer nuclear membrane


into the cytoplasm.
In cytoplasm. ER with ribosomes
attach to it

In cytoplasm

A complex of vesicles and folded


membranes within the cytoplasm
of most eukaryotic cells,
An organelle in the cytoplasm of
eukaryotic cells containing
degradative enzymes enclosed in
a membrane

6. Peroxisomes

A small organelle that is present


in the cytoplasm of many cells

7. Vesicles

A small fluid-filled bladder, sac,


cyst, or vacuole within the body

8. Cytoskeleton

Microscopic network of protein


filaments and tubules in the
cytoplasm of many living cells
A microscopic tubular structure
present in numbers in the
cytoplasm of cells, sometimes
aggregating to form more
complex structures

a. Microtubules

b. Microfilaments

c. Intermediate filament

Small rod-like structure, about 4


7 nanometers in diameter,
present in numbers in the
cytoplasm of many eukaryotic
cells
Cytoskeletal components found
in the cells of many animal
species.

Large amount of rough ER in a


cells indicates that is
synthesizing large amounts of
protein for export from the cell.
Site for lipid synthesis and
participates in detoxification of
chemicals within cells. Stores
calcium ions in skeletal muscle
cells.
Involved in secretion and
intracellular transport.
Contain digestive enzymes. A
primary function of it is to remove
wastes. They digest excess or
worn out organelles, food
particles, and engulfed viruses or
bacteria.
Contains the reducing enzyme
catalase and usually some
oxidases
They are cellular envelopes that
are used to transport materials
from one place to
another. Vesicles also
function in metabolism and
enzyme storage as well.
Gives cells shape and coherence

Microtubules are like conveyer


belts inside the cells. They move
vesicles, granules, organelles
like mitochondria, and
chromosomes via special
attachment proteins. They also
serve a cytoskeletal role.
The polymers of these linear
filaments are flexible but still
strong, resisting crushing and
buckling while providing support
to the cell.
They are composed of a family of
related proteins sharing common
structural and sequence features.
Initially designated 'intermediate'
because their average diameter
(10 nm) is between those of
narrower microfilaments (actin)

9. Centrioles

Minute cylindrical organelle near


the nucleus in animal cells,
occurring in pairs

and wider myosin filaments found


in muscle cells, the diameter of
Intermediate filaments is now
commonly compared to actin
microfilaments (7 nm) and
microtubules (25 nm).[1][3] Most
types of intermediate filaments
are cytoplasmic, but one type,
the lamins, are nuclear.
Involved in the development of
spindle fibers in cell division.

II. CELL PHYSIOLOGY


A. Passive Process
1. Diffusion
a. Simple

b. Osmosis

c. Facilitated

2. Filtration

B. Active Process
1. Active Transport

Process where in solutes (ions or


molecules) tend to move from an area of
higher concentration of a solute to an area
of lower concentration of that same solute
in solution.
o Diffusion of a solvent (water) across a
selectively permeable membrane (cell
membrane) from a region of higher water
concentration to one of lower water
concentration.
o Process that moves substances across the
cell membrane from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower
concentration of that substance.
Solute-containing fluid moves from a high pressure
area to a lower pressure area by hydrostatic
pressure
o

o
2. Vesicular Transport

It is a carrier-mediated process that moves


substances across the cell membrane from
regions of lower concentration to those of
higher concentration.
Requires energy in the form of ATP; if ATP
is not available, active transport stops.
The use of vesicles to move the contents of
the cell. Vesicles are membrane-bound
sacs.
Because of the fluid nature of membranes,
vesicles and cell membranes can fuse,
allowing the contents of the vesicles to
cross the cell membrane.

3. Exocytosis

o
4. Endocytosis

o
5. Receptor-mediayed Endocytosis

o
o

Secretory vesicles accumulate materials


for release from the cell. The secretory
vesicles move to the cell membrane, and
the material in the vesicle is eliminated
from the cell.
Vesicle formation requires energy in the
form of ATP.
Endocytosis is the uptake of material
through the cell membrane by the
formation of a vesicle.
The cell membrane invaginates (folds
inward) to form a vesicle containing the
material to be taken into the cell. The
vesicle then moves into the cytoplasm.
Vesicle formation requires energy in the
form of ATP.
Endocytosis exhibits specificity.
The cell membrane contains specific
receptor molecules that bind to specific
substances. When the substance binds to
the receptor molecule, endocytosis is
triggered, and the substance is transported
into the cell.

III. CELL DIVISION


A. Interphase
Time between cell divisions
During the interphase, the DNA is replicated. The
two strands of DNA separate and the
nucleotides of each strand pair with nucleotides
that are subsequently joined by enzymes to form
new strands of DNA. The two new strands of
DNA combine with the two template strands to
form two double strands of DNA. Interphase
results then to a cell that has two sets of genetic
material. At the end, the DNA is dispersed
throughout the nucleus as thin threads called
chromatin.
B. Mitosis
1. Prophase

2. Metaphase

3. Anaphase

During prophase, microtubules called spindle


fibers extend from the centrioles to the
centromeres. The centrioles divide and
migrate to each pole of the cell. Later, the
nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear.
In metaphase, the chromosomes align near
the center of the cell.
At the start of anaphase, chromatids separate

4. Telophase

into two which are then called chromosomes.


The cell then contains two identical sets of 46
chromosomes. Each set is moved by the
spindle fiber toward the centriole at one of the
poles. By the end, each set of chromosomes
has migrated to opposite poles, then the
cytoplasm begins to divide.
During telophase, the chromosomes
disperse, the nuclear envelopes and the
nucleoli form, and the cytoplasm continues to
divide.

C. Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis is the completion of the cytoplasm
division where two separate daughter cells are
produced.

You might also like