C'ON'FENTS

Arabictcrminoloqlt's
Syntax

qw-xlaptxmnoi

.-.

!1

'I'tkeword
'1ilt!flfhkll)
'
l-kcverb
'rheparficle

ul2s
:l!

2
3

k.h.
2s

'4
)

'1hesen4ence

l'henunnativesentence
T'heverbaisentent'e

'l'I1ephraseorillcolrlpletesentent'e
1DescriptivttPhrase
2 PtlssttsslvePllrase
5 DemonstrativePlprase
.
4 NunterlkialPbrase
5 IndccllnablePhrase

Addltionalntdles-Qx=l7.1...s
tummao
Slgnst'fanchun-&eCL3-particle
CAtneraluotes
Persona!pfontuns
PretzosilIlns
'Lhtpsepaalclesfhalresenpbletlleverb
Auxjliao'(defective)verbs
'I'hevowels
T'hecases
I.
)tl'
fclerlcebetween1Ao.v..-. .z.
x arld Jm,.
w Lxu Rw.w...;

,aaal

rtxl1v
..slh-s
uulll.
-!-.
-$$..r*ko9
L..s
,<zl
=
.,.
l...
w1l.
7-,.....0'1.
i1w..ih

Lot
-.uliklu!j.
t:m:
xJl
uul'e.y

4
4
4
5

uzayLc!lJ alp..t.v.
si.
aa.t.
ctup

11iwrof-g.l

..

oauuus'f! i.J.l

ksaun !J.>1p

us
uaxli;'atzal149.3

7
7

ax..
x!lx.uJ .v

k?

l(1
wi
aax-lha.

11
l2

a;t.x.
us
at'
xjtwyax-!k
..
huuutooczlw:Iswlh

l.3
!4
15

>i1b>=h
.fIwoto.
''
tc
.

7.-'
mtvt!lt
xil

l7

wpl
ao'j't

19
!9
l?

cu'ftzull

l
G()Ve1'l)1I1g1)(JtII1!;
.

t.txlj.ux.s..fj

7fj

J..k-<1.
tw i

m%!.=;

J)
,
'?j

..1
u11r.1

74

'

lIlt'1)()J1jrls'erl,iltj;1)ar:iclt's
..

'

'Iiualp

1q

'. l!'UxI
,,.y
j

;)
y;

at
=

'?

ruJ!t.=l

'.I
.

'

%b1:1l..
hxwi

;c:

;xlt.)' i

.'>

k1.txj!ays.jj.:,w.-!1
1uuuul z
) w'j-%Qy!.uJ<w

yf,
'it
ytt

J4j

) g.v-u.aIb.,..cx
j t.=w
ax=1p-,l-va.
iq r-.xu...xulI.-...w
ttu.>!u
q)r..I '
.rpIM

;;I
7
'
'F
'.

$t--?Iu.z.x

..

b)..M xulI

.'=.

l().j.
sl:kki.LP
II .1u.,..

.hl

i2kuly1u,.,.x

'ht
,

13 avxu$t >
6#
15 ttu1
...u
Ik.
n -.1.ijunox

?1,
')
J()
.
;r4)
'

ru'p

Ntptln

u.
ku

Verb
I'itl.tIcle
N1asculjnc
IenllI1lne
spIlgular
llual
I>ItIral

..
...
.x

su

ut.
u-'p

s.x1..4

tgl
..-

Qo
1.*
uotn.,x

Jlauli<-.!.:.
x-)1
w.!
-

g;1
wtaka
bpu

tw

.>Q

A RA1.11('
''1'ERN11N()l.0(;IES 7..
s..,
x)puot-w'kl...
o.I
.

'

--

hlhtarlv't)vvels1cp'
c///?tz/? t//?tlrrlrrpcz/? z 24t.br.1I:
(t111j)&'()&r/t)Isit> < - I-..j
Sl#1()rtk(z&vcls(z-wnzt 1-.:1)ar
lli(.>naknel-gzi)1(111!4%'()vk.
tyls
/.tJp/?://t2rzp '' z//ztzrrpzz?zlltzyz?; I'zdrtl/tzlll
'

'1Iette!vvithab'llk6h()t2(')
.
'

ulu
z.
a

A Ie1tefwithatavhdccd(.)

y.l.
s
k.i
v.v.
x.

ltibjeotlc.doer
'
Ollject1t!u()0nwkom t)rwLattheworkwasdone

JxtrJ-w.x.

(ltpverningwordiethatwordwhlchcauses/'rfztz?lckangeinlhewtlnl/sftlllowlng It
Ihegokerne.dwordiethatwordinwhichthc?'rtulbchangeocctlred
I'heactiveverbiethatverbthcdocrofwhichTsknown/mcntioned
'l'hegassiveverbiethatverbthedoerofwhichlsnotknown/mentioned
Theintransitiveverbiethatverbwhichcanbeunderstoodwithouta2.6.m
'I'hetransitiveverbie thatkerbwhichcannotbefullyunderstoodwithoutaJaxa.

.-..
,....21..

2.21
Jxa.1l3..11
ra'k)l..$
<18
vsautl.)
..11
o.a
.w,....1
z..p.
wtux'b

Adetinltenoun indicatedbyanJ1 eg J-4'I' thehuse(aparticular/spcclfichouse)

.
%commonnoun indicatedbyaltwzwduw cg XJ gbouse(anyhouse)

taz.za'//JItlt.x WordwithadhammahontheIaslletter.

wp
a.u.c
x.ua/s.-um21Lht.vWordwltbalhtthonthclastlettcr
oa.z..
xe/....11tlu W ordwithaAtz-jzw//on1helastIetter

'1'11ESl'
.N'I'ENf'E th11'
.v..g.1-kwuzala ..21-ry.
'i3!
'I'herearetwot5.
'pest)fsenfences
A.ta
e.uet.w (Ilalselltencewiljtrhhas1l1epossibilityofbeingtrueorfalse
-.z
B.tg1.t.:Ittu t1):1tsentcncew#)icildoesnothavetheposslbl1ityofbeingtrueorfalse

k
I
!

A.t,
+,ut!.wisoftwotypes:
-,
l.t.az,
.u.1lGwmxal71..11 tllalsentenccwllichbegsllswitllanoun

1hesecondrarlol
'thtsent
encetanbeanounoraverb

!
.

ti1efirstpartoftheselltelyceiscalledla.
+.(subject)t)r<.
,11$,
'...-

lhesecondpartot-thtzstntenceiscalleda.t.u(prcdicate)ora.
z.x.o(thewtlrdgivingthe
infbrmationl
thc1.%.isgcncrallyuaxoandthe....1.gcncrallyz.gu
botilparts(1.0.,..andx.u)willbez-v...o

cg

.LL. c;)!
:4
.1 i+.x-l2t.w = .'Q + 142+.
-,

NB A benlenccIllayhavemorethanonea..u..k
eg

!s
.>'
v

.a.x ie..iit.w . 2.-

9 A
u
..,
z

A'Z'

3+JI

+ l.z+x + p.k4=

2.i.uzuvl
!tyl.kl!1....11lI)a(scntellcewllikrllbej;it)swltila'kel!)

i.

1
1
*
'

thcfirstpartof'thcsentencelscalledwto ora.
%...ua
Illesecondpartol.lheKen!entzeIscalledk.$ctifar%l1.kl....
xan(!willalwaysbtlrx.sz.,a

eg

...l-

L.a+
xtg.
u71.p .y u

+ sxi
NB 1nthktabovcexamplethcvcrbisanintransitivevcrb( .9yllk.
canbeundersl()oc1withou!aJaxa.a

i
' >.
l1
!)i
ethatvef
bwhi
'
ch
l sl
#Iftl
'everblsatransiti
veverb(ksa-o,.k..,)lethatvcrbwhichcannotbefullyundersteodwitl,oulaa,.u.
.

:!
.

t
'.

.
j

l
1
.
1.

l
I

tlnt'llaa.sx.
uwlllbeadkledandwilll)eva.

a.
z
.
x.az
'
US p

eg

c
'd11

,,
2
wW

L..

z
.xGi
u7
1. . ' + q
yu + N

.,
'
ISF.
vscthefolIoli
wXinKgIts(e'q
'
1rrans1ate,1iIIIrltIltxp'rtzw/k,ttndaaal'
n1ences
aazotxrlup
b wkwwotw/i
da
'..u.;wa k.=wa1
e ukp.;I-zza
2W,hatlsthed1
Tere!lct?betwt't'n(e)antl(f)at
3ove.)
J

c .qJ!auxc.i
t'u.iou;w.;!

'1'1li'
,131.1RAh4EOR 1N('()M PI.i'
.'I'F.SF-N'INENf'E c-ztustves-g.s- k...'-a+ot.
t.I'hrasesaI't!()1*lih.etypes
'
l.ucie.
uoaal1wxi
l.z1l(DescriptivePhrasej
aphraKewhereinonew(1Itidescribes1het1lher
t1lttdescnbi11gwt'rdisk'alletjam..

th('objt.ctbeing(1escI1bed1scaI!edu-woy
theuw-o.r and'ki.
-axnlustcorrespondin
a l'rzcl/l
b Genderie mascullneandlkmknine
c Nunlberleslngulaf.dualanclglural
d Mu'r(
/iJ?.'afldNazlnllt.
'
z
't-lp
eg Jxk'vl$.-11a
-f
pt.:.lt,.i j,y.
io'
u=

Aymy

u=

uyoy

.,
!e

.y '7
..
.ujQd '
am.h
Qxo uyx'y

2. xtz.s.f1kvxsalp (PossessivePhrase)
aphrasewhereill1hesecondword(4.,11...11..
--)ownsorgosscssestilelirst(..,1.
=-)
thc...11...
--wiIIIzevergetaJ1(71'aJtlzr/fve'/).
the.t,1!.-i1...-v.
,111alwaysbe134=8
lltethzzz//()1-theat..
--willbeaccordingtotl4eul.tsgoverningtt
eg
-k)
'' '
-L.
Zaid'sbook /BtlokofZaid
-)
.vt
'u
Wiouw acn

NB 1 Sometimesmany.-11.--/..sl,.a1.'-.arcfbundinonesinglepkrasc
ttg
wkig''i
''
JuThedoorofthenlan'sllouse
V1UQ:XX .41.-.:V1wil',' wi1.='

2.If'au....ofthewil.-.ishroudlt.1:shouldcomeinlllledhatelyallerlhe4+11..,!.-.wItkaI1Ji
andthesamel'raabaslhatoftbe..
41.--.
eg a: I ;.tg1p v;ta
Ihcnewclotlfof(hehouse
i1.-11tkw

Q1=i!.'n. wik''-'

3 Ifati.umofthe.+)1u-.uuu isbroughtitshouldcomelmmediatelyafler1(4.)1..i$..--),

correspondingwilhlt(.+11uui.--)ie in!hefouraspectsmentionedearLier

Ch!

).e*t.,2.1

..J'
.Jh
,..

3h'

u.w + uy or

41Dton

3G

()

Thedoorofthenewhouse

StlMM AItY
wat.x

N L

wordu...u

------+go .a

.--..-

.>su..
z.t

>u

HR

li
3.tdl.s+

L> W w
nleanlngful t.
- .u

t.a tkw
t.
at
.
.u u.;s
ax!

rt:to-vk

>
<cb.?

%;lultt.w

pla.
uAA

ulleranxl:%2

selztcnczseg
h-vH

IA

u,w> R=. - - + oat:J y

UJLJ.
0a.=1s.wsy
rncanlnglcss.
.)
.+.

1.()

!IGNS()FA N()lN rM:1.0u.u

>,p.f'
t'h? Lx-,J1
eg ;..'
kw
'J
Zt,..
k'!:t V
k-'...;''
w'
tl!r iklb
cg vxL.o'
-

f fA1.t'tt'kft'tft)Ntl1) I
i
'
-' I
.
'f't't'k.'tItg'(1@'%'ao.
w ...w.w
l /l??ps't''?lt)Il1l)c Ict.>lI<'tter

4 h:r)(lln!;vklth:1I'(Jtlrlklz
h Dtlal(waa)IrI

rhPlural(e..wj
7 ' .
Q1
.X..
l- (Lur.xoo!'u.xu)

eg ,
I1
..J-,..

8 u1.-.
z.
9 -ia.
.'.,sa,

ttg. al.aw',taf.
eg <,J.u.!.
!.b.'Jbjzzto'

I()ks'aQ

eB. '
u%*.o't.
;

.
1la.a:-.a.x..
12 ..,a>.>v...
xw''

Aa
eg :ukuo
9. .
eg v-<..

l P:
'ecededby.
%'
,
2 Precedcdby...;
3 Precededby...1.pX'
4 i.
jrece(je(jt)yg.
.
'.
vx.u.
.
pw,
.
5p.
!ec.t.JeJyyu...w;
.''u!o..w,

>.
*
eg tu..v.t.V.
7l'

>
.
al.a..k..z..l'e,.

(aIittleman)
(a54eccan)

!I(;NS()FA VERB k.yx.iliuouw

eg c
A.;..
u'Li
eg D
''*''
lIewillsoongoout
'.
.J
AA He%.
$,iIlgoouta1terawl11le
eg ;
k..'
.*
.*
.w.
eg >
c.p
.z'
xJa
p''
eg -:
c.ziy.t..'J'

t.
> Itenw.'
s...m
.

eg r..z.k

7 In1perativec(.
7Iz1rrland( 1)
8 NeBa(ivect1I)'!I)1and(.,+')

eg !*
..'
x1
eg (
).'
z.
'''*
=
.1
*
SIGNS()FA PARTICI.E a-z=1ou>

'Fllatwoldwhlchhasnoslgnofbanounorverbisaparticle(aparliclehasnosignot-itsown)

tllN/u;?m'a:esaldtiJ1x:dtusland1,
141ra1tJhrc.
spx.
xct0!thclrlthtrs(.ku) theauuonlsouetkusduaiaI1dI'Itl
raldrtslglks(>1aIlotu!alldIlota

ll

I'RF.P()S1'l'IONS &o1-11uua-sv!l
KI'rect h1tlvesa...- t0llle11ot1111ler1tcrs0n.w'1)lk!1)B,:IIt)eknownas a.z.w
x u.,.x
-s
N'
l/ranlng
Exanlgle

l .f

-wlt11

2 u:

-t75',1()!t'Etll))

! .uh
.

pi
!uucr...;
.'
f
' .

IwrolenIththepen

to
lltl

1!ke

,i
.

for

A'

Fyy.
FN)1a1)h
zraidislikeaIion

cbv .!c.-?-

'
4 .5

5 J

-by((5ath)

.t11X..
S

A11praiselsrorAIlah

ZIs'

t) '.k.>a'

ByAl1al.!

'

,,

-s
l11ce
1.JS
...
'
:,Io'
ru....u,lls't.,
7 'u' -slncc
rkl.tklu'h.J.
::2'
at.lo.u;
8 -x.i: -bt
tp,ddesxexcept wzgX
Q.uz'
sJtJ
ru
.
4) .'l
;.s o
va.
*x
'.kLpt
rKJV,.;
12 - rllany a
9+.
.,
l0 t.'
Jzu -besdes.except Uu'1.1.1we'uY)IGL..f
1l a
l
w: -fron'
f*I
wli!A
=:.
.2
..Z.Jo'
:
'
l2 $.,svc -besltles.except uj
-'
jI.x.-wzsu't.at:Q
l1 >
-ir!.ct$)a.rdinq
j.r.1
x.?-(
.
..
.TDhu.
l4 J
o
.
.
-tI
(1!11.regardl
ng %
r.-y,
.
.kJ. .:...
1.z
..
1J1zJfC
.f'
,,wj

15 wI,lc.
.
L6 u.p..L

-on

-uptkh.u!'l!1

lrelul'nedtl'orntheyourney.
l'hcpeoglecarneexceptZaid
Z.dudtsl!
3theIAot1se
Thedoctoraskedaboutt11t
)palIen!
.

7.hecIot11esafe()nthechair

.1.'v11u..
ax.11
,

1s1epl1,1ldawn

>

l7 j!
-t
lpto'lowards ,.
4.J
la
'
'!
'v
u.
;
.
yt
.c
.>
.'
I
$e11teqcegnpl.J'.
jo

r
'
ht
zpeopl
ccameexceptz
'
ralc
l
NtanyaIealnedpersonplucticesonhisknowlctlge
ThepeoplecameexceptZaid

*3 z ptl,
w
a,.
sa!ws
-u.
'saatlp
J -.!
'
z

IJ1clnotseehlm slnceaweek
Ididnotseehlm sincefourday
.s

itr
akzledupt
oMadi
nah

>k'h''

...,a

.'
,

xo+AxH.wu.:

Lwz
o kttutux . JG)L '

+ Jcb + u;u

NB Tltea.
wo.,.
x + oao.
xzpwil!beknownas- (connected)lothea.a dnieu.x,k41xwandtotke..koinizl
.vi'u...
(asInlheaboveexample)

tt.1)12 eZiCAQIuy

F.XERClSE
1l'fanslate.till1nthei'rrxl?pandanalyselhcfbllowingsentences
a .== .:.+'ze V'
..Jx
xuli
c .t...11ux.
X 1J.s

b z.'...'
.11A v'%11
d%

l4

!np uy=.zQl.y1s2.2% wouu

J'I11e ik c.
311l'
)eacon1!.31k'tese111.eI1ce
kg
1-.1:.
JpuwpJ.!U =

.px

up

wqu.x
eg

ladw

wlro.1z
s .L

v')

.)1.ula.+uwtx.
+
lssux

.<z

gh.u!j
k.js.!
tgxjdu . ' + tlcu u;u
s y. e
Hx
lA

..

jm..o

.1 ,.

ozIr'A1

gxkth' '1....z.x

'J
.

.sj
ga.
gu' <ju.e

4Iftllerelsa.s.x uo.x beltlrethea.

k..
klhenthea.u:kwiIIappearfirstandthcl= .sccond
'':<
.
...ee
,1
.
t)jj
'jN
jattp
t.21
.,i
(.A .
y.)o.
hr1 !rauJo!'
am'i
u'.
.>kL
.' 'Iuia.w

EXERI-ISE
1Tlanslate.tiII111tl1e'railbandanalyselhefollowhngsentences
(t M'L.ZZ.Jio.
<
b ct.......11ka'S
c J;kzt=ool0.b.1
d ,2ux ..
'i!wp
.
e -.xt+liJxay.wo.J1
f<qatelc .$

It)

&;r1!('ILq'etIJ1(ylq'bI%

tcu'
ux.

3..11

,Cf

hklJl$'i1u'J)u.Ljph11st'tlNs'Itl,!-t..x.11p11t'%lllt.I1)eflllllj$(11r);1qlk'sllttllltftltls
Zaitlwastronlllltlouslywnting
cg 'a'.
k>.1aa,c.htti
tki)'I'heJ.x()fw::isa$.2x;il..w

2.otg-otw -e.=!-ce.
u.!-..0....,.6-u% -cobcanbeusedlnt.pL.k= and....1aswell
3 J6Jto.r-uL -..cA1L-% T:can(e11sedln!J1.'--tltltI1t'11I1-+.1

4 r':toaazdu+u2I)asaqAoL()l)1.
y (11(:&a1.'--nor.- l)
.
5 tiaunlustbeplecededbyanotherscntcnce
6Tbew..s<oft..,..!llsstllnel
ilnespretixedwithaY
'
'

' '
'
cg. u.> ti.)lmw
'ufJI.;&6

7lt'(hcreisaa.v-o..
xtlefhlrethea.t
..ktht'nthe..,.
ta.willappearGrstand(he1.
u4..
0second

eg

.L

..1-..
utlua!jk.si
'.
.
(*..-ko).ot
'b.Wz u
s2es=1
. trau)c..lt
''xgJu

EXERFISE

lTranslate,fillinthel'zwtz/.
?andanalysethcfbllowingsentences
a lL....'
.uvt>Jlq.eup
bI:.....* Itxax
c .H. 1vp.
>auwit'lw$jc.1./
d <2IJjo.tskw.11...!JIaJ
e 1..* * 110.
-1
('utaa1>t6e.we
g tiuta.otatloutuot6

18

III1'
.I'S.4.41.
t w,Ioc'Sl
$,.1iqti
)atwl,4kl1k.1)arlyt's(J11!bt'1ast1t'tlt'rt1'a ..,u

1w.hkttflltt'%i1(1%k11111t%Vk)kk';t'>
1.b,=-1.
t...1.wl .t..1s$.'t)I)),))t)IllN'tl()I)('Illt'l'r/pzt/plssht1$&'nlp)'rlltslplqi7I';
iJ.). 1e ....-a6
3r<-.ek1jE
...ua

t't:
l J>a
xL'
v..
p
uW..,11
2 .-i:.-x.ikvw.1..x1 I1)sonlttwof'dstl)e/'rtJtib1ssIlo'kvnbymeansofaayo!'the.
u.
r-.
-;.,.zx '
le s thr1ttr.c6
eg claai
.HAI
.1..!

'1*11ECASES cuh
2l-$9
A woldcanLlelI1anyoneoffourcases
Igy11zlu. whenau..worilscor;esponclingktx!lwi.zx (a)appcarsaltheendofaword
Ctl cl
L1
.
*l
2v.-.'Itltx whenatxuori(scorrespollding tl
xlpu....v (1)agpearsattheendofaword.

e!p c'
I

alta.l

1 -,..21k
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