Power System Analysis
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ಶ್ರೀಕಾಂತ್ ತಿಪ್ಪೇರುದ್ರಪ್ಪPower System Analysis
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ಶ್ರೀಕಾಂತ್ ತಿಪ್ಪೇರುದ್ರಪ್ಪUNIT-II
POWER FLOW ANALYSIS
System model The power flow equations (PFE) System variables PFE in real form
Basic
problems, modified specification Bus classification Solution technique Gauss-seidel
method
Newton-raphson method Fast-decoupled method Comparison of solution techniques.
Bus
The meeting point of various components in a power system is called a bus.
The bus is a conductor made of copper or aluminium having negligible resistance .At
some of the buses power is being injected into the network, whereas at other buses it
is being tapped by the system loads.
Bus admittance matrix
The matrix consisting of the self and mutual admittance of the network of the
power system is called bus admittance matrix (Ybus).
Methods available for forming bus admittance matrix
Direct inspection method.
Singular transformation method.(Primitive network)
Power flow study or load flow study
The study of various methods of solution to power system network is referred
to as load flow study. The solution provides the voltages at various buses, power
flowing in various lines and line losses.
that are obtained from a load flow study
The information obtained from a load flow study is magnitude and phase angle
of voltages, real and reactive power flowing in each line and the line losses. The load
flow solution also gives the initial conditions of the system when the transient
behavior of the system is to be studied.
Need for load flow study
The load flow study of a power system is essential to decide the best operation
of existing system and for planning the future expansion of the system. It is also
essential foe designing a new power system.
Quantities associated with each bus in a system
Each bus in a power system is associated with four quantities and they are real
power (P), reactive power (Q), magnitude of voltage (V), and phase angle of
voltage .
Different types of buses in a power system, buses are classified and its types
Types of bus
Known or
specified
quantities
Slack or Swing or Reference
bus
Unknown quantities or
quantities to be
determined.
P,Q
Generator or Voltage control or
PV bus
P, V
Load or PQ bus
P, Q
Need for slack bus
The slack bus is needed to account for transmission line losses. In a power
system the total power generated will be equal to sum of power consumed by loads
and losses. In a power system only the generated power and load power are specified
for buses. The slack bus is assumed to generate the power required for losses. Since
the losses are unknown the real and reactive power are not specified for slack bus.
Iterative methods to solve load flow problems
The load flow equations are non linear algebraic equations and so explicit
solution as not possible. The solution of non linear equations can be obtained only by
iterative numerical techniques.
Mainly used for solution of load flow study
The Gauss seidal method, Newton Raphson method and Fast decouple
methods.
Flat voltage start
In iterative method of load flow solution, the initial voltages of all buses
except slack bus assumed as 1+j0 p.u. This is refereed to as flat voltage start
Effect of acceleration factor in load flow study
Acceleration factor is used in gauss seidal method of load flow solution to
increase the rate of convergence. Best value of A.F=1.6
Generator buses are treated as load bus
If the reactive power constraints of a generator bus violates the specified limits
then the generator is treated as load bus.
Advantages and disadvantages of Gauss serial method
Advantages: Calculations are simple and so the programming task is lessees.
The memory requirement is less. Useful for small systems; Disadvantages:
Requires large no. of iterations to reach converge .Not suitable for large systems.
Convergence time increases with size of the system
Advantages and disadvantages of N.R method
Advantages: Faster, more reliable and results are accurate, require less
number of iterations; Disadvantages: Program is more complex, memory is more
complex.
Compare the Gauss seidel and Newton raphson methods of load flow study
S.No
G.S
N.R
FDLF
Require large number of
iterations to reach
convergence.
Require less number
of iterations to reach
convergence.
Computation time per
iteration is less
Computation time per Computation time per iteration
iteration is more
is less
It has linear convergence
characteristics
It has quadratic
convergence
characteristics
The number of iterations
required for convergence
increases with size of the
system
The number of
iterations are
independent of the
size of the system
The number of iterations are
does not dependent of the size
of the system
Less memory
requirements.
More memory
requirements.
Less memory requirements
than N.R.method.
Require more number of
iterations than N.R method.
------
Y matrix of the sample power system as shown in fig. Data for this system is given in
table.
Find out the Y matrix of the sample power system network diagram as shown in fig.
Consider the system shown in fig. It shows a transmission network with impedance of
transmission lines all in p.u as shown. Compute Ybus matrix.
1
0.02+j0.04
0.01+j0.03
0.0125+j0.025
y12 = 10 - j 20
y13 = 10 - j 30
y32 = 16 - j 32
Ybus =
Gauss seidel load flow problem.
The following is the system data for a load flow solution. Determine the voltages at
the end of first iteration using Gauss-Seide
The line admittances:
Bus code
Admittance
1-2
2-j8.0
1-3
1-j4.0
2-3
0.666-j2.664
2-4
1-j4.0
3-4
2-j8.0
The schedule of active and reactive powers:
Bus code
P in p.u
Q in p.u
V in p.u
Remarks
1.06
Slack
0.5
0.2
1+j0.0
PQ
0.4
0.3
1+j0.0
PQ
0.3
0.1
1+j0.0
PQ
Solution
=
=
=
1.01187-j0.02888
V21acc = (1.0+j0.0)+1.6(1.01187-j0.02888-1.0-j0.0) = 1.01899-j0.046208
V31 = 0.994119-j0.029248 ; V31acc = 0.99059-j0.0467968
V41 = 0.9716032-j0.064684 ; V41acc = 0.954565-j0.1034944
Fig shows that the one line diagram of a simple three bus system with generation at
bus 1.The magnitude of voltage at a bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05 p.u. The scheduled loads
at buses2 and 3 are as marked on the diagram. Line impedances are marked in n p.u
on a 100MVA base and the line charging susceptances are neglected.
a. Using the Gauss-Seidel method, determine the phasor values of the
voltages at the load buses 2 and 3(P-Q buses) accurate to decimal places.
b. Find the slack bus real and reactive power.
c. Determine the line flows and line losses. Construct a power flow diagram
showing the direction of line flow.
0.02+j0.04
2
256.6MW
0.01+j0.03
0.0125+j0.025
Slack bus
V1=1.05/_0
110.2MVAR
3
138.6
MW
45.2
MVAR
Newton raphson seidel load flow problem.
Fast decoupled load flow problem.
Part-A
1. What is a bus?
2. What is bus admittance matrix?
3. What are the methods available for forming bus admittance matrix?
4. What is power flow study or load flow study?
.
5. What are the informations that are obtained from a load flow study?
6. What is the need for load flow study?
.
7. What are the quantities associated with each bus in a system?
8. What are the different types of buses in a power system? Or how the buses are
classified and what are its types?
9. What is the need for slack bus?
10. Why do we go for iterative methods to solve load flow problems?
11. What are the methods mainly used for solution of load flow study?
12. What do you mean by a flat voltage start?
13. Discuss the effect of acceleration factor in load flow study.
14. When the generator buses are treated as load bus.
Part-B
1. Find out the Y matrix of the sample power system as shown in fig. Data for this
system is given in table.
1. 2. Find out the Y matrix of the sample power system network diagram as shown in
fig.
3. Consider the system shown in fig. It shows a transmission network with impedance
of transmission lines all in p.u as shown. Compute Ybus matrix.
1
0.02+j0.04
0.01+j0.03
0.0125+j0.025
