Software Engineering Lab Manual

Computer Science Engineering

RAGHU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Dakamarri (v), Bheemunipatnam (M)
Visakhapatnam Dist, Andhra Pradesh, PIN-531162
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, and Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University: Kakinada (AP)

III B. Tech., CSE II - Semester

FACULTY LABORATORY MANUAL

For

SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
Prepared by
Ch NarayanaRao., Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

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Computer Science Engineering

RAGHU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Affiliated to JNTU-KAKINADA)
Visakhapatnam-531162

CERTIFICATE

Name of the Laboratory

: SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

Name of the Faculty

: Ch NarayanaRao

Department

: CSE

Program

: B.TECH

Year

: III

Semester

: II

IQAC Members:
Name(s):

Signature(s):

HOD
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CONTENTS
S.NO

PROGRAM
NO.

DESCRIPTION

Page
No.
4

LAB OBJECTIVE

UNIVERSITY / JNTU Syllabus

List of Programs

SCHEDULE/CYCLE CHART
Do the Requirement Analysis and Prepare SRS.

Using COCOMO model estimate effort.

15

Calculate effort using FP (Function Point) oriented

estimation model.

23

Analyze the risk related to the project and prepare RMMM

(Risk Mitigation, Monitoring, and Management) plan.

25

10

Develop time line chart and project table using PERT

(Program Evaluation Review Technique) or CPM (critical
path method) project scheduling methods
Draw E-R Diagrams, DFD, CFD and structured charts for
the project

11

Design of test cases based on requirement and design

36

12

Prepare FTR(formal technical reviews)

44

13

Prepare Version control and change control for software

configuration items

44

14

10

REFERENCE

46

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COURSE OBJECTIVE
The software Engineering lab will facilitate the students to develop a preliminary yet practical
understanding of software development process and tools
At the end of this lab session:
1.
2.
3.
4.

To be able to understand different software methodologies.

Understanding of Requirement analysis and SRS.
Able to study ER Diagrams, DFD, CFD.
Design of test cases based on requirement and design.

CO to PO mapping:
PO
Course
Name

Software
Engg.

CO
a b c
Identify and build an appropriate process
model for a given project.
Analyze the principles at various phases
of software development.
Translate a specification into a design,
and identify the components to build The
architecture for a given problem, all using
an appropriate software engineering
Methodology.
Define a project management plan and
tabulate appropriate testing plans at
different levels during the development of
the software.

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k
s

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LIST OF EXPERI MENTS

1. Do the Requirement Analysis and Prepare SRS (Software Requirement Specification).
2. Using COCOMO (Constructive Cost Model) model estimate effort.
3. Calculate effort using FP (Function point) oriented estimation model.
4. Analyze the risk related to the project and prepare RMMM (Risk Mitigation, Monitoring,
and Management) plan.
5. Develop time line chart and project table using PERT (Program Evaluation Review
Technique) or CPM (critical path method) project scheduling methods.
6. Draw E-R (Entity Relationship) Diagrams, DFD(Dataflow Diagrams), CFD(Control
Flow Diagrams) and structured charts for the project
7. Design of test cases based on requirement and design
8. Prepare FTR(formal technical reviews)
9. Prepare Version control and change control for software configuration items

Lab Incharge
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HOD.
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LIST OF PRESCRIBED EXPERIMENTS

TASK1:
1. Do the Requirement Analysis and Prepare SRS.
Introduction:
Requirements identification is the first step of any software development project. Until the
requirements of a client have been clearly identified, and verified, no other task (design, coding,
testing) could begin. Usually business analysts having domain knowledge on the subject matter
discuss with clients and decide what features are to be implemented.
In this experiment we will learn how to identify functional and non-functional requirements from
a given problem statement. Functional and non-functional requirements are the primary
components of a Software Requirements Specification.
Theory:
Objectives:
After completing this experiment you will be able to:
Identify ambiguities, inconsistencies and incompleteness from a requirements specification
Identify and state functional requirements
Identify and state non-functional requirements
Steps for conducting the experiment:
General Instructions: Follow are the steps to be followed in general to perform the experiments
in Software Engineering Virtual Lab.
Read the theory about the experiment
View the simulation provided for a chosen, related problem
Take the self evaluation to judge your understanding (optional, but recommended)
Solve the given list of exercises
Experiment Specific Instructions
Following are the instructions specifically for this experiment:
From the given problem statement, try to figure out if there's any inconsistency with the
requirement specification
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Also, try to determine what are the functional and non-functional requirements are
Select the check boxes accordingly, and then click on the 'Submit' button.

Requirements:
Somerville defines "requirement" as a specification of what should be implemented.
Requirements specify how the target system should behave. It specifies what to do, but not how
to do. Requirements engineering refers to the process of understanding what a customer expects
from the system to be developed, and to document them in a standard and easily readable and
understandable format. This documentation will serve as reference for the subsequent design,
implementation and verification of the system.
It is necessary and important that before we start planning, design and implementation of the
software system for our client, we are clear about it's requirements. If we don't have a clear
vision of what is to be developed and what all features are expected, there would be serious
problems and customer dissatisfaction as well.
Characteristics of Requirements:
Requirements gathered for any new system to be developed should exhibit the following three
properties:
Unambiguity: There should not be any ambiguity what a system to be developed should do. For
example, consider you are developing a web application for your client. The client requires that
enough number of people should be able to access the application simultaneously. What's the
"enough number of people"? That could mean 10 to you, but, perhaps, 100 to the client. There's
an ambiguity.
Consistency: To illustrate this, consider the automation of a nuclear plant. Suppose one of the
clients say that it the radiation level inside the plant exceeds R1, all reactors should be shut
down. However, another person from the client side suggests that the threshold radiation level
should be R2. Thus, there is an inconsistency between the two end users regarding what they
consider as threshold level of radiation.
Completeness: A particular requirement for a system should specify what the system should do
and also what it should not. For example, consider software to be developed for ATM. If a
customer enters an amount greater than the maximum permissible withdrawal amount, the ATM
should display an error message, and it should not dispense any cash.
Categorization of Requirements:
Based on the target audience or subject matter, requirements can be classified into different
types, as stated below:
User requirements: They are written in natural language so that both customers can verify their
requirements have been correctly identified
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System requirements: They are written involving technical terms and/or specifications, and are
meant for the development or testing teams
Requirements can be classified into two groups based on what they describe:
Functional requirements (FRs): These describe the functionality of a system -- how a system
should react to a particular set of inputs and what should be the corresponding output.
Non-functional requirements (NFRs): They are not directly related what functionalities are
expected from the system. However, NFRs could typically define how the system should behave
under certain situations. For example, a NFR could say that the system should work with 128MB
RAM. Under such condition, a NFR could be more critical than a FR.
Non-functional requirements could be further classified into different types like:
Product requirements: For example, a specification that the web application should use only
plain HTML, and no frames
Performance requirements: For example, the system should remain available 24x7
Organizational requirements: The development process should comply with SEI CMM level 4.
Functional Requirements:
Identifying Functional Requirements
Given a problem statement, the functional requirements could be identified by focusing on the
following points:
Identify the high level functional requirements simply from the conceptual understanding of the
problem. For example, a Library Management System, apart from anything else, should be able
to issue and return books.
Identify the cases where an end user gets some meaningful work done by using the system. For
example, in a digital library a user might use the "Search Book" functionality to obtain
information about the books of his interest.
If we consider the system as a black box, there would be some inputs to it, and some output in
return. This black box defines the functionalities of the system. For example, to search for a
book, user gives title of the book as input and gets the book details and location as the output.
Any high level requirement identified could have different sub-requirements. For example,
"Issue Book" module could behave differently for different class of users, or for a particular user
who has issued the book thrice consecutively.
Preparing Software Requirements Specifications:
Once all possible FRs and non-FRs have been identified, which are complete, consistent, and
non-ambiguous, the Software Requirements Specification (SRS) is to be prepared. IEEE
provides a template [iv], also available here, which could be used for this purpose. The SRS is
prepared by the service provider, and verified by its client. This document serves as a legal
agreement between the client and the service provider. Once the concerned system has been
developed and deployed, and a proposed feature was not found to be present in the system, the
client can point this out from the SRS. Also, if after delivery, the client says a new feature is
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required, which was not mentioned in the SRS, the service provider can again point to the SRS.
The scope of the current experiment, however, doesn't cover writing a SRS.

Simulation:
We show here how to extract functional requirements when a problem statement is given. The
case under study is a online voting system.
Internet has led to discussion of e-democracy and online voting. Many peoples think that the
internet could replace representative democracy, enabling everyone to vote on everything and
anything by online voting .Online voting could reduce cost and make voting more convenient.
This type of voting can be done for e-democracy, or it may be used for finalizing a solution, if
many alternatives are present. Online voting makes use of authentication, hence it needs
security, and the system must be able to address obtaining, marking, delivering and counting
ballots via computer. Advantage of online voting is it could increase voter turnout because of
convenience, and it helps to reduce fraud voting.

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Case Study:
A Library Information System
As the size and capacity of the institute is increasing with the time, it has been proposed to
develop a Library Information System (LIS) for the benefit of students and employees of the
institute. LIS will enable the members to borrow a book (or return it) with ease while sitting at
his desk/chamber. The system also enables a member to extend the date of his borrowing if no
other booking for that particular book has been made. For the library staff, this system aids them
to easily handle day-to-day book transactions. The librarian, who has administrative privileges
and complete control over the system, can enter a new record into the system when a new book
has been purchased, or remove a record in case any book is taken off the shelf. Any non-member
is free to use this system to browse/search books online. However, issuing or returning books is
restricted to valid users (members) of LIS only.
The final deliverable would a web application (using the recent HTML 5), which should run only
within the institute LAN. Although this reduces security risk of the software to a large extent,
care should be taken no confidential information (eg., passwords) is stored in plain text.
Identification of functional requirements

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The above problem statement gives a brief description of the proposed system. From the above,
even without doing any deep analysis, we might easily identify some of the basic functionality of
the system:
New user registration: Any member of the institute who wishes to avail the facilities of
the library has to register himself with the Library Information System. On successful
registration, a user ID and password would be provided to the member. He has to use this
credentials for any future transaction in LIS.
Search book: Any member of LIS can avail this facility to check whether any particular
book is present in the institute's library. A book could be searched by its:
Title
Authors name
Publisher's name
User login: A registered user of LIS can login to the system by providing his employee
ID and password as set by him while registering. After successful login, "Home" page for the
user is shown from where he can access the different functionalities of LIS: search book, issue
book, return book, reissue book. Any employee ID not registered with LIS cannot access the
"Home" page -- a login failure message would be shown to him, and the login dialog would
appear again. This same thing happens when any registered user types in his password wrong.
However, if incorrect password has been provided for three time consecutively, the security
question for the user (specified while registering) with an input box to answer it are also shown.
If the user can answer the security question correctly, a new password would be sent to his email
address. In case the user fails to answer the security question correctly, his LIS account would be
blocked. He needs to contact with the administrator to make it active again.
Issue book: Any member of LIS can issue a book against his account provided that:
The book is available in the library i.e. could be found by searching for it in LIS
No other member has currently issued the book
Current user has not issued the maximum number of books that can
If the above conditions are met, the book is issued to the member.
Note that this FR would remain incomplete if the "maximum number of books that can
be issued to a member" is not defined. We assume that this number has been set to four
for
students
and
research
scholars,
and
to
ten
for
professors.
Once a book has been successfully issued, the user account is updated to reflect the same.
Return book: A book is issued for a finite time, which we assume to be a period of 20
days. That is, a book once issued should be returned within the next 20 days by the
corresponding member of LIS. After successful return of a book, the user account is updated to
reflect the same.
Reissue book: Any member who has issued a book might find that his requirement is not
over by 20 days. In that case, he might choose to reissue the book, and get the permission to keep
it for another 20 days. However, a member can reissue any book at most twice, after which he
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has to return it. Once a book has been successfully reissued, the user account is updated to reflect
the information.
In a similar way we can list other functionality offered by the system as well. However, certain
features might not be evident directly from the problem system, but which, nevertheless, are
required. One such functionality is "User Verification". The LIS should be able to judge between
a registered and non-registered member. Most of the functionality would be available to a
registered member. The "New User Registration" would, however, be available to non-members.
Moreover, an already registered user shouldn't be allowed to register himself once again.
Having identified the (major) functional requirements, we assign an identifier to each of them for
future reference and verification. Following table shows the list:
Table 01: Identifier and priority for software requirements
#

Requirement

Priority

R1

New user registration

High

R2

User Login

High

R3

Search book

High

R4

Issue book

High

R5

Return book

High

R6

Reissue book

Low

Identification of non-functional requirements

Having talked about functional requirements, let's try to identify a few non-functional
requirements.
Performance Requirements:
This system should remain accessible 24x7
At least 50 users should be able to access the system altogether at any given time
Security Requirements:
This system should be accessible only within the institute LAN
The database of LIS should not store any password in plain text -- a hashed value
has to be stored
Software Quality Attributes
Database Requirements
Design Constraints:
The LIS has to be developed as a web application, which should work with
Firefox 5, Internet Explorer 8, Google Chrome 12, Opera 10
The system should be developed using HTML 5
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Once all the functional and non-functional requirements have been identified, they are
documented formally in SRS, which then serves as a legal agreement

Viva Questions:
Q. What is feasibility study?
A. It is a measure to assess how practical and beneficial the software project development will be
for an organization. The software analyzer conducts a thorough study to understand economic,
technical and operational feasibility of the project.
Economic - Resource transportation, cost for training, cost of additional utilities and tools and
overall estimation of costs and benefits of the project.
Technical - Is it possible to develop this system ? Assessing suitability of machine(s) and
operating system(s) on which software will execute, existing developers knowledge and skills,
training, utilities or tools for project.
Operational - Can the organization adjust smoothly to the changes done as per the demand of
project ? Is the problem worth solving?
Q. How can you gather requirements?
A. Requirements can be gathered from users via interviews, surveys, task analysis,
brainstorming, domain analysis, prototyping, studying existing usable version of software, and
by observation.
Q. What is SRS?
A. SRS or Software Requirement Specification is a document produced at the time of
requirement gathering process. It can be also seen as a process of refining requirements and
documenting them.
Q. What are functional requirements?
A. Functional requirements are functional features and specifications expected by users from the
proposed software product.
Q. What are non-functional requirements?
A. Non-functional requirements are implicit and are related to security, performance, look and
feel of user interface, interoperability, cost etc.
Q. What is computer software?
A. Computer software is a complete package, which includes software program, its
documentation and user guide on how to use the software.
Q. Can you differentiate computer software and computer program?
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A. A computer program is piece of programming code which performs a well defined task where
as software includes programming code, its documentation and user guide.
Q. What is software engineering?
A. Software engineering is an engineering branch associated with software system development.
Q. When you know programming, what is the need to learn software engineering concepts?
A. A person who knows how to build a wall may not be good at building an entire house.
Likewise, a person who can write programs may not have knowledge of other concepts of
Software Engineering. The software engineering concepts guide programmers on how to assess
requirements of end user, design the algorithms before actual coding starts, create programs by
coding, testing the code and its documentation.
Q. What is software process or Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)?
A. Software Development Life Cycle, or software process is the systematic development of
software by following every stage in the development process namely, Requirement Gathering,
System Analysis, Design, Coding, Testing, Maintenance and Documentation in that order.
Q. What are SDLC models available?
A. There are several SDLC models available such as Waterfall Model, Iterative Model, Spiral
model, V-model and Big-bang Model etc.
Q. What are various phases of SDLC?
A. The generic phases of SDLC are: Requirement Gathering, System Analysis and Design,
Coding, Testing and implementation. The phases depend upon the model we choose to develop
software.
Q. Which SDLC model is the best?
A. SDLC Models are adopted as per requirements of development process. It may very softwareto-software to ensuring which model is suitable.
We can select the best SDLC model if following answers are satisfied Is SDLC suitable for selected technology to implement the software ?
Is SDLC appropriate for clients requirements and priorities ?
Is SDLC model suitable for size and complexity of the software ?
Is the SDLC model suitable for type of projects and engineering we do ?
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Is the SDLC appropriate for the geographically co-located or dispersed developers ?

Task2:
Aim: Using COCOCMO model estimate effort
Introduction:
After gathering the entire requirements specific to software project usually we need to think
about different solution strategy for the project. Expert business analysts are analyzing their
benefits and as well as their shortcomings by means of cost, time and resources require
developing it.
In this experiment, we will learn how to estimate cost, effort and duration for a software project,
and then select one solution approach which will be found suitable to fulfil the organizational
goal.
Objectives:
Categorize projects using COCOMO, and estimate effort and development time required for a
project
Estimate the program complexity and effort required to recreate it using Halstead's metrics.
Project Estimation Techniques:
A software project is not just about writing a few hundred lines of source code to achieve a
particular objective. The scope of a software project is comparatively quite large, and such a
project could take several years to complete. However, the phrase "quite large" could only give
some (possibly vague) qualitative information. As in any other science and engineering
discipline, one would be interested to measure how complex a project is. One of the major
activities of the project planning phase, therefore, is to estimate various project parameters in
order to take proper decisions. Some important project parameters that are estimated include:
Project size: What would be the size of the code written say, in number of lines, files, modules?
Cost: How much would it cost to develop a software? A software may be just pieces of code, but
one has to pay to the managers, developers, and other project personnel.
Duration: How long would it be before the software is delivered to the clients?
Effort: How much effort from the team members would be required to create the software?
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In this experiment we will focus on two methods for estimating project metrics: COCOMO and
Halstead's method.
COCOMO:
COCOMO (Constructive Cost Model) was proposed by Boehm. According to him, there could
be three categories of software projects: organic, semidetached, and embedded. The
classification is done considering the characteristics of the software, the development team and
environment. These product classes typically correspond to application, utility and system
programs, respectively. Data processing programs could be considered as application programs.
Compilers, linkers, are examples of utility programs. Operating systems, real-time system
programs are examples of system programs. One could easily apprehend that it would take much
more time and effort to develop an OS than an attendance management system.
The concept of organic, semidetached, and embedded systems are described below.
Organic: A development project is said to be of organic type, if
The project deals with developing a well understood application
The development team is small
The team members have prior experience in working with similar types of projects
Semidetached: A development project can be categorized as semidetached type, if
The team consists of some experienced as well as inexperienced staff
Team members may have some experience on the type of system to be developed
Embedded: Embedded type of development project are those, which
Aims to develop software strongly related to machine hardware
Team size is usually large
Boehm suggested that estimation of project parameters should be done through three stages:
Basic COCOMO, Intermediate COCOMO, and Complete COCOMO.
Basic COCOMO Model
The basic COCOMO model helps to obtain a rough estimate of the project parameters. It
estimates effort and time required for development in the following way:
Effort = a * (KDSI)b PM
Tdev = 2.5 * (Effort)c Months
where
KDSI is the estimated size of the software expressed in Kilo Delivered Source Instructions
a, b, c are constants determined by the category of software project
Effort denotes the total effort required for the software development, expressed in person months
(PMs)
Tdev denotes the estimated time required to develop the software (expressed in months)
The value of the constants a, b, c are given below:
Software project
a
b
c
Organic
2.4
1.05 0.38
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Semi-detached 3.0
1.12 0.35
Embedded
3.6
1.20 0.32
Intermediate COCOMO Model
The basic COCOMO model considers that effort and development time depends only on the size
of the software. However, in real life there are many other project parameters that influence the
development process. The intermediate COCOMO take those other factors into consideration by
defining a set of 15 cost drivers (multipliers) as shown in the table below [i]. Thus, any project
that makes use of modern programming practices would have lower estimates in terms of effort
and cost. Each of the 15 such attributes can be rated on a six-point scale ranging from "very low"
to "extra high" in their relative order of importance. Each attribute has an effort multiplier fixed
as per the rating. The product of effort multipliers of all the 15 attributes gives the Effort
Adjustment Factor (EAF).
Cost drivers for INtermediate COCOMO (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COCOMO)
Cost Drivers Ratings
Very Low
Low Nominal
High Very High
Extra High
Product attributes
Required software reliability 0.75 0.88 1.00 1.15 1.40
Size of application database
0.94 1.00 1.08 1.16
Complexity of the product 0.70 0.85 1.00 1.15 1.30 1.65
Hardware attributes
Run-time performance constraints
1.00 1.11 1.30 1.66
Memory constraints
1.00 1.06 1.21 1.56
Volatility of the virtual machine environment
0.87 1.00 1.15 1.30
Required turnabout time
0.87 1.00 1.07 1.15
Personnel attributes
Analyst capability
1.46 1.19 1.00 0.86 0.71
Applications experience
1.29 1.13 1.00 0.91 0.82
Software engineer capability 1.42 1.17 1.00 0.86 0.70
Virtual machine experience 1.21 1.10 1.00 0.90
Programming language experience 1.14 1.07 1.00 0.95
Project attributes
Application of software engineering methods
1.24 1.10 1.00 0.91 0.82
Use of software tools 1.24 1.10 1.00 0.91 0.83
Required development schedule
1.23 1.08 1.00 1.04 1.10
EAF is used to refine the estimates obtained by basic COCOMO as follows:
Effort|corrected = Effort * EAF
Tdev|corrected = 2.5 * (Effort| corrected) c
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both the basic and intermediate COCOMO models consider a software to be a single
homogeneous entity -- an assumption, which is rarely true. In fact, many real life applications are
made up of several smaller sub-systems. (One might not even develop all the sub-systems -- just
use the available services). The complete COCOMO model takes these factors into account to
provide a far more accurate estimate of project metrics
To illustrate this, consider a very popular distributed application: the ticket booking system of
the Indian Railways. There are computerized ticket counters in most of the railway stations of
our country. Tickets can be booked / cancelled from any such counter. Reservations for future
tickets, cancellation of reserved tickets could also be performed. On a high level, the ticket
booking system has three main components:
Database
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Networking facilities
Advantages of COCOCMO Model:
COCOMO is a simple model, and should help one to understand the concept of project metrics
estimation.
Drawbacks of COCOMO
COCOMO uses KDSI, which is not a proper measure of a program's size. Indeed, estimating the
size of software is a difficult task, and any slight miscalculation could cause a large deviation in
subsequent project estimates. Moreover, COCOMO was proposed in 1981 keeping the waterfall
model of project life cycle in mind [2]. It fails to address other popular approaches like
prototype, incremental, spiral, agile models. Moreover, in present day a software project may not
necessarily consist of coding of every bit of functionality. Rather, existing software components
are often used and glued together towards the development of a new software. COCOMO is not
suitable in such cases.
COCOMO II was proposed later in 2000 to many of address these issues.the concept of project
metrics estimation.
Halstead's Complexity Metrics:
Halstead took a linguistic approach to determine the complexity of a program. According to him,
a computer program consists of a collection of different operands and operators. The definition
of operands and operators could, however, vary from one person to another and one
programming language to other. Operands are usually the implementation variables or constants
-- something upon which an operation could be performed. Operators are those symbols that
affect the value of operands. Halstead's metrics are computed based on the operators and
operands used in a computer program. Any given program has the following four parameters:
n1: Number of unique operators used in the program
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n2: Number of unique operands used in the program

N1: Total number of operators used in the program
N2: Total number of operands used in the program
Using the above parameters one compute the following metrics:
Program Length: N = N1 + N2
Program Vocabulary: n = n1 + n2
Volume: V = N * lg n
Difficulty: D = (n1 * N2) / (2 * n2)
Effort: E = D * V
Time to Implement: T = E / 18 (in seconds) [vi]
The program volume V is the minimum number of bits needed to encode the program. It
represents the size of the program while taking into account the programming language.
The difficulty metric indicates how difficult a program is to write or understand.
Effort denotes the "mental effort" required to develop the software, or to recreate the same in
another programming language [iv].COCOMO is a simple model, and should help one to
understand the concept of project metrics estimation. Advantages of COCOMO
COCOMO is a simple model, and should help one to understand the concept of project metrics
estimation.

A Library Information System for SE VLabs Institute:

The SE VLabs Institute has been recently setup to provide state-of-the-art research facilities in
the field of Software Engineering. Apart from research scholars (students) and professors, it also
includes quite a large number of employees who work on different projects undertaken by the
institution.
As the size and capacity of the institute is increasing with the time, it has been proposed to
develop a Library Information System (LIS) for the benefit of students and employees of the
institute. LIS will enable the members to borrow a book (or return it) with ease while sitting at
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his desk/chamber. The system also enables a member to extend the date of his borrowing if no
other booking for that particular book has been made. For the library staff, this system aids them
to easily handle day-to-day book transactions. The librarian, who has administrative privileges
and complete control over the system, can enter a new record into the system when a new book
has been purchased, or remove a record in case any book is taken off the shelf. Any non-member
is free to use this system to browse/search books online. However, issuing or returning books is
restricted to valid users (members) of LIS only.
The final deliverable would a web application (using the recent HTML 5), which should run only
within the institute LAN. Although this reduces security risk of the software to a large extent,
care should be taken no confidential information (eg., passwords) is stored in plain text.
The SE VLabs Institute has a IT management team of it's own. This team has been given the task
to execute the Library Information System project. The team consists of a few experts from
industry, and a batch of highly qualified engineers experienced with design and implementation
of information systems. It is planned that the current project will be undertaken by a small team
consisting of one expert and few engineers. Actual team composition would be determined in a
later stage.
Using COCOMO and based on the team size (small) and experience (high), the concerned
project could be categorized as "organic". The experts, based on their prior experience, suggested
that the project size could roughly be around 10 KLOC. This would serve as the basis for
estimation of different project parameters using basic COCOMO, as shown below:
Effort = a * (KLOC)b PM
Tdev = 2.5 * (Effort)c Months
For organic category of project the values of a, b, c are 2.4, 1.05, 0.38 respectively. So, the
projected effort required for this project becomes
Effort = 2.4 * (10)1.05 PM
= 27 PM (approx)
So, around 27 person-months are required to complete this project. With this calculated value for
effort we can also approximate the development time required:
Tdev = 2.5 * (27)0.38 Months
= 8.7 Months (approx)
So, the project is supposed to be complete by nine months. However, estimations using basic
COCOMO are largely idealistic. Let us refine them using intermediate COCOMO. Before doing
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so we determine the Effort Adjustment Factor (EAF) by assigning approprite weight to each of
the following attributes.
Cost Drivers Ratings
Very Low

Low

Nominal

High

Very High

Extra High

Required software reliability 0.75

0.88

1.00

1.15

1.40

Size of application database

0.94

1.00

1.08

1.16

0.85

1.00

1.15

1.30

1.65

1.00

1.11

1.30

1.66

1.21

1.56
1.00

1.15

1.30

0.91

0.82

Product attributes

Complexity of the product

0.70

Hardware attributes
Run-time performance constraints
Memory constraints

1.00

1.06

Volatility of the virtual machine environment

Required turnabout time

0.87

0.87

1.00

1.07

1.15

1.19

1.00

0.86

0.71

1.29

1.13

1.00

0.91

0.82

Software engineer capability 1.42

1.17

1.00

0.86

0.70

Virtual machine experience 1.21

1.10

1.00

0.90

Programming language experience

1.14

1.07

1.00

0.95

Application of software engineering methods

1.24

1.10

1.00

Use of software tools 1.24

1.04

1.10

Personnel attributes
Analyst capability

1.46

Applications experience

Project attributes

1.10

Required development schedule

1.00

0.91

0.83

1.23

1.08

1.00

The cells with yellow backgrounds highlight our choice of weight for each of the cost drivers.
EAF is determined by multiplying all the chosen weights. So, we get
EAF = 0.53 (approx)
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Using this EAF value we refine our estimates from basic COCOMO as shown below
Effort|corrected = Effort * EAF
= 27 * 0.53
= 15 PM (approx)
Tdev|corrected = 2.5 * (Effort|corrected)c
= 2.5 * (15)0.38
= 7 months (approx)
After refining our estimates it seems that seven months would likely be sufficient for completion
of this project. This is still a rough estimate since we have not taken the underlying components
of the software into consideration. Complete COCOMO model considers such parameters to give
a more realistic estimate.
Viva Questions:
Q. What are software project estimation techniques available?
A. There are many estimation techniques available. The most widely used are Decomposition technique (Counting Lines of Code and Function Points)
Empirical technique (Putnam and COCOMO).
Q. What is COCOMO model?
COCOMO (COnstructive COst MOdel) has been designed in 1981 by Barry Boehm to give an
estimate of the number of man-months it will take to develop a software product and it is
referred as COCOMO 81
A new model called COCOMO II was designed in 1990 and the need for this model came up as
software development technology moved from mainframe and overnight batch processing to
desktop development, code re-usability and the use of off-the-shelf software components.
Q. What is software scope?
A. Software scope is a well-defined boundary, which encompasses all the activities that are done
to develop and deliver the software product.
The software scope clearly defines all functionalities and artifacts to be delivered as a part of the
software. The scope identifies what the product will do and what it will not do, what the end
product will contain and what it will not contain.
Q. What is project estimation?
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A. It is a process to estimate various aspects of software product in order to calculate the cost of
development in terms of efforts, time and resources. This estimation can be derived from past
experience, by consulting experts or by using pre-defined formulas.
Q. How can we derive the size of software product?
A. Size of software product can be calculated using either of two methods
1. Counting the lines of delivered code

2.Counting delivered function points

Task3.
Aim: Calculate effort using FP oriented estimation model.
Objective: To study software estimation in early stages of software development.

References: Software Engineering Roger Pressman McGraw Hill Fifth edition Software
Engineering Ian Somerville Pearson Education Sixth edition An Integrated Approach To
Software Engineering Pankaj Jalote Narosa

Pre-requisite: Knowledge of project metrics and software measurement

Theory:
1. Compute the count-total which will be used to define the complexity
of a project. (count_total)
2. Find the complexity adjustment values based on responses to the 14
questions (Fi)
3. FP=count_total[0.65+0.01*Fi]

Sample Output:
count_total=462 , Fi=53.17
FP=count_total[0.65+0.01*Fi]
FP=462*(0.65+0.01*53.17)
FP=546

Post Lab Assignment:

1. Explain Metrics for small organizations?
2. Explain Metrics for software quality?

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Viva Questions:
Q. What are function points?
A. Function points are the various features provided by the software product. It is considered as a
unit of measurement for software size.
A function point is a "unit of measurement" to express the amount of business functionality an
information system (as a product) provides to a user.
Function points measure software size. The cost (in dollars or hours) of a single unit is
calculated from past projects.

Q. what is Functional point analysis:

It is a concept of finding out estimates in terms of points. It is one of the best practises of finding
out estimates irrespective of any technology dependency.
FPA is divided into 4 attributes. All these 4 Attributes are nothing but functional key Ares of
transaction.
For Example:
1. Input
2. Output
3. Input External Data
4. Output Internal Data

3. Can you explain steps in function points?

Below are the steps in function points:
First Count ILF, EIF, EI, EQ, RET, DET, FTR and use the rating tables. After you have counted
all the elements you will get the unadjusted function points.
Put rating values 0 to 5 to all 14 GSC. Adding total of all 14 GSC to come out with total VAF.
Formula for VAF = 0.65 + (sum of all GSC factor/100).
Finally, make the calculation of adjusted function point. Formula: Total function point = VAF *
Unadjusted function point.
Make estimation how many function points you will do per day. This is also called as
"Performance factor".On basis of performance factor, you can calculate Man/Days.
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Task4:
Aim: Analyze the Risk related to the project and prepare RMMM (Risk Mitigation, Monitoring,
and Management) plan

Objective: To study types of risk and preparing RMMM plan.

References: Software Engineering Roger Pressman McGraw Hill Fifth edition Software
Engineering Ian Somerville Pearson Education Sixth edition An Integrated Approach To
Software Engineering Pankaj Jalote Narosa

Pre-requisite: Knowledge of software Analysis, Risk analysis.

Theory: Risk analysis and management are series steps that help a software team to understand
uncertainty.
Types of Risks
1. Technical risks.
2. Business risks.
3. Project risks.
Risk Mitigation, Monitoring, and Management
Risk mitigation (proactive planning for risk avoidance)
Risk monitoring (assessing whether predicted risks occur or not, ensuring risk aversion
steps are being properly applied, collect information for future risk analysis, attempt to
determine which risks caused which problems)
Risk management and contingency planning (actions to be taken in the event that
mitigation steps have failed and the risk has become a live problem)

Sample Output:
Risk table
risk id
Category
1
TE
2
BU

Probability
0.7
0.4

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2
3

RMMM
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Post Lab Assignment:

1. Explain Risk Identification?
2. Explain various risk strategies?
Viva Questions:

Q) What is RMMM?
A) Risk Mitigation, Monitoring, and Management
Risk mitigation (proactive planning for risk avoidance)
Risk monitoring (assessing whether predicted risks occur or not, ensuring risk aversion
steps are being properly applied, collect information for future risk analysis, attempt to
determine which risks caused which problems)
Risk management and contingency planning (actions to be taken in the event that
mitigation steps have failed and the risk has become a live problem)
Q) What is Risk strategy?
A) Risk Strategies
Reactive strategies - very common, also known as fire fighting, project team sets resources aside
to deal with problems and does nothing until a risk becomes a problem
Proactive strategies - risk management begins long before technical work starts, risks are
identified and prioritized by importance, then team builds a plan to avoid risks if they can or
minimize them if the risks turn into problems

Q) What is Software Risks?

A) Project risks - threaten the project plan
Technical risks - threaten product quality and the timeliness of the schedule
Business risks - threaten the viability of the software to be built (market risks, strategic risks,
management risks, budget risks)
Known risks - predictable from careful evaluation of current project plan and those extrapolated
from past project experience
Unknown risks - some problems simply occur without warning

Q) What is Risk Refinement?

A) Process of restating the risks as a set of more detailed risks that will be easier to mitigate,
monitor, and manage.
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CTC (condition-transition-consequence) format may be a good representation for the detailed

risks (e.g. given that <condition> then there is a concern that (possibly) <consequence>).

Task5:
Aim: Develop Time-line chart and project table using PERT (Program Evaluation Review
Technique) or CPM (Critical path method) project scheduling methods.
Objective: To study project scheduling and tracking
References: Software Engineering Roger Pressman McGraw Hill Fifth edition Software
Engineering Ian Somerville Pearson Education Sixth edition An Integrated Approach To
Software Engineering Pankaj Jalote Narosa
Prerequisite: Knowledge of Project and project scheduling, Task set for the software project,
Adaptation criteria.
Theory: PERT and CPM are project scheduling methods that can be applied to software
development. Both techniques are driven by information already developed in earlier project
planning activities:
1. estimates of effort.
2. A decomposition of the product function.
3. The selection of the appropriate process model and task set .
4. Decomposition of tasks.
When creating a software project schedule, the planner begins with a set of tasks(the work
breakdown structure).

Sample Output:
Time-line chart and work breakdown structure is prepared.
Post Lab Assignment:
1. Explain degree of Rigor?
2. Explain various Adaptation Criteria?
Viva Questions:
Q) Define PERT?
A) The Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) is a network model that allows for
randomness in activity completion times. PERT was developed in the late 1950's for the U.S.
PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) is one of the successful and proven methods
among the many other techniques, such as, CPM, Function Point Counting, Top-Down
Estimating, WAVE, etc.
Q) Define CPM?
A) The critical path itself represents the set or sequence of predecessor/successor activities which
will take the longest time to complete. The duration of the critical path is the sum of the
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activities' durations along the path. Thus, the critical path can be defined as the longest possible
path through the "network" of project activities. The duration of the critical path represents the
minimum time required to complete a project. Any delays along the critical path would imply
that additional time would be required to complete the project.

Task6
Aim: Draw E-R (Entity Relationship) Diagrams, DFD (Dataflow Diagrams), CFD (Control Flow
Diagrams) and structured charts for the project.
Introduction:
Developing databases is a very important task to develop a system. Before going to form exact
database tables and establishing relationships between them, we conceptually or logically can
model our database using ER diagrams.
In this experiment we will learn how to find the entities, its attributes and how the relationships
between the entities can be established for a system.
Objectives:
After completing this experiment you will be able to:
Identify entity sets, their attributes, and various relationships
Represent the data model through ER diagram
Entity-Relationship model:
It is used to represent a logical design of a database to be created. In ER model, real world
objects (or concepts) are abstracted as entities, and different possible associations among them
are modelled as relationships.
For example, student and school -- they are two entities. Students study in school. So, these two
entities are associated with a relationship "Studies in".
As another example, consider a system where some job runs every night, which updates the
database. Here, job and database could be two entities. They are associated with the relationship
"Updates"
Entity Set and Relationship Set
An entity set is a collection of all similar entities. For example, "Student" is an entity set that
abstracts all students. Ram, John are specific entities belonging to this set. Similarly, a
"Relationship" set is a set of similar relationships.
Attributes of Entity
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Attributes are the characteristics describing any entity belonging to an entity set. Any entity in a
set can be described by zero or more attributes.
For example, any student has got a name, age, an address. At any given time a student can study
only at one school. In the school he would have a roll number, and of course a grade in which he
studies. These data are the attributes of the entity set Student.
Keys
One or more attribute(s) of an entity set can be used to define the following keys:
Super key: One or more attributes, which when taken together, helps to uniquely identify an
entity in an entity set. For example, a school can have any number of students. However, if we
know grade and roll number, then we can uniquely identify a student in that school.
Candidate key: It is a minimal subset of a super key. In other words, a super key might contain
extraneous attributes, which do not help in identifying an object uniquely. When such attributes
are removed, the key formed so is called a candidate key.
Primary key: A database might have more than one candidate key. Any candidate key chosen
for a particular implementation of the database is called a primary key.
Prime attribute: Any attribute taking part in a super key

Weak Entity
An entity set is said to be weak if it is dependent upon another entity set. A weak entity can't be
uniquely identified only by it's attributes. In other words, it doesn't have a super key.
For example, consider a company that allows employees to have travel allowance for their
immediate family. So, here we have two entity sets: employee and family, related by "Can claim
for". However, family doesn't have a super key. Existence of a family is entirely dependent on
the concerned employee. So, it is meaningful only with reference to employee.
Entity Generalization and Specialization
Once we have identified the entity sets, we might find some similarities among them. For
example, multiple person interacts with a banking system. Most of them are customers, and rest
employees or other service providers. Here, customers, employees are persons, but with certain
specializations. Or in other way, person is the generalized form of customer and employee entity
sets.
ER model uses the "ISA" hierarchy to depict specialization (and thus, generalization).
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Mapping Cardinalities
One of the main tasks of ER modeling is to associate different entity sets. Let's consider two
entity sets E1 and E2 associated by a relationship set R. Based on the number of entities in E1
and E2 are associated with, we can have the following four type of mappings:
One to one: An entity in E1 is related to at most a single entity in E2, and vice versa
One to many: An entity in E1 could be related to zero or more entities in E2. Any entity in E2
could be related to at most a single entity in E1.
Many to one: Zero or more number of entities in E1 could be associated to a single entity in E2.
However, an entity in E2 could be related to at most one entity in E1.
Many to many: Any number of entities could be related to any number of entities in E2,
including zero, and vice versa.
ER Diagram
From a given problem statement we identify the possible entity sets, their attributes, and
relationships among different entity sets. Once we have these information, we represent them
pictorially, called an entity-relationship (ER) diagram.
Graphical Notations for ER Diagram:

Importance of ER modelling
Figure - 01 shows the different steps involved in implementation of a (relational) database.
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Figure - 01: Steps to implement a RDBMS

Given a problem statement, the first step is to identify the entities, attributes and relationships.
We represent them using an ER diagram. Using this ER diagram, table structures are created,
along with required constraints. Finally, these tables are normalized in order to remove
redundancy and maintain data integrity. Thus, to have data stored efficiently, the ER diagram is
to be drawn as much detailed and accurate as possible.
Simulation:

Case Study:
A Library Information System for SE VLabs Institute:
The SE VLabs Institute has been recently setup to provide state-of-the-art research facilities in
the field of Software Engineering. Apart from research scholars (students) and professors, it also
includes quite a large number of employees who work on different projects undertaken by the
institution.
As the size and capacity of the institute is increasing with the time, it has been proposed to
develop a Library Information System (LIS) for the benefit of students and employees of the
institute. LIS will enable the members to borrow a book (or return it) with ease while sitting at
his desk/chamber. The system also enables a member to extend the date of his borrowing if no
other booking for that particular book has been made. For the library staff, this system aids them
to easily handle day-to-day book transactions. The librarian, who has administrative privileges
and complete control over the system, can enter a new record into the system when a new book
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has been purchased, or remove a record in case any book is taken off the shelf. Any non-member
is free to use this system to browse/search books online. However, issuing or returning books is
restricted to valid users (members) of LIS only.
The final deliverable would a web application (using the recent HTML 5), which should run only
within the institute LAN. Although this reduces security risk of the software to a large extent,
care should be taken no confidential information (eg., passwords) is stored in plain text.
A robust database backend is essential for a high-quality information system. Database schema
should be efficiently modeled, refined, and normalized. In this section we would develop a
simple ER model for the Library Information System.
The first step towards ER modeling is to identify the set of relevant entities from the given
problem statement. The two primary, and obvious, entity sets in this context are "Member" and
"Book". The entity set "Member" represents all students, professors, or employees who have
registered themselves with the LIS. While registering with the LIS one has to furnish a lot of
personal and professional information. This typically includes name (well, that is trivial),
employee ID (roll # for students), email address, phone #, age, date of joining in this institute.
The system may store some not-so-important information as well like, blood group, marital
status, and so on. All these pieces of information that an user has to provide are sufficient to
describe a particular member. These characteristics are the attributes of the entities belonging to
the entity set "Member".
It is essential for an entity to have one or more attributes that help us to distinguish it from
another entity. 'Name' can't help that -- two persons could have exactly the same name. However,
('Name', 'Phone #') combination seems to be okay. No two persons can have the same phone
number. 'Employee ID', 'Email address' are other potential candidates. Here, 'Employee ID',
'Email address' and ('Name', 'Phone #') are super keys. We choose 'Employee ID' to uniquely
identify an user in our implementation. So, 'Employee ID' becomes our primary key (PK) for the
"Member" entity set. Figure 1 represents this set along with it's attributes and the primary key.

Figure 1: "Member" entity set

Let us now focus on the "Book" entity set. Typical attributes of a book are it's title, name of
author(s), publisher, date of publication, edition, language, ISBN-10, ISBN-13, price (of
course!), date of purchase. The set of listed attributes for a book doesn't give a straight forward
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choice of primary key. For instance, several books could have the same title. Again, ISBN
numbers for a book are specific to it's edition -- it can't distinguish between two books of the
same edition. One might be tempted to use a combination of ('Title', 'Authors') as a primary key.
This has some shortcomings. It is advisable not to use texts as a PK. Moreover, the number of
authors that a book could have is not fixed, although it is a small, finite number. The rules of
normalization (not covered here) would dictate to have a separate field for each author like
'Author1', 'Author2', and so on. Therefore, we assign an extra attribute, 'ID', to each book as it's
PK. Different databases available in the market provide mechanisms to generate such an unique
ID, and automatically increment it whenever a new new entity is added. In fact, we could assign
such an ID to the "Member" entity set as well. However, because of availability of the unique
'Employee ID' field, we skipped that. A graphical representation of the "Book" entity set is
shown in figure 2.

Figure 2: "Book" entity set

One point to note here is that a book is likely to have multiple copies in the library. Therefore,
one might wish to have a '# of copies' attribute for the "Book" entity set. However, that won't
allow us to differentiate among the different copies of book bearing same title by same author(s),
edition, and publisher. The approach that we have taken is to uniquely identify each book even
though they are copies of the same title.
To buy any new book an order is to be placed to the distributor. This task is done by the
librarian. Therefore, "Librarian" and "Distributor" are two other entities playing roles in this
system.
Having identified the key entities, we could now relate them with each other. Let us consider the
entity sets "Member" and "Book". A member can issue books. In fact, he can issue multiple
books up to a finite number say, N. A particular book, however, could be issued by a single
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member only. Therefore, we have a one-to-many mapping from "Member" to "Book" entity sets.
This relationship between "Member" and "Book" entity sets is pictorially depicted in figure 3.

Figure 3: Relationships among different entity sets

Figure 3 also shows that the librarian can "place order" for books to the distributor. This is a
many-to-many mapping since a librarian can purchase books from multiple distributors. Also, if
the institute has more than one librarians (or any other staff having such authority), then each of
them could place order to the same distributor. An order is termed as complete when distributor
supplies the book(s) and invoice.
The design in figure 3 has a flaw. Librarian himself could be a member of the LIS. However, he
is a "special" kind of member since he can place order for books. Our ER diagram doesn't reflect
this scenario. Such special roles of an entity set could be represented using "ISA" relationship,
which is not discussed here.
Any kind of designing couldn't be possibly done at one go. Therefore, the baseline ER model so
prepared should be revised by considering the business model yet again to ensure that all
necessary information could be captured. Once this has been finalized, the next logical step
would be to create table structures for each identified entity set (and relationships in some cases)
and normalize the relations

Webliography
Entity-relationship modelling
Entity Relationship Modelling 2

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Viva Questions:
Q) Define E-R Diagram?
A) An entity relationship diagram (ERD) shows the relationships of entity sets stored in a
database. An entity in this context is a component of data. In other words, ER diagrams illustrate
the logical structure of databases.

Q) What is DFD?
A) A data flow diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation of the "flow" of data through an
information system, modelling its process aspects. ADFD is often used as a preliminary step to
create an overview of the system, which can later be elaborated.

Q) Define CFD?
A) A control flow diagram (CFD) is a diagram to describe the control flow of a business process,
process or review
Control flow diagrams were developed in the 1950s, and are widely used in multiple engineering
disciplines. They are one of the classic business process modelling methodologies, along with
flow charts, data flow diagrams, functional flow block diagram, Gantt charts, PERT diagrams,
and IDEF

Q) Define structured Charts?

A) A Structure Chart (SC) in software engineering and organizational theory, is a chart which
shows the breakdown of a system to its lowest manageable levels. They are used in structured
programming to arrange program modules into a tree. Each module is represented by a box,
which contains the module's name.

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Task7:
Aim: Design of Test cases based on requirements and design

Design of the test cases.

Objective: Development of new software, like any other product, remains incomplete until it
subjected to exhaustive tests. The primary objective of testing is not only to verify that all
desired features have been implemented correctly, but also includes the verification of the
software behaviour in case of "bad inputs".
In this experiment we discuss in brief about different types of testing, and provide tools and
mechanisms to have hands-on experience on unit testing.

Software Testing:
Testing software is an important part of the development life cycle of software. It is an expensive
activity. Hence, appropriate testing methods are necessary for ensuring the reliability of a
program. According to the ANSI/IEEE 1059 standard, the definition of testing is the process of
analyzing a software item, to detect the differences between existing and required conditions i.e.
defects/errors/bugs and to evaluate the features of the software item.
The purpose of testing is to verify and validate software and to find the defects present in
software. The purpose of finding those problems is to get them fixed.
Verification is the checking or we can say the testing of software for consistency and
conformance by evaluating the results against pre-specified requirements.
Validation looks at the systems correctness, i.e. the process of checking that what has been
specified is what the user actually wanted.
Defect is a variance between the expected and actual result. The defects ultimate source may be
traced to a fault introduced in the specification, design, or development (coding) phases.

Test Cases and Test Suite

A test case describes input descriptions and an expected output descriptions. Input are of two
types: preconditions (circumstances that hold prior to test case execution) and the actual inputs
that are identified by some testing methods. The set of test cases is called a test suite. We may
have a test suite of all possible test cases.

Types of Software Testing

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Testing is done in every stage of software development life cycle, but the testing done at each
level of software development is different in nature and has different objectives. There are
different types of testing, such as stress testing, volume testing, configuration testing,
compatibility testing, recovery testing, maintenance testing, documentation testing, and usability
testing. Software testing are mainlyof following types.
Unit Testing
Integration Testing
System Testing
Unit Testing
Unit testing is done at the lowest level. It tests the basic unit of software, that is the smallest
testable piece of software. The individual component or unit of a program are tested in unit
testing. Unit testing are of two types.
Black box testing: This is also known as functional testing , where the test cases are designed
based on input output values only. There are many types of Black Box Testing but following are
the prominent ones.
- Equivalence class partitioning: In this approach, the domain of input values to a program is
divided into a set of equivalence classes. e.g. Consider a software program that computes
whether an integer number is even or not that is in the range of 0 to 10. Determine the
equivalence class test suite. There are three equivalence classes for this program. - The set of
negative integer - The integers in the range 0 to 10 - The integer larger than 10
- Boundary value analysis : In this approach, while designing the test cases, the values at
boundaries of different equivalence classes are taken into consideration. e.g. In the above given
example as in equivalence class partitioning, a boundary values based test suite is { 0, -1, 10, 11
}
White box testing: It is also known as structural testing. In this testing, test cases are designed on
the basis of examination of the code.This testing is performed based on the knowledge of how
the system is implemented. It includes analyzing data flow, control flow, information flow,
coding practices, exception and error handling within the system, to test the intended and
unintended software behavior. White box testing can be performed to validate whether code
implementation follows intended design, to validate implemented security functionality, and to
uncover exploitable vulnerabilities.This testing requires access to the source code. Though white
box testing can be performed any time in the life cycle after the code is developed, but it is a
good practice to perform white box testing during the unit testing phase.
Integration Testing
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Integration testing is performed when two or more tested units are combined into a larger
structure. The main objective of this testing is to check whether the different modules of a
program interface with each other properly or not. This testing is mainly of two types:
Top-down approach
Bottom-up approach
In bottom-up approach, each subsystem is tested separately and then the full system is tested. But
the top-down integration testing starts with the main routine and one or two subordinate routines
in the system. After the top-level skeleton has been tested, the immediately subroutines of the
skeleton are combined with it and tested.
System Testing
System testing tends to affirm the end-to-end quality of the entire system. System testing is often
based on the functional / requirement specification of the system. Non-functional quality
attributes, such as reliability, security, and maintainability are also checked. There are three types
of system testing
Alpha testing is done by the developers who develop the software. This testing is also done by
the client or an outsider with the presence of developer or we can say tester.
Beta testing is done by very little number of end users before the delivery, where the change
requests are fixed, if the user gives any feedback or reports any type of defect.
User Acceptance testing is also another level of the system testing process where the system is
tested for acceptability. This test evaluates the system's compliance with the client requirements
and assess whether it is acceptable for software delivery
An error correction may introduce new errors. Therefore, after every round of error-fixing,
another testing is carried out, i.e. called regression testing. Regression testing does not belong to
unit testing, integration testing, or system testing, instead, it is a separate dimension to these
three forms of testing.
Regression Testing
The purpose of regression testing is to ensure that bug fixes and new functionality introduced in
software do not adversely affect the unmodified parts of the program [2]. Regression testing is an
important activity at both testing and maintenance phases. When a piece of software is modified,
it is necessary to ensure that the quality of the software is preserved. To this end, regression
testing is to retest the software using the test cases selected from the original test suite

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Simulation:
Exhaustive testing of software is required to determine it is working as per expectations and
requirements. Developers often do not have enough time (or at times interest) to test their codes
thoroughly. To handle such scenarios, most projects usually have a dedicated testing team.
However, unit testing, at least, is done by the developers.
Irrespective of who performs testing, or what is being tested, testing usually involves some
generic steps. In this simulation we provide a broad overview of the testing process.

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Steps for conducting the experiment

General Instructions:
Follow are the steps to be followed in general to perform the experiments in Software
Engineering Virtual Lab
1 Read the theory about the experiment
2 View the simulation provided for a chosen, related problem
3 Take the self evaluation to judge your understanding (optional, but recommended)
4 Solve the given list of exercises
Following are the instructions specifically for this experiment:
1 Type in the code (in JavaScript) to be tested in the text area below the header "Code"
2 Once the code is ready, click on the "Create test suite" just below the code area. A small dialog
box will appear just below the button.
3 Add a title and summary for the test suite to be created. (Both are optional.) When done, click
on the "Add" button. If this test suite is not supposed to be added, click on the "Cancel" link.
4 After clicking on the "Add" button from the previous step, a dialog will display the new test
suite. Every test suite is identified with a unique ID: an (auto-incrementing) integer prefixed with
"TS". The first test suite will have the ID "TS0 ", and so on.
5 An already added test suite could be removed by clicking on the "Remove" link
6 Once a test suite has been created, click on the "Add test cases" button to add the test cases
individually

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7 After clicking on the "Add test cases" button a spreadsheet-type dialog will appear just below
the button. The spreadsheet has six columns:
Summary: A brief description of the test case (mandatory)
Script: A (JavaScript) function to be called for execution (mandatory)
Expected Output: The value the above function call is expected to return (mandatory)
Actual Output: The value actually obtained after making the function call. This column would
be populated automatically after the test suite is executed.
Manual Testing: Certain test cases could not be checked automatically. For example, a testing
framework may not verify that an HTML element X is not overlapping with another HTML
element Y. In such cases, manual intervention is required. To specify that a test case would be
executed manually, select the "Yes" check box under this column.
Status: Indicates the status of a test case after it is executed. Possible values are:
No Run: The test suite has not been executed yet or the test case has been set for Manual
Testing)
Pass: The concerned test cases expected and actual values are same
Fail: The concerned test cases expected and actual values are NOT same
8 The number of columns in the spreadsheet are fixed (six). The number of initial rows are 10.
New rows could, however, be added by pressing Enter while the last column of the last row is
being selected.
9 NOTE: Summary of a test case IS mandatory for every test case in the test suite. If a particular
test case has no summary, the concerned test case, and all other subsequent test cases, would be
ignored!
10 Once test cases have been written, click on the "Execute test suite" button to execute the test
cases for the concerned test suite. Please note that this may not execute all the test cases in the
test suite if the constraints as mentioned in the previous step are not met. Also, any test case set
for manual testing would be skipped.
Viva Questions:
Q) Define Test case?
A) A test case is a document, which has a set of test data, preconditions, expected results and
post conditions, developed for a particular test scenario in order to verify compliance against a
specific requirement.
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Test Case acts as the starting point for the test execution, and after applying a set of input values;
the application has a definitive outcome and leaves the system at some end point or also known
as execution post condition.
Q) Explain Testing types?
A) Black box testing Internal system design is not considered in this type of testing. Tests are
based on requirements and functionality.
White box testing This testing is based on knowledge of the internal logic of an applications
code. Also known as Glass box Testing. Internal software and code working should be known
for this type of testing. Tests are based on coverage of code statements, branches, paths,
conditions.
Unit testing Testing of individual software components or modules. Typically done by the
programmer and not by testers, as it requires detailed knowledge of the internal program design
and code. may require developing test driver modules or test harnesses.
Incremental integration testing Bottom up approach for testing i.e continuous testing of an
application as new functionality is added; Application functionality and modules should be
independent enough to test separately. done by programmers or by testers.
Integration testing Testing of integrated modules to verify combined functionality after
integration. Modules are typically code modules, individual applications, client and server
applications on a network, etc. This type of testing is especially relevant to client/server and
distributed systems.
Functional testing This type of testing ignores the internal parts and focus on the output is as
per requirement or not. Black-box type testing geared to functional requirements of an
application.
System testing Entire system is tested as per the requirements. Black-box type testing that is
based on overall requirements specifications, covers all combined parts of a system.
Regression testing Testing the application as a whole for the modification in any module or
functionality. Difficult to cover all the system in regression testing so typically automation tools
are used for these testing types.
Acceptance testing -Normally this type of testing is done to verify if system meets the customer
specified requirements. User or customer does this testing to determine whether to accept
application.

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Performance testing Term often used interchangeably with stress and load testing. To
check whether system meets performance requirements. Used different performance and load
tools to do this.
Alpha testing In house virtual user environment can be created for this type of testing. Testing
is done at the end of development. Still minor design changes may be made as a result of such
testing.
Beta testing Testing typically done by end-users or others. Final testing before releasing
application for commercial purpose.

Q) Define Testing?
A) Testing is the process of evaluating a system or its component(s) with the intent to find
whether it satisfies the specified requirements or not.
Testing is executing a system in order to identify any gaps, errors, or missing requirements in
contrary to the actual requirements.

Q) Who Does Testing?

A) It depends on the process and the associated stakeholders of the project(s). In the IT industry,
large companies have a team with responsibilities to evaluate the developed software in context
of the given requirements. Moreover, developers also conduct testing which is called Unit
Testing. In most cases, the following professionals are involved in testing a system within their
respective capacities:
Software Tester
Software Developer
Project Lead/Manager
End User

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Task8:
Aim: Prepare FTR (Formal technical reviews) and Prepare version control and change control
for software configuration items.

Objective: To understand Software configuration management

References: Software Engineering Roger Pressman McGraw Hill Fifth edition Software
Engineering Ian Somerville Pearson Education Sixth edition An Integrated Approach to
Software Engineering Pankaj Jalote Narosa.

Pre-requisite: Knowledge of Software configuration management

Theory: FTR-formal technical review serves as a training ground, enabling junior engineer to
observe different approaches to software analysis. Version control-It combines procedures and
tools to manage different versions of configuration objects that are created during software
process Change control-It is a formal process used to ensure a product services or process is only
modifies in line when identified necessary change.

Sample Output:
A document which contain software configuration items, details of change control and version
control with respect to software configuration management.

Post Lab Assignment:

1. Explain software configuration management with baselines
SCIs?
2. Explain Identification of objects in the software configuration?
Viva Questions:
Q) Define FTR?
A) Formal Technical Reviews (FTR) are formal examinations of software products to identify
faults (i.e. departures. from specifications and standards). They are a class of reviews that
include: System Denition Reviews.
Formal Technical Review: Reviews that include walkthroughs, inspection, ....
Formal Technical Review
Reviews that include walkthroughs, inspection, round-robin reviews and other small group
technical assessment of software. It is a planned and control meeting attended by the analyst,
programmers and people involve in the software development.
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Uncover errors in logic, function or implementation for any representation of software

To verify that the software under review meets the requirements
To ensure that the software has been represented according to predefined standards
To achieve software that is developed in a uniform manner.
To make project more manageable.
Early discovery of software defects, so that in the development and maintenance phase the errors
are substantially reduced. " Serves as a training ground, enabling junior members to observe
the different approaches in the software development phases (gives them helicopter view of what
other are doing when developing the software).
Allows for continuity and backup of the project. This is because a number of people are become
familiar with parts of the software that they might not have otherwise seen,
Greater cohesion between different developers.
Q) What are Objectives of FTR?
A) A formal technical review is a software quality assurance activity performed by software
Engineers (and others). The objectives of the FTR are
(1) To uncover errors in function, logic, or implementation for any representation of the
software;
(2)To verify that the software under review meets its requirements;
(3)To ensure that the software has been represented according to predefined standards;
(4) To achieve software that is developed in a uniform manner;
(5) To make projects more manageable.
Q) Discuss FTR?
A) FTR is effective quality improvement
Reviews can find 60-100% of all defects.
Reviews are technical, not management.
Review data can assess/improve quality of:

work product

software development process

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review process

Reviews reduce total project cost, but have non-trivial cost (~15%)
Upstream defect removal is 10-100 times cheaper.
Reviews disseminate domain knowledge, development skills, and corporate culture.

REFERENCES:
1 - Software Engineering ? A Practitioner s Approach, Roger S. Pressman, 1996, MGH.
2 - Software Engineering by Ian sommerville, Pearson Edu, 5th edition, 1999
3 - An Integrated Approach to software engineering by Pankaj jalote , 1991 Narosa
4 -Requirements Engineering: A Good Practice Guide, Ian Sommerville, Pete Sawyer, Wiley
India Pvt Ltd, 2009
5 - Fundamentals of Software Engineering, Rajib Mall, Prentice-Hall of India, 3rd Edition, 2
6 - Database System Concepts, Henry F. Korth , Abraham Silberschatz, McGraw Hills, 5th
Edition
7. - Fundamentals of Software Engineering, Rajib Mall, Prentice-Hall of India, 3rd Edition, 2009
8 - Software Engineering: A Practioner's Approach, Roger S. Pressman, McGraw Hills, 7th
Edition, 2009

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