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Rail Code of Practice

ARTC - Rail Code of Practice

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Rail Code of Practice

ARTC - Rail Code of Practice

Uploaded by

Matthew Butler

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You are on page 1/ 37

Discipline:

Engineering (Track & Civil)

Category:

Code of Practice

Rail
Section 1
Applicability
ARTC Network wide

Primary Source

Document Status
Version

Date Reviewed

Prepared by

Reviewed by

Endorsed

Approved

3.1

12 Aug 13

Standards

Stakeholders

Manger
Standards

General Manager
Technical Standards
& Environment
16/08/2013

Amendment Record
Version

Date Reviewed

Clause

Description of Amendment

3.0

02 Nov 12

1.1.1(b)(c)(d),
1.4.3, 1.4.12
& Table 1.2A

Reissue of document. Supersedes version 2.8. Significant rewrite due to a change of methodology of managing rail wear
limits. Further updates made following stakeholder consultation.

3.1

12 Aug 13

1.4.13

Updated to state that no guard rails are required on bridges.

This ARTC CoP has drawn on the Rail Industry Safety and Standards Board (RISSB) National
Code of Practice Volume 4, Track and Civil Infrastructure, but is not identical. The ARTC CoP has
been subject to Risk Assessment as required by the various State Rail Safety Regulators. The
results of these risk assessments have made it necessary to deviate from the RISSB CoP in
some areas. ARTC maintains traceability of the differences.
Australian Rail Track Corporation Limited 2013
Disclaimer:
This document has been prepared by ARTC for internal use and may not be relied on by any other party without ARTCs prior written consent.
of this document shall be subject to the terms of the relevant contract with ARTC.

Use

ARTC and its employees shall have no liability to unauthorised users of the information for any loss, damage, cost or expense incurred or arising by
reason of an unauthorised user using or relying upon the information in this document, whether caused by error, negligence, omission or
misrepresentation in this document.

This document is uncontrolled when printed.

Authorised users of this document should visit ARTCs intranet or extranet (www.artc.com.au) to access the latest version of this document.

Engineering (Track & Civil) Code of Practice

Section 1 Rail

Contents

Contents
1

Section 1: Rail......................................................................................... 4
1.1

Design and Rating.............................................................................. 4

1.1.1 Rail Selection........................................................................... 4
Rail size............................................................................................ 4
Rail wear .......................................................................................... 4
Rail Size Variations ............................................................................ 7
Rail wear measurement and calculation summary: ................................. 9
Track deflection limits........................................................................10
1.1.2 Rail joint method (welded and non-welded)................................10
1.1.3 Rail welding............................................................................10
1.1.4 Non-welded rail joint ...............................................................10
1.1.5 Insulated Joints ......................................................................11
1.1.6 Rail lubrication........................................................................12
1.1.7 Guard rails .............................................................................12
1.1.8 Junction Rails .........................................................................13

1.2

Construction and Maintenance ............................................................13

1.2.1 Rail materials .........................................................................13
1.2.2 Rail welding processes .............................................................14
1.2.3 Repair of defective rails and welds ............................................22
1.2.4 Rail discontinuities in welded rails .............................................23
1.2.5 Cutting of rail .........................................................................24
1.2.6 Drilling holes in rail .................................................................24
1.2.7 Stress controlmaintenance of the existing rail stress condition ...24
1.2.8 Stress controlstress adjustment of continuously welded rail (CWR)
............................................................................................25

1.3

Commissioning .................................................................................26

1.4

Inspection and Assessment ................................................................26

1.4.1 Scheduled rail and welded joint inspection .................................26
1.4.2 Scheduled non-welded joint inspection ......................................28
1.4.3 Scheduled rail wear inspection ..................................................29
1.4.4 Scheduled inspection for rail lubrication .....................................30
1.4.5 Un-scheduled inspection for rail lubrication.................................31
1.4.6 Scheduled guard rail inspection.................................................31
1.4.7 Insulated rail joint inspections ..................................................31
1.4.8 Rail and welded joint assessment ..............................................32
1.4.9 Rail discontinuities assessment .................................................32
1.4.10 Non-welded joint assessment ...................................................33

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Page 2 of 37

Engineering (Track & Civil) Code of Practice

Section 1 Rail

Contents

1.4.11 Rail wear assessment ..............................................................35

1.4.12 Rail lubricator assessment........................................................36
1.4.13 Guard rail assessment .............................................................36
1.5

Decommissioning and Disposal ...........................................................37

1.5.1 Components Sorted for Reuse, Quarantine or Disposal ................37

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Page 3 of 37

Engineering (Track & Civil) Code of Practice

Section 1 Rail

Contents

Mandatory requirements also exist in other documents.

Where alternative interpretations occur, the Manager Standards shall be informed so the
ambiguity can be removed. Pending removal of the ambiguity the interpretation with the safest
outcome shall be adopted.

Section 1: Rail

1.1

Design and Rating

1.1.1 Rail Selection

Guidelines for the design and selection of rail are as follows:

Rail size
The recommended minimum rail sizes are given in Table 1.1A.
Table 1.1A - Rail Size Selection

Rail size (kg/m) see note 1

Track classification
Heavy Haul
Interstate Lines

Existing track

New construction

47/53/60

[see note 2]

Main Intrastate Lines

Light Weight Intrastate Lines

60
50
40/50

[see note 3]

Notes:
[1]

Rail sizes other than those specified in Table 1.1A may be used subject to demonstration,
through appropriate analysis and/or testing that they are suitable for the operational
task. Rail wear limits for these alternative rail sizes should be determined during this
process.

[2]

Use of 47 kg rail under these operating conditions may require higher levels of
maintenance, particularly where rail and weld geometry are not of good quality.

[3]

Most 40kg rail types have the same foot size as 50kg rail.

[4]

It is normal practice to provide CWR in Heavy Haul and Interstate Lines, and Intrastate
Lines and Relief Lines, but not on Light Weight Intrastate Lines. Loops, refuge sidings and
other tracks may be welded to CWR with the approval of ARTC.

Rail wear
There are generally two rail wear mechanisms, top wear where the rail head is worn or
ground down, and side wear where the rail wears from the gauge face. Top wear is the
dominant wear mechanism for low rails of curves, tangent tracks and curves with radius
greater than about 600m. Side wear is the dominant wear mechanism for the high rail of
curves sharper than about 600m radius.
Rails on main lines and crossing loops are to be examined at the frequency and using
methods described in clause 1.4.3. The gauge face angle of the rails should also be
measured and the actions specified in clause 1.4.11 taken when the limits are exceeded.
The allowable limits for top wear and side wear, at which the capacity of the rail should be
reviewed, are given in Table 1.2A. The limits for rail head wear as detailed in this table are
divided into 2 levels; Risk Control & Condemn.
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Page 4 of 37

Engineering (Track & Civil) Code of Practice

Section 1 Rail

Contents

The acceptance limits for worn rails being transposed from curves to straights, beyond
which the rails are not to be reused, are detailed in columns C and D in Table 1.3.
The risk control limits detailed in Table 1.2A are designed to ensure that appropriate risk
based mitigation controls, as detailed in clause 1.4.11, are implemented as the total
percentage head loss passes these limits. These controls are recommended to ensure the
risks due to the higher rail loading forces and general track risk conditions experienced as
the rails wear are reduced to acceptable levels.
There are two risk control limits detailed for each rail size based on whether the amount of
side wear loss of width on the gauge face is less or greater than 10mm. Locations where
gauge face wear is lower than 10mm normally align to tangent track or wider radius curves
that are not generally exhibiting high lateral forces and side wear. Once the side wear has
exceeded 10mm, particularly on tighter radius curves, the increased side loading being
experienced by the rail and the reduced rail sectional strength means more conservative
limits are required when extra risk controls become necessary.

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Page 5 of 37

Engineering (Track & Civil) Code of Practice

Section 1 Rail

Contents

Table 1.2A Rail Top Wear Limits

Rail type

Limit 1 : Risk Control

Loss of head area %

Limit 2 : Condemn (rerail or speed

restrict)
Condemn Height Limits

Condemn Width Limits

Side wear loss of

width (gauge
face wear) is less
than 10mm

Side wear loss of

width (gauge face
wear) is greater
than 10mm

Loss of
height
(mm)

Remaining
height
(mm)

Loss of
width
(mm)

Remaining
width
(mm)

35%

32%

50kg AS

45%

32%

53kg AS

35%

32%

60AS
Standard

40%

34%

60AS Head
Hardened

45%

34%

47kg AS
(94lb)

(107lb)

50 (46 -

see note 7)

50 (46

see note 7)

Notes:

Version 3.1

[1]

The limits apply to the worst location, and not the average rail wear, for the segment of
track being considered (such as a curve).

[2]

The deciding wear limit is the first exceedance of any of the limits in the table above. The
specified limit action must be taken when the rail wear reaches either the height, width
or head loss %.

[3]

The limits do not apply to combination of defects. Where combined defects occur
assessment by a competent worker is required.

[4]

The limits listed under Limit 1: Risk Control must not be exceeded without first
considering the risk control factors as described within clause 1.4.11.

[5]

All limit dimensions are taken at 16mm from the remaining rail surface either top or side
as described further down within this clause under the heading Rail wear measurement
and calculation summary

[6]

Once the risk control limits are reached, monitoring of rail wear data to identify rail wear
locations that require imminent re-rail, should be performed at no less frequent than
10MGT intervals. This frequency allows preparation for re-rail to occur before condemn
limits are reached or exceeded in practice.

[7]

If it can be shown that all risk control factors in section 1.4.11 are being adequately
controlled, then the extended side wear limits of 46mm can be used on 50kg and 53kg
rails. The extended side wear locations must be ultrasonically tested at no greater than
6MGT intervals. Also noting that at high levels of side wear the rail may be reported as
untestable by the contractor (due to loss of zero probe where rail is worn past the edge
of the web), manual hand testing thus may be required.

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Engineering (Track & Civil) Code of Practice

Section 1 Rail

Contents

Rail Size Variations

A comprehensive historic list of the maximum allowable rail wear for other potential rail
sections is shown in Table 1.2B (Dimension A and B). For all rail size/type variations
that are found existing in Main Lines but are not detailed in Table 1.2A, the wear limits in
Table 1.2B are to be used. Any rail identified as matching of the sizes in Table 1.2B and
exceeding the specified limits in the table, shall be replaced or speed restricted until
replaced.
Where rails are to be transposed from curves to straights, the condemning dimensions to
be used are the combined wear limits C and D in Table 1.3.
Table 1.2B - Maximum allowable rail wear for all rail sections.
Dimensions shown indicate rail head remaining not actual wear
Approx
kg/m

Rail Section

Width of new
rail Head
(mm)

Condemning Top Wear

remaining height A
(mm)

Condemning Worn
remaining width B
(mm)

103 AS 1936

90 AS 1928, 90 AS 1925

90 AS 1916

90 J 1913

80 ASB 1928

80 ASA 1928, 80 A 1916

80 AA 1906

80 A 1900

80 A(1) 1897

80 A(2) 1895

80 A(3) 1890

78 H 1903

75 BHP 1917

71 2 D 1875

70 AS 1928, 70 AS 1925

70 AS 1916

70lb 1910

60 ASB 1928

60 ASA 1928, 60 AS
1916
60 BA 1907

60 B 1896

60 B 1890

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Page 7 of 37

Engineering (Track & Civil) Code of Practice

Section 1 Rail

Design and Rating

Table 1.3 - Maximum allowable rail wear for all curve worn rail sections to be re-used in tangent track
(transposed/cascaded). Dimensions shown indicate rail head remaining not actual wear
Approx
kg/m

Rail Section

Width of
new rail
Head
(mm)

Combined Wear
Minimum remaining Side
Width C if rail is to be reused on Tangent Track
(mm)

Top remaining height D

after remaining Side
Width C
(mm)

60AS 1977 1981 HH

60 AS 1977 1981

53 AS 1977 1981

107 AS 1936 1964

103 AS 1936

50 AS 1977 1981

100 AS 1928

100 AS 1916

100 C 1907

100 C 1901

94 AS 1937

90 AS 1928, 90 AS 1925

90 AS 1916

90 J 1913

80 ASB 1928

80 ASA 1928, 80 A 1916

80 AA 1906

80 A 1900

80 A(1) 1897

80 A(2) 1895

80 A(3) 1890

78 H 1903

75 BHP 1917

71 2 D 1875

70 AS 1928, 70 AS 1925

70 AS 1916

70lb 1910

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Page 8 of 37

Engineering (Track & Civil) Code of Practice

Section 1 Rail

Design and Rating

Rail wear measurement and calculation summary:

Head Loss %, loss of width and loss of height measurement and calculation methods:

Table 1.4 gives the area of each rail size in new condition; this figure must be used for
all head loss % calculation methods.

Measurements should be taken to an accuracy of 0.5mm, with the gauge face angle
measured to an accuracy of 2 degrees. The head area loss should be measured to an
accuracy of 2%.

All measurements of head width and head depth are taken 16mm below or 16mm in
the rail head as shown below. Measurements are taken from running faces.

The condemn limits for worn height are designed to target solely tangent (top) wear.
In cases where excessive side wear has occurred, it may not be possible to measure
the top wear at 16mm from the remaining gauge face edge otherwise invalid
measurements can be obtained. In such cases where this 16mm measure point is not
representative of the true top wear (due to the strong gauge face wear), the worn
height may be measured 16mm in from the field side of the rail head as an alternative.

Table 1.4 Rail Size new head area to be used for head loss % calculations

Version 3.1

Rail type

New rail head area (mm^2)

47AS

2548

50AS

2729

53AS

2710

60AS Standard

3018

60AS Head Hardened

3018

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Page 9 of 37

Engineering (Track & Civil) Code of Practice

Section 1 Rail

Design and Rating

Track deflection limits

A design track deflection of 6.35 mm or less is desirable. Where the design track
deflections under the vehicle design loads exceed 9 mm, to account for an expected
increase in deterioration rates of the actual track structure condition, it is recommended
that the specified inspection and assessment frequencies be reviewed.

1.1.2 Rail joint method (welded and non-welded)

Methods of joining rail to provide continuous support include the following:
a) Non-welded rail (i.e. mechanically jointed rail).
b) A combination of welded and non-welded rail (e.g. long welded rail), see Note.
c)

Continuously welded rail (CWR).

Associated construction and maintenance guidelines to control the build up of longitudinal

stresses in the rail are specified in Clauses 1.2.7 and 1.2.8 and Section 6, Track lateral stability.
Note:

Joints shall have adequate strength and the rail shall be adequately restrained. The
centre portion of long lengths may need to be treated as CWR.

1.1.3 Rail welding

a) Rail joint weld process
Weld processes for joining rails include the following:
(i)

Aluminothermic

(ii) Flashbutt
b) Rail surface repair weld process
Recommended types of weld processes for rail surface repair include:
(i)

Aluminothermic.

(ii) Manual Metal Arc.

(iii) Metal Inert Gas.
c)

Other weld processes

Welding process types other than the above (e.g. gas pressure welding to join rail) shall
only be used following testing and commissioning involving a stringent validation process
involving metallurgical analysis and thorough laboratory and field-testing.

1.1.4 Non-welded rail joint

The rail joint design shall be in accordance with standard fish plated joints covered in AS 1085,
or be equal to or exceed the performance of current proven designs. Permitted permanent and
temporary rail joints are as follows:
a) Permanent rail joints
In crossings, turnouts and other locations where fixed joints are used, the use of swage
lock fastenings in lieu of bolts is an alternative method of fastening. Care should be taken
however to ensure that the joint components can support the forces imposed by this type
of fastening due to the tensile loading across the fastening.
Permitted types of permanent rail joints are as follows:
(i)

Fish plated joints

The types of fish plated joints recommended are 6 hole/6 bolts or 6 hole/4 bolts with
the two centre bolts not used, see Note 1.

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Page 10 of 37

Engineering (Track & Civil) Code of Practice

Section 1 Rail

Design and Rating

Joints on opposite rail legs may be adjacent to each other (i.e. square). Where
staggered joints are used the effect on vehicle resonances should be taken into
consideration.
Joints should be centrally suspended between sleepers.
Fish plated rail joint components should be manufactured to conform to the
appropriate Australian Standard [see Note 2] as follows:
Fishplates

AS 1085.2

Fishbolts and nuts

AS 1085.4

Spring washers

AS 1085.7

Notes:
[1]

6 hole/4 bolt joints should only be used where it is intended to weld the track. The "two
centre bolts not used" refers to the bolt on either side of, or closest to the interface of the
two rails.

[2]

These standards generally define the materials, material tests, manufacture, design and
specification of the component, and component testing and compliance.
(ii) Other Joints
Expansion switches, junctions and other permanent joints not covered by AS 1085
shall be supplied in compliance with the specified design.

b) Temporary rail joints

Temporary joint components shall be supplied in compliance with the specified design.
A closure rail if required to remain in track permanently must not be shorter than 10m. In an
emergency a shorter rail may be used as a temporary measure.

1.1.5 Insulated Joints

a) Pre-assembled glued insulated joints with 6 hole joint bars in accordance with AS1085.12
shall be installed in all new welded tracks. They are also to be used as replacement for
existing mechanical insulated joints or field assembled glued insulated joints on these lines
when renewal is required.
b) In welded tracks field assembled glued insulated joints are not approved as replacement for
pre-assembled glued insulated joint excepting that they may replace the insulated
components and the fish plates of an existing mechanical joint that cannot be replaced with
a pre-assembled glued insulated joint.
c)

Pre-assembled glued insulated joints should incorporate swage lock fastenings. In general
insulating materials that encapsulate fishplates are unsuitable for swage lock fastenings
without the application load spreading plates.

d) Pre-assembled glued insulated joints containing rails heavier than 47 kg/m rail shall be
manufactured from head hardened rail. Standard joint lengths are 3.43 and 4.47 m with
the standard versine range specified in ARTC specifications for use in curved tracks.
e)

Rail ends shall be angle cut as provided for in AS1085.12. Where angle cutting is required it
should be at 15 degrees to a line square across the rail head.

The insulated joint is to be centrally suspended between sleepers and located within 700
mm of its design location. When placed on curves pre-assembled glued insulated joints
must be pre-curved to suit the radius of the track.

g) Pre-assembled double insulated glued joints with components in accordance with

AS1085.12 - 1999 Railway Permanent Way Materials Insulated Joint Assemblies are
approved for use at locations where there is a recorded serious failure of track circuiting
reliability from steel scale. They may be used on straight and curved track however
where the radius of curvature is less than 600m they shall only be used on the high rail of
the curve if their design conforms to the requirements for Grade A joints in AS 1085.12
1999.
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Page 11 of 37

Engineering (Track & Civil) Code of Practice

Section 1 Rail

Design and Rating

Each joint of the Double insulated joint must be new and shall conform in all respects to the
requirements of ARTC Standard ETA-01-01 Manufacture and testing of Pre-Assembled
Glued Insulated Rail Joints except when stated in this Section. Second hand joints may not
be reused.
The double block joints shall consist of 2 glued insulated joints at 2.325m apart. The length
of the double block joint is 5.765 m and is composed of three lengths of rail (1.720m,
2.325m and 1.720m) rigidly joined by a pair of fishplates at each joint, adhesive insulating
material and high strength bolts with nuts and washers.

1.1.6 Rail lubrication

Recommendations for rail lubricators are as follows:
a) Where specified sufficient rail lubricant shall be applied to the gauge face of the outer rail of
curves, clear of the wheel/rail contact band, so that rail wear and wheel squeal is
minimised.
b) Rail lubricant equipment and assembly details shall be to an approved design and shall be
installed, adjusted, cleaned, maintained and used in accordance with the manufacturers
instructions.
c)

The lubricating system shall comply with relevant environmental statutory requirements for
the control of excess lubricant and friction modifiers.

d) A register shall be established and maintained which specifies where rail lubricators are to
be used and the method of application.

1.1.7 Guard rails

Guard rails are not mandatory but where specified in new designs shall be as follows:
a) Guard rail size of AS80lb/yd, CR80lb/yd, AS40kg/m, or AS41kg/m or greater with rail head
wear not exceeding 40%, or other equivalent sections. Asymmetrical rail sections may be
used with the approval of ARTC.
b) Both sides of the track shall be protected, unless the identified hazard is only on one side of
the track where a single guard rail may be installed for protection from that hazard.
c)

The top of the guard rail shall be at the level of the adjacent running rail surface, or below
it by no more than 50 mm.

d) The working face of the guard rail that comes into contact with derailed wheels shall be a
minimum of 200mm and a maximum of 380mm from the gauge face of the running rail,
and be located to keep derailed wheels on sleeper ends and avoid rolling stock impacts with
structures. The maximum clearance is preferable and if a smaller clearance is adopted an
effective maintenance regime must be in place for replacing the guard rails, when tamping
ballast top bridges, and the rails at the bridge ends.
e)

The working face of the splay rail which comes into contact with the derailed wheels should
start approximately 600mm from the gauge face of the running rail and be angled towards
the running rails to ensure derailed wheels pass the correct side of the guard rail end or
vee.

Splay rail bends shall be formed without cutting the rail.

g) Splay rail sleepers should be fully supported for their entire length.
h) Guard rails shall extend past the end of structure or other hazard being protected.
i)

Guard rails and guard rail ends shall be fastened to every sleeper. They may be connected
directly to timber sleepers with no plates.

Guard rail lengths shall be joined using four-hole fish plated joints as a minimum or their
equivalent with at least two bolts on each side. No joints are permitted in the vee.

The guard rail end design is to

(i)

Version 3.1

be flared away from the running rails;

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Page 12 of 37

Engineering (Track & Civil) Code of Practice

Section 1 Rail

Construction and Maintenance

(ii) be vee shaped where there are pairs of guard rails between the running rails and
extend a minimum 3.6m beyond the abutment on the train approach side of the
bridge.
(iii) extend parallel for a minimum of 3m beyond the abutment on the departure side of
the bridge
(iv) Installed at both ends of the bridge where traffic is bi-directional.
l)

Where transoms are bolted to girders the spikes are to be adjacent to the rail flange.

m) When transoms are clipped to girders the spikes are to be installed through holes drilled in
the guard rail flange.
n) Block out holes for guard rail fastenings in concrete sleepers shall be grouted with an
approved high strength grout.
o) Suitable isolation arrangements are to be made where required in track circuit areas.
p) For fixing details, dimensional set-outs and componentry detail and sizes, Standard Guard
Rail drawings are available.
q) For special installations, such as where noise and vibration limiting track fixings are used or
where expansion joints exist, specific design details of guard rail installations to suit will be
required. Approved track fixings are to be used. The design is to be certified by a
competent design engineer.

1.1.8 Junction Rails

The following junction rails have been approved for use in ARTC tracks:
a) 60 kg/m to 50 kg/m rail;
b) 60 kg/m rail to 53 kg/m rail;
c)

53 kg/m to 50 kg/m rail;

d) 53 kg/m rail to 47 kg/m rail;

1.2

47kg/m to 50 kg/m rail;

47 kg rail to 41kg rail.

Construction and Maintenance

1.2.1 Rail materials

Guidelines for the acceptance of rail and associated materials are as follows:
a) New rail
New rail should comply with the criteria in the following standards:
(i)

53 kg rail cross section should comply with the superseded AS 1085.1 (1980). All
other properties should comply with AS 1085.1

(ii) 50 kg and 60 kg rail and should comply with AS 1085.1 or equivalent standard.
Rail purchased for use in CWR track should be obtained in lengths as long as possible so as
to minimise the number of welds in track.
b) Closure rails
In addition to the requirements of Table 1.5 closure rails should conform to the following
criteria:
(iii) Longer lengths are often used to improve the track geometric quality and reduce
track maintenance;
(iv) The closure rail head profile shall comply with Table 1.10 and be compatible with the
rail head profile of the rail to be removed such that rail misalignments are not
introduced into the track.
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Page 13 of 37

Engineering (Track & Civil) Code of Practice

Section 1 Rail

Construction and Maintenance

Part worn rail

Prior to its reuse in track part worn rail shall be assessed for conformance with Table 1.5.

1.2.2 Rail welding processes

Guidelines for rail welding processes are as follows:
a) Flash butt welding
Welding rail ends together using flash butt welding shall be carried out using a specified
process as set out in Table 1.6.
b) Aluminothermic welding
Aluminothermic weld materials shall be supplied in accordance with AS 1085.15. Type and
proof testing shall be carried out using the method and frequency defined in AS 1085.15.
Welding rail ends together using aluminothermic welding shall be carried out using a
specified process as set out in Table 1.7.
Transport and storage of weld consumables shall be in accordance with AS1085.15.
Consumables affected in any way which will impact on the integrity of the final weld shall
not be used.
c)

Manual Metal Arc or Metal Inert Gas Welding

Repairing the rail running surface using manual metal arc (MMA) or metal inert gas (MIG)
welding shall be carried out using a specified process as set out in Table 1.8.
These welding processes shall not be used for joining rail.

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Page 14 of 37

Engineering (Track & Civil) Code of Practice

Section 1 Rail

Construction and Maintenance

Table 1.5 Assessment of Part Worn Rail

Factor

Specification

Method of Test

Frequency / Timing
of Test

Method of
Assessment

Defects in rails and

welds

Defects shall be identified and

classified as detailed in Clauses
1.4.8, 1.4.9 and 1.4.10

Refer Clause 1.4

Ultrasonic testing as
required by Figure 1.1

Refer Clauses 1.4.8,

1.4.9 and 1.4.10

Wear limits

Refer Clause 1.1.1(b), (c) and (d)

Gauge or measurement
of wear

Once only prior to

unrestricted service

Refer Clause 1.4.11

Metallurgical properties

No testing is necessary if the rail

conforms to AS 1085.1 or the
relevant superseded Australian
Standard or has extensive proven
service under the relevant operating
conditions.

N/A

Otherwise for each rail type

determine suitability in terms of:

Applicable Australian
and International
Standards

Once only prior to use of

rail type

Review by metallurgist
competent in rail
examination/testing/
evaluation

Direct measurement

Once only prior to welding

Compare with the

Specification

Location of bolt holes in

rail to be welded

Version 3.1

Ultimate yield strength

Chemical composition

Inclusions

Impact resistance

Hardness

Microstructure

The distance from the edge of the

bolt hole to the rail end shall be no
less than 65 mm

Date of last revision: 12 Aug 13

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Comments

Distances less than 65 mm may cause

masking of weld defects during
ultrasonic testing and poor heat
distribution during welding

Page 15 of 37

Engineering (Track & Civil) Code of Practice

Section 1 Rail

Construction and Maintenance

Factor

Specification

Method of Test

Frequency / Timing
of Test

Method of
Assessment

Comments

Adjacent welds

Welds shall be no closer than 4 m

from the next weld or the end of a
rail.

Direct measurement

Once only prior to welding

Compare with the

Specification

Longer lengths of closure rails and

insulated joints are often used to
improve the geometric quality of the
final weld/rail surface and reduce track
maintenance.

Welds or rail ends shall not be

located closer than 1.5 m from the
centre of a glued insulated joint

In turnouts aluminothermic welds may

be placed closer than 2.2 m to a
minimum of 1.2 m to a flashbutt weld,
aluminothermic weld or rail joint
(mechanical or glued) provided that:

Adjacent non welded

joints

Joints shall be no closer than 6 m.

Not to be applied retrospectively, in
points and crossings and in tracks
with loose rail.

Direct measurement

Rail end straightness

The rail end straightness shall be

limited to that which permits the
final weld or mechanical joint to
comply with Clause 1.2.4 on rail
discontinuities.

Direct measurement

Once only prior to

installation

Version 3.1

The flashbutt weld or joint is

ultrasonically tested and no defects
are found

The rail length is well secured by

two ties with the ties held by more
than two rails such that they will
not skew if the rail breaks in two
places.

Compare with the

Specification

Special consideration should be given in

turnouts where shorter lengths may be
necessary.

Compare with the

Specification

Care should be taken with rail end

straightness due to excess loading on
the fastenings, sleepers and rail in
service

Rail Twist

Discontinuities

Care should be taken with twist and

other rail distortions that may induce
excess loading on the fastenings and
sleepers, gauge variation and eccentric
loading of the rail in service.
Refer Clause 1.2.4

Refer Clause 1.2.4

Once only prior to

unrestricted service

Compare with the

Specification

Date of last revision: 12 Aug 13

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Where the specification is not met at any

location along the rail corrective action
should be taken, for example blending or
transition grinding of the rails.

Page 16 of 37

Engineering (Track & Civil) Code of Practice

Section 1 Rail

Construction and Maintenance

Factor

Specification

Method of Test

Frequency / Timing
of Test

Method of
Assessment

Comments

Rail cross section

Rail conforms to AS 1085.1 or the

relevant superseded Australian
Standard

Check branding

Once only prior to use

Compare with the

Specification

Some other rail cross sectional shapes

have unacceptable properties (e.g. due
to sharp head/web fillet radius,
unacceptable rail head profile)

Gauge face angle

Refer Clause 1.4.11 (b)

Gauge or profile
measurement

Once only prior to use

Compare with the

Specification

Closure rail length

Closure rails shall be a minimum

length of 4 metres

Direct measurement

Once only prior to use

Compare with the

specification

Matching profiles

Closure rail head profiles shall be

compatible with the rail head profile
of the rail to be removed.

Direct measurement

Once only prior to use

Compare with the

specification

Version 3.1

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Prevention of rail misalignments into the

track.

Page 17 of 37

Engineering (Track & Civil) Code of Practice

Section 1 Rail

Construction and Maintenance

Table 1.6 Flashbutt Welding Process

Factor

Specification

Method of Test

Welding practices

Use equipment manufacturers

method or other method approved
by ARTC

Weld completion report

by welder certifying
conformance with
specification.

Performance specification shall

include at least:

Welding current

Upset force or pressure

Upset displacement

Welding time

Frequency / Timing
of test

Method of
Assessment

Every weld immediately

after completion

Against specification

Visual observation of
welding process.
Check graph or meter

Actions
When a process non-conformance is
identified possible corrective actions
include:

Stop welding

Reassess process

Readjust settings

Rework

Worker competency and

training

Welder to be competent and hold

current certification in flashbutt
welding

Audit of welder
competency.

Welders shall be recertified Competency assessment

at least every two years.
against specification
More frequent assessment
may be necessary where
evidence of nonconformance is identified.

Retraining of welder or withdraw

certification.

Post weld testing

External visual inspection. Refer to

Clauses 1.4.8 (Rail and welded
joints) and 1.2.4 (Rail
discontinuities)

Visual: Weld
certification that the
weld has been visually
inspected and no
recordable defects have
been found

Every weld immediately

after welding

As specified in Clauses
1.4.8 and 1.2.4

As specified in Clauses 1.4.8 and 1.2.4

Internal inspection as specified in

Clause 1.4.8 (Rail and welded joints)

Ultrasonic testing: Weld Every weld at production

certification that correct or within 90 days of
practices and
installation into track
equipment have been
used and that no
recordable defects have
been found

As specified in Clause
1.4.8

As specified in Clause 1.4.8

[see note 1]

Note [1]:ARTC may specify strength testing and macroscopic testing of welds following welding machine malfunction, overhaul, change of rail
section or work shift.

Version 3.1

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Page 18 of 37

Engineering (Track & Civil) Code of Practice

Section 1 Rail

Construction and Maintenance

Table 1.7 Aluminothermic Welding Process

Factor

Specification

Method of test

Welding practices

Manufacturers method or other

method approved by ARTC

Weld completion report

by welder certifying
conformance with
specification.

Frequency / Timing
of test

Method of
assessment

Every weld immediately

after welding

Against specification

Visual observation of
welding process.
Worker competency and
training

Post weld testing

Version 3.1

Welders shall be recertified Competency assessment

at least every two years.
against specification

Corrective actions
When a process non-conformance is
identified possible corrective actions
include:

Stop welding

Reassess process

Rework

Welder to be competent and hold

current certification in
Aluminothermic welding

Audit of welder
competency

Retraining of welder or withdraw

certification

External visual inspection. Refer to

Clauses 1.4.8 (Rail and welded
joints) and 1.2.4 (Rail
discontinuities)

Visual: Weld
certification that the
weld has been visually
inspected and no
recordable defects have
been found

Every weld prior to

unrestricted traffic
immediately after welding

As specified in Clauses
1.4.8 and 1.2.4

As specified in Clauses 1.4.8 and 1.2.4

Internal Inspection as specified in

Ultrasonic Testing: Weld
Clause 1.4.8 (Rail and welded joints) certification that correct
practices and
equipment have been
used and that no
recordable defects have
been found

Welds to be tested
ultrasonically within the
timeframe specified in
ARTC standard ETE-01-03

As specified in Clause
1.4.8

As specified in Clause 1.4.8

More frequent assessment

may be necessary where
evidence of nonconformance is identified.

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Page 19 of 37

Engineering (Track & Civil) Code of Practice

Section 1 Rail

Construction and Maintenance

Table 1.8 Manual Metal Arc and Mig Repair Welds - Process

Factor

Specification

Method of test

Frequency / Timing
of test

Method of
assessment

Actions

Materials

All materials shall be supplied to

Australian Standard or equivalent to
owners specification

As per owners standard

Prior to use

Against the specification

As necessary

Welding practices

Owners practices for surface

preparation and weld process

Weld completion report

by welder certifying
conformance with
specification

Every weld immediately

after welding

Against specification

Stop the use of the welding procedure.

Welders shall be assessed as

competent. Dependant on the risk
this may necessitate certification
similar to that under AS 1554 for
special purpose welding

Audit of welder
competency

Welders shall be recertified Competency assessment Retraining of welder or withdraw

at least every two years.
against specification
certification.

Worker competency and

training

Post weld testing

More frequent assessment

may be necessary where
evidence of nonconformance is identified

External visual inspection. Refer to

Visual: Weld
Clauses 1.4.8 (Rail and welded joint) certification that the
and 1.2.4 (Rail discontinuities).
weld has been visually
inspected and no
recordable defects have
been found

Immediately after all welds As specified in Clauses

1.4.8 and 1.2.4

As specified in Clauses 1.4.8 and 1.2.4

Internal inspection as specified in

Clause 1.4.8 (Rail and welded
joints).

Welds to be tested
ultrasonically within the
timeframe specified in
ARTC standard ETE-01-03

As specified in Clause 1.4.8

Particular attention should be given

to problems that may occur due to
internal defects created by welding
process.

Version 3.1

Reassess Process.

Ultrasonic testing: Weld

certification that correct
practices and
equipment have been
used and that no
recordable defects have
been found. No testing
available for manganese
steel products.

As specified in Clause
1.4.8

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Page 20 of 37

Engineering (Track & Civil) Code of Practice

Section 1 Rail

Construction and Maintenance

Figure 1.1 Rail Acceptance: Ultrasonic Test Flow Diagram

START

Is the ultrasonic test history of the rail known?

Test rail prior to unrestricted

traffic

YES
NO

Has the rail been ultrasonically examined?

Test rail prior to unrestricted

traffic

YES

Has the test been tested within time specified

in Technical Maintenance Plan?

YES
OK, no test required

Version 3.1

NO
Test rail prior to unrestricted
traffic

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Page 21 of 37

Engineering (Track & Civil) Code of Practice

Section 1 Rail

Construction and Maintenance

1.2.3 Repair of defective rails and welds

Repair of defective rails and welds shall be carried out in accordance with Table 1.9. Defective
rails removed from track shall be immediately rendered unsuitable for reuse. When a defect is
to be removed consideration should be given to removal of any other identified rail and weld
defects in the vicinity.
Table 1.9 Rail and Weld Repair Guidelines [1]

DEFECT [2]

COMMENT ON ACTIONS

Bolt hole
(crack, elongation or non
conforming)

Defects shall be cut out and replaced by a closure rail. The closure rail may be welded
at both ends provided specified rail lengths are not exceeded.

Broken foot

Defects shall be cut out and replaced by a closure rail.

Broken rail

Defects should be cut out and the rail welded (subject to compliance with guidelines
for distances to bolt holes) or replaced by a closure rail.

Corroded rail

The defective portion of rail should be replaced.

Foot/web separation and

head/web separation

Repairs shall be carried out by replacing the complete rail between welds unless the
rail has been examined in detail by manual ultrasonic examination.

Horizontal split
(head or web)

Repairs shall be carried out by replacing the complete rail between welds, unless the
rail has been examined in detail by manual ultrasonic examination.

Mechanical joint

The necessary repair shall be determined by a competent worker.

Mill defect

Repair is not normally required until growth is detected. The defect should then be
reclassified according to the nature of propagation or failure.

Multiple transverse
defects

Repairs shall be carried out by replacing the complete rail between welds, unless the
rail has been inspected in detail by manual ultrasonic examination. The rail removed
should be immediately rendered unsuitable for reuse.

Notches

Defects shall be cut out and the rail welded or replaced by a closure rail.

Unclassified Defect

The necessary repair shall be determined by a competent worker.

Piped Rail

Repairs shall be carried out by replacing the complete rail between welds, unless the
rail has been examined in detail by manual ultrasonic examination. The rail removed
should be immediately rendered unsuitable for reuse.

Rail surface (e.g. rolling

contact fatigue)

The necessary repair shall be determined by a competent worker and include

consideration of the location, extent and the impact on the ability to carry out
ultrasonic testing of the rail affected.

Shatter Crack

Transverse Defect
(including those from
shells or wheel burns)

The defect shall be removed and the rail restored by welding.

Vertical Split
(head or web)

Weld defect
(head, web or foot)

Repairs shall be carried out by removing the weld and replaced by a closure rail, or by
the use of wide gap welds if no bolt holes exist.

Weld defect: surface (e.g.

gas hole, hot tear,
shrinkage, porosity)

Repairs shall be carried out by removing the weld and replacement with a closure rail,
or by the use of wide gap welds if no bolt holes exist.

Weld defect: repairs of

surface defects

Ultrasonic defects that occur are to be found in other defect classifications. Alignment
defects may be corrected by grinding, surface repair or replacement with a closure
rail.

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Page 22 of 37

Engineering (Track & Civil) Code of Practice

Section 1 Rail

Construction and Maintenance

DEFECT [2]

COMMENT ON ACTIONS

Wheel burn

Defects shall be repaired by repair welding or replaced by a closure rail.

Small wheel burns may be ground out.

Note:
[1]

All repairs shall meet the rail surface guidelines defined in Clause 1.2.4.

1.2.4 Rail discontinuities in welded rails

The control of rail running surface discontinuities during the following processes are given in
Table 1.10:
a) Laying of rail in track.
b) Production of rail lengths for installation.
c)

Insertion rail welds into track including those for closure rails.
Table 1.10 - Welded Rail Discontinuities (New Welds)

Factor

Recommended
limits (see Note 5)

Method of test

Corrective action
to achieve
tolerances

Peak in running surface

+0.0 to +0.3 mm over

1 m. Absolute max
peak 0.5mm

1 m reference and
height difference
measure (2)

Remove or grind

Dip in running surface

Nil

1 m reference and
height difference
measure

Remove or lift

Gauge widening due to

change in rail

0.5 mm over 1 m

1 m reference and
height difference
measure

Remove or bend

Gauge narrowing due

to change in rail

0.5 mm over 1 m

1 m reference and
height difference
measure

Remove or grind

Vertical deviation in rail

running surface (Ramp
angle)

7 milliradians or +/0.35mm over 50mm.

Measured with dipped

weld (P1) gauge or
electronic straightedge
over 1m.

Remove or grind

Vertical step in rail

running surface

0.15 mm over 100

100 mm reference and

height difference
measure

Remove or grind

Horizontal step in rail

running surface

0.15 mm over 100

100 mm reference and

height difference
measure

Remove or grind

Notes:

Version 3.1

[1]

Guidelines for rail with non-welded rail joints are to be determined

[2]

For example a 1m straightedge and feeler or taper gauges.

[3]

Tolerances are applied only to areas of the rail where wheel contact may occur

[4]

The critical factor in the rail surface limits is the ramp angle measured with a dipped weld
gauge (P1) over 50mm over the full extent of grinding of the weld.

[5]

The minimum standard for new welds should be as per the column titled recommended
limits.
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Page 23 of 37

Engineering (Track & Civil) Code of Practice

Section 1 Rail

Construction and Maintenance

1.2.5 Cutting of rail

Rail cutting shall only be carried out using a specified process.
Rail ends shall be cut square to defined tolerances and finish depending on the purpose of the
cut.
Rail ends in insulated joints shall comply with AS 1085.12. The cut shall be in a vertical plane
and in the plan view may be at an angle as specified in section 1.1.4 (a).
Rail saw cutting is the preferred method of cutting rail and it is the only method permissible for
preparation of closures to be used for a later welding operation. Flame cutting of rails is
permitted when welding is to be carried out but subject to the conditions set out below:
a) The method may not be used in any circumstances on head hardened rail except where
welding is to be carried out within 30 minutes. If this is not possible 30 mm should be cut
off the cooled rail ends immediately prior to welding.
b) For standard carbon rails, flame cut rails should be welded in the same work shift. If this is
not possible 30 mm should be cut off the cooled rail ends immediately prior to welding.
c)

Flame cutting shall not be used in preparing rail ends for installation of a permanent nonwelded rail joint.

Both ends of the rail to be welded must be of the same type i.e. either both flame cut or both
sawn.
Other than when used during the welding process as specified above flame cut rail ends under
traffic are only permitted in emergency conditions and shall be plated as a temporary joint,
have a speed restriction of 20 km/h or less (dependent on the joint design) imposed and be
kept under close observation. Under no circumstances are trains permitted to proceed over
these rails at normal speeds. The flame cut rail end must be replaced as soon as possible by
welding in a new section or replacing the affected rail with a saw cut rail.

1.2.6 Drilling holes in rail

Rail drilling shall only be carried out using a specified process.
The drilling of holes in rails should be minimised, e.g. by using rail mounted equipment that
does not require drilling of the rail.
Marking the centre of the hole to be drilled should be carried out using an appropriate template
or equivalent. Holes shall be drilled square to the web via use of an appropriate guidance
mechanism. Drilling requires appropriate cooling of the drilling tool.
The location of boltholes for the installation of mechanical rail joints should be in accordance
with the dimensions defined in AS 1085.2 and AS 1085.12. In all other cases the centre of
drilled holes should be within 5 mm of the neutral axis of the rail and for rail sizes of 41 kg/m
and greater should not be greater than 27 mm in diameter.
Flame cut holes are not permitted in running rails or other track components except in an
emergency such as a derailment. If flame cut bolt hole are used to effect temporary repairs a
speed restriction of 10km/h is to be placed on the section. The affected rail and/or rails must be
removed prior to increasing the speed restriction

1.2.7 Stress controlmaintenance of the existing rail stress condition

The method specified in this clause may be used where the length of rail to be adjusted does
not warrant the disturbance of the track which would be necessary in a full stress adjustment. It
is used primarily for the replacement of short sections of rail such as the replacement of
insulated joints or defective rails and welds. The length of rail to be inserted should not exceed
15 m.
During execution of this procedure, measurements shall be taken to ensure that the process has
been carried out correctly. Reference points shall be established on the rail outside the insert
length prior to cutting. The distance between the reference points shall remain the same (i.e.
within tolerance prescribed below) following the stressing procedure. This may be achieved
either by direct measurement of the distance or by the use of independent datum points.
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Page 24 of 37

Engineering (Track & Civil) Code of Practice

Section 1 Rail

Construction and Maintenance

Measurement of the length between the two reference points shall be made
a) prior to cutting the rail; and
b) after the rail has been welded into track.
Comparison of these two measurements shall be within 2 mm.
If the results of the measurements indicate that the rail adjustment is out of tolerance then
either
i.

rail stresses should be readjusted, or

ii.

the guidelines in Section 6, Track lateral stability, should be implemented.

1.2.8 Stress controlstress adjustment of continuously welded rail (CWR)

During execution of the rail stressing process, measurements shall be taken to ensure that it
has been carried out correctly.
The principal elements that shall be included in the practices adopted for rail stress adjustment
on CWR are as follows:
a) Rail stress assessment and, if necessary adjustment, should be carried out whenever the
following events occur:
(i)

New or recycled rail is being laid into track.

(ii) A stress check is being carried out.

(iii) The rail adjustment is suspect, for example due to the presence of

buckles;

break-aways / pull-aparts;

mechanical joint failure; or

significant rail creep.

(iv) Significant changes in track alignment.

(v) The rail is cut and practices described in Clause 1.2.7 have not been used
b) Stressing length**
This proposal has been deferred in NSW only pending field testing to show that there is an
even stress distribution over the longer stressing length on recommendation of the Risk
Analysis Group.
(i)

CWR that is being stress adjusted by rattling the rail on sleepers or when using
rollers that only act under the foot of the rail, should be subject to the following:
The maximum adjustment length should not exceed:
Curve Radius

Maximum length of adjustment

Greater than 1600 metres to tangent

500 metres

400 to 1600 metres

300 metres

Less than 400 to 200 metres

150 metres

Actual adjustment length will depend on equipment and practices used to ensure an
even distribution of the adjustment over the adjustment length.
CWR on concrete sleepered track, that is being stress adjusted with rollers that lift
under the head of the rail (and in accordance with approved Work Instructions) can be
stressed in lengths of up to 900 metres in one direction. For stressing near the mid
point, this can be in both directions to give total stressing length of up to 1800 metres.
(ii) Finished stress free temperature should be within 5o C from the design neutral
temperature. Adequate records are to be kept to clearly demonstrate this has been
achieved.
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Page 25 of 37

Engineering (Track & Civil) Code of Practice

Section 1 Rail

Commissioning

To adjust the rail stress proceed as follows:

(i)

Select rail length to be adjusted.

(ii) Establish isolation points so that rail outside the length will not be affected by the
process.
(iii) After cutting the rail, establish the stress free condition between the isolation points
by releasing the rail from the fastening system and vibrating it, for example by '
rattling' the rail.
(iv) Measure the shade rail temperature.
(v) Determine the extension or rail gap by the following equation (see Note 1):
E = 1000.L.X.T
where:
E

extension in millimetres

length of free rail to be adjusted in metres

0.0000115

difference between the shade rail temperature (actual) and the design
neutral temperature in degrees Celsius

coefficient of thermal expansion for steel

(vi) Measure the actual stress free gap.

(vii) Carry out the rail length adjustment, for example, by

cutting the rails to achieve the necessary stress free gap (i.e. plus the weld gap);

stretching the rails to close the gap to the necessary weld gap, see Note 2.

(viii) Weld the rails.

(ix) Refasten the rail.
Notes:

1.3

[1]

If the rails are to be welded ensure that the weld gap is taken into account in
determining the stress free gap.

[2]

Assumes the rail is to be welded by the aluminothermic welding process. In the case of
other welding processes the stress free gap will need to be specified.

Commissioning
*** To Be Determined (to be addressed in RISSB Standards) ***

1.4

Inspection and Assessment

1.4.1 Scheduled rail and welded joint inspection

The inspection of rail and welded rail joints shall incorporate the following guidelines:
a) Patrol inspection
The interval between patrol inspections for visible rail defects shall not exceed 7 days or as
specified otherwise by ARTC e.g. in an approved Technical Maintenance Plan. Track patrol
inspections should keep a lookout for rail defects and conditions (i.e. indicators of a defect)
that may affect the integrity of the track structure including the following:
(i)

Broken rails and rail welds

(ii) Rail and rail weld deformations and discontinuities

(iii) Wheel burns

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Page 26 of 37

Engineering (Track & Civil) Code of Practice

Section 1 Rail

Inspection and Assessment

(iv) Damage to rail surface or section

(v) Unusual patterns of gauge face contact
(vi) Unusual vehicle tracking patterns
(vii) Rail corrugation
(viii) Rail crippling
(ix) Other obvious indications of defects.
Patrols may be carried out from an on-rail vehicle travelling at a speed consistent with the
scope of the inspection, by walking or in a locomotive cabin.
Where track circuits are used, these should be employed as an additional method to detect
rail failures.
b) General inspection
A general visual inspection shall be carried out
(i)

for all new welds (see Tables 1.6, 1.7 and 1.8); and

(ii) where the response following detection of a rail or weld defect is 'observe'.
c)

Detailed inspection
Detailed inspection should be carried out as follows:
(i)

Continuous ultrasonic testing

Identification of defects shall be carried out via continuous ultrasonic testing at a
frequency of 15MGT during the service life of the rail or as specified otherwise by
ARTC e.g. in an approved Technical Maintenance Plan. All main lines, crossing and
refuge loops and sidings where the authorised operating speed exceeds 25 kph shall
be tested.
After appropriate analysis the frequency may be varied for the lighter axle load
operating regimes and for newer rail.
The ultrasonic rail inspection reporting system should also supply reports to ARTC or
nominated representative indicating whether rail testing has been inhibited by
shielding from gauge corner fatigue damage or other rail surface defects. Any loss of
testing shall be investigated using hand-held ultrasonic testing equipment. This data
should be used for the determination of rail repair, rail grinding and rail replacement
programs.
Technical aspects of this testing should be based on the Railways of Australia
(Australasian Railway Association) report 'WZ/89/A/92 Ultrasonic Testing of Rail in
Railway Applications'.

(ii) Manual ultrasonic testing

Identification of defects should be carried out in accordance with ARTC training
procedures via manual ultrasonic testing in the following situations:

At new aluminothermic and flash butt welds.

To confirm suspected defects indicated by the continuous ultrasonic inspection.

Where there are suspected defects as found by visual inspection.

When known defects are due to be reinspected and reassessed.

Probe configurations shall be carefully selected for the defect being examined. As a
basis the following standards shall be used to derive the work instructions:

AS 2083 for calibration of equipment.

AS 1085.15 for weld test procedure

(iii) Other detailed inspections

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Page 27 of 37

Engineering (Track & Civil) Code of Practice

Section 1 Rail

Inspection and Assessment

Other detailed inspections may be used in conjunction with ultrasonic detection, for
example magnetic particle, dye penetrant, X-ray, eddy current and magnetic
induction.
New welds shall be checked for alignment and meet the requirements of Table 1.10.
d) Documentation
The following documentation relating to rail and weld defects shall be maintained:
(i)

Rail tonnages over nominal track sections.

(ii) Specifications or work instructions for ultrasonic testing.

(iii) Defective rail/weld report.
(iv) Defect listing and status.
(v) Report of defect removal.
e)

Continuous ultrasonic inspection and rail lubricators

Prior to ultrasonic inspection of rails by rail flaw detection vehicles the rail surface in the
vicinity of rail lubricators shall be inspected. Where there is a build up of grease on the
head of the rail the lubricator shall be turned off 24 hours prior to the scheduled inspection.
If this is not practical the lubricator may be turned off more than 24 hrs ahead of the rail
flaw inspection but this time should be kept to a minimum since additional rail wear may
occur. The lubricators should be turned back on as soon as practicable after the rail flaw
inspection.

1.4.2 Scheduled non-welded joint inspection

The inspection of rail and non-welded rail joints should incorporate the following guidelines:
a) Patrol inspection
The interval between patrol inspections of visible rail and non-welded rail joint defects shall
not exceed 7 days or as specified otherwise by ARTC e.g. in an approved Technical
Maintenance Plan. Track patrol inspections should keep a lookout for defects and conditions
(i.e. indicators of a defect) that may affect the integrity of the track structure including the
following:
(i)

Broken, missing or loose bolts.

(ii) Worn, cracked or broken plates.

(iii) Metal flow across joint.
(iv) Vertical deformation or pumping joints.
(v) Rail end batter.
(vi) Excessive joint gap which may indicate elongated bolt holes or bent bolts.
(vii) Not working as a sliding joint to accommodate designed rail movement
(viii) Insulation breakdown.
(ix) Track circuit bond wire damage.
(x) Other obvious defects or missing components.
Inspections may be carried out from an on-rail vehicle travelling at a speed consistent with
the scope of the inspection, by walking or by engine.
b) General inspection
A general visual inspection shall be carried out at intervals not exceeding twelve (12)
months or as specified otherwise by ARTC e.g. in an approved Technical Maintenance Plan
or at lesser intervals if specified in the joint design (including temporary joint installations).
A general inspection should also be done where the response following detection of a defect
is 'observe'.
General inspections should look for those conditions inspected for in Patrol inspections in
addition to the following:
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Engineering (Track & Civil) Code of Practice

Section 1 Rail

(i)

Inspection and Assessment

Cracked and broken plates.

(ii) Pumping joints.

(iii) Excessive joint gap which may indicate elongated bolt holes or bent bolts.
(iv) Worn fishplates.
(v) Frozen joints.
(vi) Other defects or missing components.
c)

Detailed inspection
A detailed inspection shall be carried out when a joint is suspected to contain additional
defects that cannot be detected by visual inspection.

d) Documentation
Documentation of track sections with non-welded rail joints should be maintained.

1.4.3 Scheduled rail wear inspection

The inspection of rail wear condition should incorporate the following guidelines:
a) Patrol inspection
The interval between patrol inspections of rail for unusual signs of rail wear shall not
exceed 7 days or as specified otherwise by ARTC e.g. in an approved Technical
Maintenance Plan. Track patrol inspections should keep a lookout for rail wear and other
defects and conditions (i.e. indicators of a defect) that may affect the integrity of the track
structure including the following:
(i)

High wear rates (e.g. presence of filings).

(ii) Other unusual and obvious wear patterns and defects indicating for example poor
vehicle tracking, sharp points in curves or excess/deficiency in track superelevation.
(iii) High levels of rail wear approaching wear limits, particularly on curves.
(iv) Excessive rail gauge face angle.
(v) Locations of wheel burns and corrugations and any other deformation of the rail head
Inspections may be carried out from an on-rail vehicle travelling at a speed consistent with
the scope of the inspection, or by walking.
b) General inspection
The amount of rail wear on all main lines and crossing loops shall be measured and
recorded at a period no longer than 6 months apart on Heavy Haul Lines and 12 months
apart on all other lines. The measurement of rail head profile wear may be done by
mechanical non-contact means such as by the AK Car, or other approved track
measurement vehicle. Measurement of wear by non-contact mechanical means such as
hand-held Railmate, Miniprof etc are also acceptable. Measurements shall be taken at
intervals of maximum 10m apart when using the AK car and also when visually inspecting
throughout the affected area (which has been identified as having the most severe example
of wear recorded).
c)

The location of rail wear in excess of the condemn limits detailed in Table 1.2A shall be
recorded together with the location and details of the deformations in (i), (ii), (iv) and (v)
above.

d) Rail in tunnels
In addition to the above requirements, rails in tunnels and wet locations shall be examined
for corrosions during track patrols. The examination should preferably be carried out on a
wet day to confirm the location of water ingress into the tunnel.
The examination requires the removal of any debris and ballast from the rail sections and
particularly from the foot and web area to determine where:

Version 3.1

the rail is being corroded;

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Page 29 of 37

Engineering (Track & Civil) Code of Practice

Section 1 Rail

the rail is wet;

there is major wear on the foot at sleepers and plates.

Inspection and Assessment

Where there is a reduction in rail size in the foot or web measurements should be taken at a
maximum spacing of 20 metres with the results reported on the appropriate form. The
original and allowable limits for 53kg/m and 60 kg/m are shown on the form. Care should
be taken to ensure the worst dimensions in the area are recorded.
Once reduction in size is noted a copy of the report is to be retained by the Length
inspector/examiner for reference at the next examination.
The maximum allowable loss of web and foot size is 3mm at which stage the rail should be
replaced.

1.4.4 Scheduled inspection for rail lubrication

Inspection of rail with lubrication shall be carried out in accordance with the following
guidelines:
a) Patrol inspection
The interval between patrol inspections for rail for lubrication shall not exceed 7 days or as
specified otherwise by ARTC i.e. in an approved Technical Maintenance Plan. Track patrol
inspections should keep a lookout for defects and conditions (i.e. indicators of a defect)
that may affect the integrity of the track structure including the following:
(i)

Contamination of the rail surface (e.g. oil spills).

(ii) Obvious over or under lubrication, see Notes 1 and 2.

(iii) Signs of excessive side wear, shiny wear marks on the gauge face and/or steel
shavings along the rail foot.
(iv) Other obvious unusual conditions.
Inspections may be carried out from an on-rail vehicle travelling at a speed consistent with
the scope of the inspection, or by walking.
b) General inspection
General inspections of rail and rail lubrication devices shall be carried out at prescribed
intervals not greater than 12 months or as specified otherwise by ARTC e.g. in an approved
Technical Maintenance Plan to identify conditions that may contribute to undesirable
wheel/rail interaction (e.g. poor traction or braking, or high L/V ratios) or other hazardous
conditions. Results of the inspection should be reported on the appropriate form. They
should look for those conditions identified in Patrol Inspections in addition to the following:
(i)

Carry of lubrication.

(ii) Obvious damaged or loose components.

(iii) Blade height and conditions.
(iv) Plunger settings and operation.
(v) Filler valve condition.
(vi) Grease leakages.
(vii) Other defects, unusual conditions or missing system components.
Rail lubricator condition, operation and adjustment should be checked during normal
servicing to refill lubricator storage tanks. Adjustments to application rates should also be
made to suit variations in climatic conditions.
c)

Level of lubrication
The level of lubrication can be detected or measured by the following:
(i)

Visual inspection.

(ii) Tribometer.
(iii) Gauge.
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Engineering (Track & Civil) Code of Practice

Section 1 Rail

Inspection and Assessment

Notes:
[1]

This includes excess lubricant on the gauge side or lubricant being transferred to the top
of the rail head (where it is not intended to be applied).

[2]

Instances where one rail is well lubricated and the other is dry may contribute to high
lateral forces being imposed on the rails and its supporting system. In severe situations
this has contributed to the derailment of trains.

1.4.5 Un-scheduled inspection for rail lubrication

An unscheduled general inspection shall be carried out to investigate reported train traction and
braking anomalies from operators.

1.4.6 Scheduled guard rail inspection

The inspection of guard rails shall incorporate the following guidelines.
a) Patrol inspection
The interval between patrol inspections of guard rails shall not exceed 7 days or as
specified otherwise by ARTC e.g. in an approved Technical Maintenance Plan. Track Patrols
which should keep a lookout for visible guard rail defects and conditions (i.e. indicators of a
defect) that may affect the integrity or function of the guard rail including the following:
(i)

Missing or ineffective rail/sleeper fastenings.

(ii) Lack of guard rail continuity.

(iii) Obvious damage to components.
Inspections may be carried out from an on-rail vehicle travelling at a speed consistent with
the scope of the inspection, or by walking.
b) General inspection
A general visual inspection of guard rail condition shall be carried out at intervals not
exceeding twelve (12) months or as specified otherwise by ARTC e.g. in an approved
Technical Maintenance Plan.
(i)

General inspections should look for those conditions inspected for in Patrol
Inspections in addition to damaged and defective components (e.g. mechanical joints
where used).

1.4.7 Insulated rail joint inspections

Inspection of insulated rail joints shall be undertaken during regular track patrols.
Detailed inspections shall be undertaken at maximum 12 months intervals or as specified
otherwise by ARTC e.g. in an approved Technical maintenance Plan. The results shall be
reported on the appropriate forms. Undesirable conditions including those shown below should
be assessed and actions taken in an appropriate time frame.

Version 3.1

Joint insulation material lost, visibly cracked or disintegrated;

Failure of glue in glued joint, particularly between the end post and the first bolt hole and
beyond;

Rail end damage and flow across joint;

Excessive rail head wear;

Loose, bent or broken bolts with joint pulling apart or closing up;

Cracked or broken fishplates;

Pumping joint;

Ineffective ties or fastenings;

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Page 31 of 37

Engineering (Track & Civil) Code of Practice

Section 1 Rail

Inspection and Assessment

Excessive or deficient ballast;

Ineffective drainage;

Metal conductors across the joint which could short circuit the insulation.

1.4.8 Rail and welded joint assessment

The assessment of rail and welded rail joint condition is specified in ARTC Standard ETE-01-03.

1.4.9 Rail discontinuities assessment

The assessment of discontinuities in rails should incorporate the following guidelines:
a) Running surface discontinuities in welded rails
This Clause gives limits for the control of rail running surface discontinuities in welded rails
identified from track inspection.
The limits given are recommended limits only for existing welded track, and are not
recommended for normal track construction and upgrading work (refer to Clause 1.2.4).
The limits are not intended to indicate best practice as discontinuities of the magnitude
defined in Table 1.15 may lead to a need for a significantly higher maintenance input than
track with good rail geometry.
The detection of these types of defects during inspection will generally be through
identification of these secondary effects. In some modes of track deterioration timber
sleepered track has a better inherent ability to tolerate impacts resulting in a lower rate of
deterioration than for concrete sleepered track.
Table 1.15 Welded Rail Discontinuities (Maintenance)

Factor

Optimum maintenance
limit

Normal maintenance
limit

Column 1

Column 2

See note 4

See note 5

Peak in running surface

1mm over 1 m

2 mm over 1 m

Dip in running surface

0.5 mm over 1 m

2 mm over 1 m

Gauge widening due to change in rail

0.5 mm over 1 m

2 mm over 1 m

Gauge narrowing due to change in rail

0.5mm over 1 m

2 mm over 1 m

Vertical deviations in rail running surface

(Ramp angle)

8 milliradians

10 milliradians

Vertical step in rail running surface

1 mm over 100mm

2 mm over 100 mm

Horizontal step in rail running surface

1 mm over 100mm

2 mm over 100 mm

Notes:

Version 3.1

[1]

Guidelines for rail with non-welded rail joints are not specified.

[2]

Linear measurements taken with a 1 metre straightedge and feeler or taper gauge

[3]

Vertical deviations in rail running surface should be measured with a dipped weld gauge.

[4]

Column 1 gives limits for best practice that have been shown to give optimal
maintenance results in ARTC. No action is required

[5]

When the discontinuities of the magnitudes shown in column 2 are left in track, problems
with track geometry deterioration and high impact causing track component deterioration
can be expected.
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Page 32 of 37

Engineering (Track & Civil) Code of Practice

Section 1 Rail

[6]

Inspection and Assessment

Gaps in the running rail

At any time, but generally at construction sites, the following applies to the movement of
traffic over a gap (or break) in the running rail which is unplated:

Gap < 30 mm

Operation of trains at a reduced speed appropriate

to the assessed track conditions.

Gap > 30 mm and < 100 mm

Pilot trains across the gap

Gap > 100 mm

Stop traffic

Assessment of the track condition by a competent worker should include consideration of

the track alignment, sleepers, fastenings, track geometry and support either side of the
gap (or break). The need for temporary plating of a gap (or break) should also be
determined. In the case of a break the nature of the rail break should be considered in the
assessment.
Note:

1.4.10

Imperfections that may have damaged rollingstock should be advised to the train
operator.

Non-welded joint assessment

Free movement of sliding joints shall be maintained. Where joints are frozen or poor joint
regulation exists the track should be assessed in accordance with the recommendations in
Section 6.
Detected defects in non-welded rail joints shall be assessed and reported in accordance with the
classification, position and sizing as specified in Table 1.16. The actions for response codes for
A1 to A7 are shown in table 1.16A.
Table 1.16 applies to non-welded tracks only. For these joints however, repair or replace
should be interpreted to mean maintenance or reinstallation of the joint to the design
specifications.
Table 1.16 Non-Welded Joint Assessment Responses

Component
Parameter

Track Speed (freight/passenger) km/h

Dimension Limit
20/20

40/40

Fishplates

60/65

80/90

100/115

115/160

[1]

Visual cracks

1 or both plates

Complete failure

1 fishplate

Both fishplates

Fishbolts
Effective

[2]

2 on both rail ends

1 only on either rail end

Nil on one rail end [3]

Nil on both rail ends [3]

Insulated Joints [4]

Insulation material

Defective

Gap between rail

ends

4mm

< 4mm

Rail Ends
Batter

> 2mm over 100mm

Rail end gap

20mm

21mm to 30mm

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Engineering (Track & Civil) Code of Practice

Section 1 Rail

Inspection and Assessment

> 30mm [5]

Rail end mismatch

> 3mm [5]

Rail
defects
misalignment

Surface or internal
defects

In accordance with Clause 1.4.8

Notes
[1]

Failure means broken through whole cross-section between inner fishbolts.

[2]

Effective means able to maintain satisfactory vertical and horizontal alignment of rail
ends under traffic. Ineffective bolts may be missing, broken, or loose (depending on
condition of other bolts and operating environment). Effective bolts may be tight, or
loose (depending on condition of other bolts and operating environment).

[3]

Default speed restriction may be increased after risk assessment of rail end pull-apart
potential, and potential for the unacceptable alignment of rail ends.

[4]

It is an assumption that electrical failure of an insulated joint causes the signalling to fail
safe. i.e. it is a track reliability issue and not a track safety issue.

[5]

Default speed restriction may be increased after risk assessment of rail end gap growth
potential, and wheel climb potential.
Table 1.16A Definition of Response Codes
[2]

Response Code

Description

Temporary speed restriction of 10/10

the next train [3].

[1]

with pilot or repair prior to the passage of

Temporary speed restriction of 20/20

train [3].

[1]

or repair prior to the passage of the next

Temporary speed restriction of 40/40

train [3].

[1]

or repair prior to the passage of the next

Temporary speed restriction of 60/65

train [3].

[1]

or repair prior to the passage of the next

Temporary speed restriction of 80/90

train [3].

[1]

or repair prior to the passage of the next

An appropriate increase in the monitoring

Routine Inspection

[2]

and follow up action as required.

[4]

Notes:

Version 3.1

[1]

Where a speed restriction is applied rectification work should be programmed on a

priority basis. The speed restriction is shown for both freight operations (shown first) and
passenger operations (shown second) separated by a /.

[2]

Rectification work should be programmed on a priority basis. Where the assessment

responses include increased monitoring, knowledge of local factors that may affect the
tracks deterioration rate and performance history is required. The increased monitoring
frequency should be determined by these factors. This increased monitoring should be
continued until rectification work is carried out.

[3]

If repairs cannot be made prior to the passage of the next train, the speed restriction
should be implemented along with an appropriate increase in the monitoring [see Note 2]
until actions are taken to restore the track.

[4]

Routine refers to normal scheduled inspections.

[5]

If the cause of a defect is known and it is known that it will not deteriorate into an unsafe
condition an alternate response to that shown in table1.16A is permitted with appropriate
documentation and approval by the Civil Engineering Representative or nominate
representative..

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Page 34 of 37

Engineering (Track & Civil) Code of Practice

Section 1 Rail

1.4.11

Inspection and Assessment

Rail wear assessment

Rail wear and gauge face angle defects shall be reported and action taken when any of the wear
limits prescribed are exceeded as follows:
a) Rail wear
Once rail wear reaches the risk control head loss % limits, as detailed in Table 1.2A, they
are to be recorded as defects within the WMS. The maximum amounts for the worst
reading for percentage head loss, top wear and side wear are to be noted for each location.
These records are to be updated each subsequent inspection to allow for priority locations
to be identified during rerailing planning management reviews.
Where the prescribed wear limits as detailed in Table 1.2A are exceeded the actions listed
below for Limit 1 Risk control or Limit 2 Condemn are to be implemented.
Limit 1 Risk Control: When rail wear reaches the Limit 1: Risk Control in Table 1.2A,
the following risk based mitigation regime should be implemented:
1. Ultrasonic (car) testing frequency should be reviewed and it is strongly recommended
that testing frequency decisions are based on guidance from Manual for Non-Destructive
Testing of Rail ETN-01-04 9.5 Appendix E Guidance on ETE-01-03 Section 3.1: Testing
Frequency of Existing Rail & Welds. If increased testing frequency is not a viable option
at locations with rail wear above Limit 1, then other risk mitigating methods as below
should be fully adopted over the affected section. Extra manual ultrasonic testing at
these locations is an acceptable alternative to increased car testing, focussing on welds
in particular.
2. Ultrasonic testing response to defects strategy is shifted one complete level higher in
urgency i.e. the current response for a small defect is upgraded to match the response
for a medium defect, and the response for a medium defect is elevated to match the
same action urgency for a large defect. Due to the high risks of a large defect in high
wear locations it is recommended that response should be upgraded to consider urgent
actions such as 10km/h speed restrictions or stopping all trains if deemed necessary.
Increased risk factors due to rail surface shielding ( untestable rail ) shall be reviewed
as specified in ARTC standard ETE-01-03 Non-Destructive Testing of Rail (for Internal &
Surface Defects), section; 4.7 Assessment Required of any Ultrasonic Shielding.
3. Rail surface profile is controlled by rail grinding such that the locations worn beyond
these limits should be targeted to meet ARTC grind standards for both lateral and
longitudinal profile as specified in ETM-01-02 Rail Grinding Standard for Plain Track.
4. Welds in the section of rail worn beyond the limit 1 Risk control values should be
maintained at lower than 0.3mm (zero-to-peak amplitude) dip or peak. AK car
corrugation data shall be monitored to detect if impact levels exceed +/-0.5mm in the
displacement parameters for 1.5m wavelengths. Where data exceeds these impact
levels, on site inspections, and confirmation using equipment such as CAT or Electronic
straightedge is recommended to further plan mitigating action.
5. The track geometry should be in reasonable condition to support the higher head losses
and must meet Engineering (Track & Civil) Category: Code of Practice, Track Geometry
Section 5. In addition all sleepers must provide reasonable vertical support to the rails,
track shall meet all requirements of Engineering (Track & Civil) Category: Code of
Practice Sleepers and Fastenings Section 2, as a minimum quality level. Sleepers which
are not bearing should not be allowed to remain uncorrected for extended periods or the
fatigue life of the rail will be reduced. These track quality requirements will reduce the
tendency for worn rail locations to fail in the common modes of broken rail and
corrugation bending.
6. Apply temporary speed restrictions, depending on operating conditions and other risk
factors it may be desirable to introduce a speed restriction to minimise general risks and
to reduce ongoing dynamic impact (dip/peaks/corrugation) levels until re-railing occurs.
This would be of particular use in locations where other measures are impractical to
achieve and/or high cost. Note that locations with high wear on the low leg of curves
may not benefit from speed restriction as the wheel loads will be increased due to
superelevation. A cost benefit analysis should be undertaken to decide if such speed
restrictions outweigh the operational disruptions in each case before early re-rail is
considered.

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Page 35 of 37

Engineering (Track & Civil) Code of Practice

Section 1 Rail

Inspection and Assessment

The risk controls listed above are recommended to ensure the likelihood of broken rails is
reduced to acceptable risk levels. Each individual high wear location must be treated as a
unique situation and numerous variables should be considered when assessing the risks
involved, example factors include; curvature, MGT, axle loads, track speeds, ambient
temperature differential, grade, rail type/age, typical rolling stock condition (wheel flats),
track geometry, sleeper conditions, and drainage/mud holes.
As the rail wear approaches the final condemn limit dimensions, clearly the risk levels and
associated control actions need to be reviewed and potentially made more stringent. Lines
with very high traffic (MGT) rates may need special wear management regimes to give
early prediction of risk control or re-rail locations so they are identified in time to enable
the specified actions within this clause. Curves with tight radius approximately <300m may
also require re-rail planning much earlier than the specified condemn limits due to very fast
rates of wear.

Limit 2 Condemn (replace/re-rail) or speed restrict: The maximum allowable (condemn)

rail wear for recommended rail sizes is listed in Table 1.2A. When these limits are exceeded
the rails shall be replaced or the track shall be speed restricted as track conditions require on
the affected section.
b) Gauge face angle
The gauge face angle is measured as the angle between a line perpendicular to the sleeper
plane and the line tangential to the rail gauge face where the wheel flange contact occurs.
The gauge face angle of rails shall not exceed 26 degrees from vertical, over a length of rail
of more than 2m. The reportable limit for gauge face angle wear is 24 degrees.
Where the prescribed gauge face angle limits are exceeded the action should be to
reinstate an acceptable rail gauge face angle (e.g. re-profile) or re-rail the affected section.

1.4.12

Rail lubricator assessment

Undesirable rail conditions resulting from application of lubrication or friction modifying agents
including excessive lubrication, ineffective lubrication and uneven lubrication should be
assessed, reported and actions taken in an appropriate timeframe.

1.4.13

Guard rail assessment

No guard rails are required on bridges.
All existing guard rails shall be safely maintained in accordance with the following table until
they are removed.
Table 1.17 Responses for Guard Rail Condition

Defect Name (Type Code, Position Code)

Defect size

Response time

Sleeper fastenings missing or ineffective

Action

[1]

Isolated (non-effective) fasteners

missing or ineffective on either side
of the guard rail

No action

2 or more consecutive fasteners

missing or ineffective on either side
of the guard rail

13 Weeks

Replace or restore to specification

For splay rails or the ends of guard

rails 1 or more fasteners missing or
ineffective

13 Weeks

Replace or restore to specification

Component Damage
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Engineering (Track & Civil) Code of Practice

Section 1 Rail

Decommissioning and Disposal

Defect Name (Type Code, Position Code)

Defect size

Response time

Any damaged components which may

render the guard rail ineffective in
the event of a derailment

Action

13 Weeks

Damaged guard rail components

should be replaced or restored as
necessary.

13 Weeks

Ineffective joint components

should be replaced or restored as
necessary.

Rail joint condition

Ineffective rail joint

Note [1] These defect sizes and responses apply to all configurations of guard rail fasteners.

1.5

Decommissioning and Disposal

1.5.1 Components Sorted for Reuse, Quarantine or Disposal

All rails should be quarantined until sorted and classified.
All rails and associated components when removed from track should be sorted and segregated
into one of the following categories:
a) Reuse
Rail that has the potential for reuse should be marked in such a manner that its reuse
potential is clear and unambiguous. In particular the rail should be marked, and be
segregated into stacks differentiated by:

Rail size and length

Amount of wear

b) Quarantine
Where rail requires further classification they should be quarantined from reusable rail to
prevent its use back in track.
c)

Disposal
All non-reusable rail components should be clearly marked and disposed of as soon as
practicable after release from the track.

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