Earthship

Not to be confused with Spaceship Earth.

An Earthship is a type of passive solar house that

Michael Reynolds rst building, the Thumb House, was built

in the early 1970s. It included features incorporated into later
Earthship designs.

South and East view of an Earthship passive solar home

would do three things: rst, it would utilize sustainable

architecture, and material indigenous to the local area or
recycled materials wherever possible; second, the homes
would rely on natural energy sources and be independent
from the grid"; nally, it would be feasible for a person
with no specialized construction skills to build.

Earthship typical oorplan

is made of both natural and recycled materials (such as

earth-packed tires), designed and marketed by Earthship
Biotecture of Taos, New Mexico. The term is a registered trademark of Michael Reynolds, founder of Earthship Biotecture.
Earthships are intended to be "o-the-grid ready homes, A building being built of cans in the 1970s
with minimal reliance on both public utilities and fossil
fuels. Earthships are constructed to use available natu- Eventually, Reynolds vision took the form of the comral resources, especially energy from the sun. Earthships mon U-shaped earth-lled tire homes seen today.
are designed to use thermal mass construction and natural cross ventilation, assisted by thermal draught (Stack
eect), to regulate indoor temperature.
2 Construction and Design
The buildings are often horseshoe-shaped to maximize
natural light and solar-gain during winter months, with
windows on sun-facing walls admitting light and heat.
The Earthship as it exists today began to take shape in the The thick and dense walls provide thermal mass that nat1970s. Michael Reynolds wanted to create a home that urally regulates the interior temperature during both cold

History

3 WATER

3 Water
windows

roof (may be partly or

entirely earth covered)
water from roof
collects in storage tank

3.1 Collection

tyres rammed
with earth

wing walls: to prevent

east-west movement

vertical wood decking placed

over horizontal beams

The design used with most earthships. A large series of windows

and the use of tires characterize the earth-sheltered building

The water system with integrated ush toilet, as used in most

earthships

and hot outside temperatures. The outer walls in the majority of Earthships are made of earth-rammed tires, but
any dense material with a potential to store heat, such as
concrete, adobe, earth bags, or stone, could theoretically
be used to create a building similar to an Earthship. The
tire walls are strengthened by using concrete in the tires
on the ends, called concrete half blocks.
The earth-rammed tires of an Earthship are assembled
by teams of two people. One member of the team shovels dirt, which usually comes from the building site, and
places it into the tire one scoop at a time. The second
member, who stands on the tire, uses a sledgehammer to
pack the dirt in while moving in a circle around the tire to
keep the dirt even and avoid warping the tire. Rammed
earth tires can weigh up to 300 pounds so they are typically made in place. A nished earth-rammed tire is large
enough to surpass conventional requirements for structural load distribution to the earth. Because the tire is
full of soil, it does not burn when exposed to re.[1] In
colder climates extra insulation is added on the outside of
the tire walls.

A scupper for collecting rainwater

Earthships are designed to catch and use water from the

local environment without bringing in water from a centralized source. Water used in an Earthship is harvested
from rain, snow, and condensation. As water collects on
the roof, it is channeled through a silt-catching device and
into a cistern. The cisterns are positioned so they gravityfeed a water organization module (WOM) that lters out
bacteria and contaminants and makes it suitable for drinking. The WOM consists of lters and a DC-pump that are
On top of the tire walls are either can and concrete bond screwed into a panel. Water is then pushed into a convenbeams made of recycled cans joined by concrete, or tional pressure tank to create common household water
wooden bond beams with wooden shoes. These are at- pressure.
tached to the tire walls using concrete anchors, poured Water collected in this fashion is used for every houseblocks of concrete located inside the top tires. Wooden hold activity except ushing toilets. The water used for
shimming blocks placed on top of the wooden bond beam ushing toilets is what is known as greywater and has been
make up the wooden shoes. The wooden bond beam two used at least once already. Typically it is ltered wastelayers of lumber bolted on to the concrete anchors. Re- water from sinks and showers.
bar is used to nail the wooden shoes to the wooden bond
beam.

3.2 Greywater

Internal, non-load-bearing walls are often made of a

honeycomb of recycled cans joined by concrete and are Greywater, used water that is unsuitable for drinking,
referred to as tin can walls. These walls are usually thickly is used within the Earthship primarily for ushing toiplastered with adobe.
lets. Before the greywater can be reused, it is channeled
The roof is made using trusses, or wooden support beams through a grease and particle lter/digester and into a
called vigas, that rest on the wooden shoes or the tin can 30"60 deep rubber-lined botanical cell,[2] a miniature
walls placed on the bond beams. The roof as well as the living machine, within the Earthship. In the botanical cell
north, east and west facing walls are heavily insulated to the water is oxygenated and ltered using bacteria and
plants to reduce the nutrient load.[3] Water from the low
prevent heat loss.

4 Power
Earthships are designed to collect and store their own energy from a variety of sources. The majority of electrical
energy is harvested from the sun and wind. Photovoltaic
panels and windturbines located on or near the Earthship
generate DC energy that is then stored in several types
of deep-cycle batteries. The space in which the batteries
are kept is usually a special, purpose-built room placed on
the roof. Additional energy, if required, can be obtained
from gasoline-powered generators or by integrating with
the city grid.
In an Earthship, a Power Organizing Module is used to
take a proportion of stored energy from batteries and
invert it for AC use. The Power Organizing Module is
a prefabricated system provided by Earthship Biotecture
that is simply attached to a wall on the interior of the
Earthship and wired in a conventional manner. It includes the necessary equipment such as circuit breakers
and converters. The energy run through the Power Organizing Module can be used to run any household appliance including washing machines, computers, kitchen
appliances, print machines, and vacuums. Ideally, none
of the electrical energy in an Earthship is used for heating
or cooling.

5 Climate
Earthships rely on a balance between the solar heat gain
and the ability of the tire walls and subsoil to transport
An interior botanical cell; the plants function as water treatment
and store heat. They are designed to use the properties of
for graywater
thermal mass and with the intent that the exterior earthrammed tire walls provide thermal mass that will soak
end of the botanical cell is then directed through a peat up heat during the day and radiate heat during the night,
moss lter and collected in a reservoir or well. This re- keeping the interior climate relatively comfortable all day.
claimed water is then passed once more through a grey- In addition to the exterior tire walls, some Earthships are
sunk into the earth to take advantage of earth-sheltering
water board and used to ush conventional toilets.
to reduce temperature uctuations.

3.3

Black water

Black water, water that has been used in a toilet, is sent

to a solar-enhanced septic tank, referred to as the incubator, that utilizes anaerobic digestion. The solarenhanced septic tank is a regular septic tank which is
heated by the sun and glazed with an equator-facing window. The incubator stores the suns heat in its concrete
mass, and is insulated, to help the anaerobic process. Water from the incubator is channeled out either to an exterior leach eld or to landscaping planter cells, concrete
cells containing plants. The cells are similar to the botanical cell used in greywater treatment and are usually placed
just before and under the windows of the earthship.

Some earthships appear to have problems with heat loss.

In these cases heat appears to be lost into the ground during the heating season. This may be due to belief that
ground-coupled structures, buildings in thermal contact
with the ground, do not require insulation. It also may be
due to climatic dierences between New Mexico where
earthships were rst built and cloudier, cooler, and wetter
climates. Thermal performance problems seen in some
earthship designs may also have occurred due to thermal
mass being erroneously equated to R-value. The imperial
R-value of soil is about 1 per foot.[4] Malcolm Wells, an
architect and authority on earth-sheltered design, recommends an imperial R-value 10 insulation between deep
soils and heated spaces. Wellss insulation recommendations increase as the depth of the soil decreases.

In cases where it is not possible to use ush-toilets oper- In addition to thermal mass, Earthships also use passive
solar heating and cooling. Large front windows with inteating on water, dry solar toilets are recommended.

6 EXAMPLES

grated shades, trombe walls and other technologies such

as skylights or Steve Baer's Track Rack solar trackers
are used for heat regulation. Earthships are positioned so
that its principal wall, which is nonstructural and made
mostly of glass sheets, faces directly towards the equator.
This positioning allows for optimum solar exposure. To
allow the sun to heat the mass of the Earthship, the solaroriented wall is angled so that it is perpendicular to light
from the winter sun. This allows for maximum exposure
in the winter, when heat is wanted, and lesser exposure
in the summer, when heat is to be avoided. Some Earthships, especially those built in colder climates, use insulated shading on the solar-orientated wall to reduce heat
loss during the night.[3]

5.1

Ventilation

built with earthbags, and interior walls built with cob,

cans and plastic bottles. This earthship adheres to all six
principles of an earthship. This is the largest earthbag
earthship in the world.[10]
A residential house is in the planning phase for
Swaziland.[11]
In 2011, construction began on the Goderich Waldorf
School of Sierra Leone. The school was the rst educational institution to use earthship architecture. Although
Mike Reynolds and a team of interns helped complete
the rst two classrooms, the majority of the building was
built by community members who had been trained in
Reynolds building techniques.[12][13]
A new project will commence in Malawi in October
2013.[14]

6.2 Europe

Natural convection cooling an Earthship

The earthships usually use their own natural ventilation

system. It consists of cooler air coming in from a front
hopper window and owing out through one of the sky- Brighton Earthship, UK
lights. As the hot air rises, the system creates a steady
airow - of cooler air coming in, and warmer air blowing In 2000, Michael Reynolds and his team came to build
the rst residential earthship in Boingt (Belgium). While
out.
water, power module, solar panels and the team were on
their way to Europe, the mayor of Boingt put his veto on
the building permit. Josephine Overeem, the woman who
6 Examples
wanted to build the earthship, and Michael Reynolds decided to do a demonstration model in her back yard at
her residence in Strombeek (Belgium). CLEVEL[15] in6.1 Africa
vited Reynolds from Belgium to Brighton in the UK, and
The rst earthship in South Africa was built by Angel orchestrated plans for the earthship in Brighton, started
and Yvonne Kamp from 1996 to 1998. They rammed in 2003. This was the beginning of a series of trips made
a total of 1,500 tires for the walls. The earthship, near by Reynolds and the construction of earthships in the UK,
Hermanus, is located in a 60 hectare private nature re- France and the Netherlands.
serve which is part of a 500000 hectare area enclosed In 2004, the very rst Earthship in the UK was opened
in a game fence and borders the Walker Bay Nature at Kinghorn Loch in Fife, Scotland. It was built by volReserve.[5]
unteers of the SCI charity. In 2005, the rst earthship in
The second earthship in South Africa is a recycling
centre in Khayelitsha run as a swop shop concept.
The centre was nished in December 2010.[6] Another
low cost house built with tyres is in development in
Bloemfontein.[7][8]
A project nearing completion in South Africa is a combined living quarters for 4 to 5 people, a bed and breakfast, and an information/training centre in Orania.[9] This
earthship is based on the global earthship model and is
built with a foundation of tyres, has roof bearing walls

England was established in Stanmer Park, Brighton with

the Low Carbon Trust.
In 2007, CLEVEL and Earthship Biotecture obtained
full planning permission to build on a development site
overlooking the Brighton Marina in the UK. The application followed a six-month feasibility study, orchestrated
by Daren Howarth, Kevan Trott and Michael Reynolds
and funded by the UK Environment Agency and the Energy Savings Trust. The successful application was for
sixteen one, two, and three-bedroom earthship homes on

6.3

South America

this site, expected to have a sale price of 250 - 400,000

pounds.[16] The homes are all designed according to basic
earthship principles developed in the United States and
adapted to the UK. 15,000 tires will be recycled to construct these homes (the UK burns approximately 40 million tires each year). The plans include the enhancement
of habitats on the site for lizards that already live there,
which is the reasoning behind entitling the project The
Lizard. This would have been the rst development of
its kind in Europe.[17]

6.3 South America

The rst Earthship in South America was built in January
2015 in the town of Ushuaia, Patagonia (Argentina). Today this building functions as a visitor center and example
of self-sustainable living.
An earthship is currently (2015) under construction by
the Aitkinson family in southern Belize. It featured on
the June 2015 UK Channel 4 TV programme Kevin McClouds Escape to the Wild, season 1, episode 3.

The rst ocial Earthship home in mainland Europe with Guatemala also hosts two earthships.[28]
ocial planning permission approval was built in a small
French village called Ger. The home, which is owned In March 2016, an Earthship school was built in
[29]
by Kevan and Gillian Trott, was built in April 2007 by Jaureguiberry, Uruguay.
Kevan, Mike Reynolds and an Earthship Crew from Taos.
The design was modied for a European climate and is
seen as the rst of many for the European arena. It is 7 In popular culture
currently used as a holiday home for eco-tourists.[18]
Further adaptation to the European context was under- The lm Garbage Warrior is about Earthships and
taken by Daren Howarth and Adrianne Nortje in Brittany, Reynolds struggle with the law.
France. They obtained full planning permission in 2007
and nished the Brittany Groundhouse as their own home
during 2009. The build experience and learning is doc- 8 See also
umented in the UK Grand Designs series and in their
book.[19]
Hurricane-proof building
Meanwhile, earthships have been built or are being built
Permaculture
in Portugal, Spain, France, Belgium, The Netherlands,
Peter Vetsch
United Kingdom, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Estonia
and Czech Republic. A good overview of the earthships
Repurposing
built in Europe can be found on the web page of Euro[20]
pean Earthship Builder United, together with informa Solar thermal energy
tion on earthships being built.[21] A good chronological
overview on the earthships built in Europe by Michael
Reynolds can be found in the article 'Europe'.[22]
9 Notes
The rst ocial earthship district (23 earthships) in Europe is currently being developed in Olst (the Netherlands). Building will start in spring 2012.[23] In Belgium,
1 earthship hybrid is also being built, intended as demonstration buildings. Since it is illegal to use tires in Belgium
(for risk of leaking toxic metals like lead and zinc),[24] the
project uses earthbags to build their earthship instead.
The Earthships built in Europe by Michael Reynolds
aren't always performing as promised and some show
problems with moisture and mould.[25] Some research
into performance was done by the University of Brighton
on the Brighton Earthship.[26] which was then used to create the most detailed thermal monitoring ever carried out
on an earthship (reported with a series of design recommendations to make earthships more eective in dierent climatic conditions in the book Earthships: building a
zero carbon future for homes [27] )

[1] An Earthship goes through the Hondo Fire!". earthship.org. Earthship Biotecture, LLC. Archived from the
original on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
[2] The Earthship Academy experience. The Earthship
Academy experience. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
[3] Reynolds, Mike (2000). Comfort In Any Climate. Taos,
NM: Solar Survival Press. ISBN 0-9626767-4-8.
[4] Energy Extension Service: BUILDING ENVELOPE:
Basement. ksu.edu. KSU Engineering Extension.
Archived from the original on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
[5] Views of walker bay and South Africas rst earthship.
property24.com.
[6] E, Michael (November 11, 2010). khayelitsha earthship:
help set sail for a new housing destination. UrbanSprout.
Retrieved 14 May 2013.
[7] Everson, Ludwig (December 22, 2012). Aardskip.com
supports Qala Tala to create earthship RDP housing.
aardskip.blogspot.com. aardskip.com. Retrieved 14 May
2013.

[8] Qala Tala Project. Growing Tomorrow (AgriTV). The

Weekly. January 18, 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2013.
[9] Where in the world is Project Aardskip?". aardskip.com.
Retrieved 14 May 2013.
[10] Top Travel in Orania.
[11] Harding, Stewart. Archive for the Swaziland Project
Category. earthships.co.za. Retrieved 14 May 2013.
[12] Elliot, Sam (March 21, 2012). Ten Days in Africa.
earthship.com. Earthship Biotecture. Retrieved 14 May
2013.
[13] Hughes, Amanda. University of Cincinnati alum builds
homes with recycled materials. UC Magazine (May
2009). Retrieved 14 May 2013.
[14] Nardone, Jeane (April 5, 2013). Earthship Malawi,
Africa Join Us!". earthship.com. Earthship Biotecture.
Retrieved 14 May 2013.
[15] Carbon Osets - Carbon Osetting - Carbon Neutrality
- CLevel. C LEVEL. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
[16] Docking into mother earthship. Eco Home News. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
[17] Earthship Homes development (archived from the original
on 2007-12-13).
[18] Kevin Telfer, Super green European breaks (26 April
2008 ), The Guardian.
[19] Groundhouse - Earthship in Brittany. Groundhouse.
Retrieved 23 August 2015.
[20] European Earthship Builders United - European earthship
map
[21] European Earthship Builders United - European projects
map
[22] Article - Europe
[23] The project. http://aardehuis.nl. Archived from the
original on 10 April 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
External link in |website= (help)
[24] EOS magazine, march 2012
[25] Article - Performance
[26] Source: Thermal behaviour of an earth sheltered autonomous building the Brighton Earthship, Dr. Kenneth
Ip and Prof. Andrew Miller, Centre for Sustainability of
the Built Environment - University of Brighton - United
Kingdom
[27] Hewitt, M. and Telfer, K. (2007). Earthships: building a
zero carbon future for homes. ISBN 978-1-86081-972-8
[28] Super User. Earthship - Guatemala. Earthship Biotecture. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
[29] Lpez, Carlos Cipriani (16 March 2016). Escuela de
llantas y botellas: Se presenta en Jaureguiberry la primera
escuela pblica sustentable de Latinoamrica [A school
of tires and bottles: The rst sustainable public school in
Latin America is built in Jaureguiberry] (in Spanish). EL
PAIS.

12

EXTERNAL LINKS

10 References
Contractors Report to the Board: Designing
Building Products Made With Recycled Tires.
Published by the California Integrated Waste
Management Board in June 2004.
Produced
under contract by: Chris Hammer, The Elements Division of BNIM Architects Terry A.
Gray, T. A. G. Resource Recovery. Accessed
http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/Publications/
at:
Documents/GreenBuilding%5C43304008.pdf on
5 February 2015.
Hewitt, M. and Telfer, K. (2007). Earthships: building a zero carbon future for homes. ISBN 978-186081-972-8
Klippel, James H. http://www.garrellassociates.
com/EcoDesign.html, green page
Howarth, D. & Nortje, A. (2010). Groundhouse
Build & Cook. ISBN 978-0-9566947-0-6

11 Further reading
Schirber, Michael. Making Earthships Mainstream on Going Green at msnbc.com, November
12, 2007.

12 External links
Ocial website
Earthship Brighton
Earthship Germany
Earthship Denmark
EARTHSHIP VOL.1 - HOW TO BUILD YOUR
OWN. M.REYNOLDS - 1990
EARTH-SHELTERED HOUSES. HOW TO
BUILD AN AFFORDABLE UNDERGROUND
HOME. R.ROY - 2006
COMPLETE BOOK OF UNDERGROUND
HOUSES. R.ROY - How to Build a Low-cost
Home - 1994

13
13.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Earthship Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthship?oldid=715112751 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, William Avery, Ray Van De
Walker, Edward, Michael Hardy, Angela, Cherkash, Merovingian, David Edgar, Andycjp, Discospinster, Deirdre~enwiki, FusionKnight,
Kenwarren, Barista, David Schaich, Lbravo, Sbufe, MBisanz, Ebacherdom, Carders, Rosenzweig, Paleorthid, Wtmitchell, ReyBrujo, Roboshed, Mindmatrix, Nanite, Susten.biz, Rjwilmsi, Coemgenus, Vegaswikian, SeanMack, Stormbear, Bgwhite, Midgley, Richjkl, Hydrargyrum, Rsrikanth05, TDogg310, Bkil, Gadget850, BusterD, DVD R W, SmackBot, PaulWay, McGeddon, Unyoyega, KVDP, Zekkelley, Septegram, Gilliam, Chris the speller, Brob1969, Bluebot, Thumperward, Robocoder, Victorgrigas, Ecgossett, Saejinn, Dogears,
Kuru, J 1982, Gobonobo, Stefan2, Beetstra, Publicus, Gazjo, Hu12, Ericblazek, JoeBot, CmdrObot, Rafael Archuleta, Procrastinator
supreme, Naturalhomes, Sonicdeathmonkey, Wikijimmy, JustAGal, Hmrox, Merlin Matthews, Tillman, EKindig, Belg4mit, Dmodlin71,
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Jakrandom, Annie Warmke, Grock123, Etbnc, Perspecto, Keilana, Nopetro, Salex1093, Fratrep, ClueBot, Scbarry, Wikievil666, Earthship~enwiki, Fadesga, Torbz, Wysprgr2005, Drmies, Mild Bill Hiccup, Melarish, Sun Creator, Poodledog, MaxSem on AWB wheels,
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GuitarStv, Cottonop, Biodiesel33, Blueboxmonkey, ChrisGualtieri, PabloOKWiki, OnHawkspur, Faizan, Franois Robere, Jellypear,
Mueller felix, Ludwig.everson, Anarcham, MsJenniferKremenik, Low Carbon, Paskavittu, Matthew Ferguson 57, Rubbish computer, Sarr
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