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Tensor Hermite Polynomials

A description of Orthogonal Tensor Hermite Polynomials in 3-D is pre- sented. These polynomials, as introduced by Grad in 1949 [1], can be used to obtain a series solution to the Boltzmann Transport Equation. The proper- ties that are explored are scaling, translation and rotation. Order 6 Hermite Tensors are studied while obtaining the rotation relations. From the scaling of the independent variables of particle velocities, a criterion on tempera- ture is obtained which implies that the equation can be applied to binary gas mixtures only if the temperature of the hotter constituent is less than four times that of the cooler one. This criterion and other properties of the tensor hermite polynomials obtained in this paper can be used to study gas dynamics in the thermosphere.

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Parul Maheshwari
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247 views

Tensor Hermite Polynomials

A description of Orthogonal Tensor Hermite Polynomials in 3-D is pre- sented. These polynomials, as introduced by Grad in 1949 [1], can be used to obtain a series solution to the Boltzmann Transport Equation. The proper- ties that are explored are scaling, translation and rotation. Order 6 Hermite Tensors are studied while obtaining the rotation relations. From the scaling of the independent variables of particle velocities, a criterion on tempera- ture is obtained which implies that the equation can be applied to binary gas mixtures only if the temperature of the hotter constituent is less than four times that of the cooler one. This criterion and other properties of the tensor hermite polynomials obtained in this paper can be used to study gas dynamics in the thermosphere.

Uploaded by

Parul Maheshwari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Tensor Hermite Polynomials

Parul Maheshwari
June 2014

Introduction and general formulae

Grads paper mentions probabilists hermite polynomial while the thesis uses
physicists polynomials. Following are first few probabilists hermite polynomials:
He(0) = 1
He(1) = xi
He(2) = xi xj ij
He(3) = xi xj xk (xi jk + xj ki + xk ij )
and so on...
General Formulae
i xj = ij
n

j xi = ij

(1)
n

(2)

()n n

He(n) =

He(n+1) = (xi i )He(n)


i He

(n)

= i He

(3)
(4)

(n1)

(5)

He(n) = (x ) .1
(n)

(6)
2

n2

n4

He = x x
+ x
Z
(n)
(n)
Hei Hej dx = n ij

where the represent the normalized weights:


1
21 x2
(x) =
N e
(2) 2

n6

+ ......

(7)
(8)

(9)

and the following hold


i = xi
1
xi
i ( ) =

(10)
(11)

The bold typeset implies a tensor and the exponent represents its order. is a
second order unit tensor i.e. the identity matrix.

2
2.1

Physicists Hermite Polynomials


The permutation operator

The permutation operator S (n,m) acts on an argument and replaces the argument by a sum of all possible permutations over n indices for tensors in mdimensional space.
For example,
S (2,3) () = ij + ji
S (3,3) (x) = xi jk + xi kj + xj ki + xj ik + xk ij + xk ji

2.2

Physicists polynomials

The first few polynomials are


H (0) = 1
H (1) = 2x
H (2) = 4xi xj 2 ij
H (3) = 8xi xj xk 4(xi jk + xj ki + xk ij )
The number of underlines give the order of the tensor.
These are analogous to the physicists scalar hermite polynomials:
H0 = 1
H1 = 2x
H2 = 4x2 2
H3 = 8x3 12x

2.3

Iterative formula

The tensorial hermite polynomials can be written iteratively as:


H (n+1) (x) =

1
S (n+1,3) [H (n) (x)H (1) (x) 2nH (n1) (x)I]
(n + 1)!

(12)

Where I is the second order unit tensor i.e. . This formula is analogous to the
iterative formula for scalar hermite polynomials:
hn+1 (x) = hn (x)h1 (x) 2nhn1 (x)

2.3.1

Proof for the iterative formula


S(n+1) [H (n) H (1) 2nH (n1) I]
= S(n+1) [H (n) H (1) ] S(n+1) [2nH (n1) I]
= [2xi1 Sn (Hn ) + 2xi2 Sn (Hn ) + 2xi3 Sn (Hn ) + . . . ]
2n[i1 i2 Sn1 (Hn1 ) + i1 i3 Sn1 (Hn1 ) + . . .
i2 i1 Sn1 (Hn1 ) + i2 i3 Sn1 (Hn1 ) + . . .
...
...

...

+ in+1 in Sn1 (Hn1 )]

Here, Sn stands for S (n,3) , the permutation operator explained in the previous
section.
Since the Hn are the same for any permutations of the indices, we have
Sn (Hn ) = n!Hn

(13)

Therefore the above expression is: (putting H1 = 2xi )


=n![2xi1 Hn + 2xi2 Hn + . . . ]
2n(n 1)![i1 i2 (Hn1 ) + i1 i3 (Hn1 ) + . . .
...
...

...

+ in+1 in (Hn1 )]

=n![2xi1 Hn + 2xi2 Hn + . . . ]
2n![i1 i2 (Hn1 ) + i1 i3 (Hn1 ) + . . .
...
...

...

+ in+1 in (Hn1 )]

=n![2xi1 Hn + 2xi2 Hn + . . . ]
2n![i1 (Hn1 ) + i2 (Hn1 ) + + in+1 (Hn1 )]
From equation (5), it can be derived that for physicists tensor hermite polynomials, i H (n) = 2i H (n1) (see section 2.3.2 on page 4) which reduces the
above to:
=n![2xi1 Hn + 2xi2 Hn + . . . ]
n![i1 Hn + i2 Hn + + in+1 Hn ]
=n![(2xi1 i1 )Hn + (2xi2 i2 )Hn +

...

+ (2xin+1 in+1 )Hn ]

For physicists polynomials, the equation (4) reduces to Hn+1 = (2xi i )Hn
which gives us:
=n![Hn+1 + Hn+1 +
=n!(n + 1)Hn+1
=(n + 1)!Hn+1
This proves equation (12).
3

...

+ Hn+1 ]

2.3.2

Case of physicists polynomials

The relation between physicists polynomial and probabilists polynomial is as


follows:

n
Hn (x) = 2 2 Hen ( 2x)
n
x
Hen (x) = 2 2 Hn ( )
2
where Hen is the probabilists hermite polynomial. Now substituting for Hen (x)
in equation (5) gives:
(n1)
n
x
x
i (2 2 Hn ( )) = i (2 2 Hn1 ( ))
2
2

We put z x2 and hence ix = iz ( 12 ). In the expressions that follow, iz


is represented by i .
n
n
1
2 2 i (Hn (z)) = i 2 2 2Hn1 (z)
2
i Hn = 2i Hn1

Similarly for equation (4), we substitute for the probabilists polynomial to get:
n
1
Hn+1 = 2 2 [ 2xi Hn i Hn ]
2
1
1
Hn+1 = [2xi i ]Hn
2
2
Hn+1 = (2xi i )Hn

(n+1)
2

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