SIXTH SEMESTER COURSE OUTLINE FOR B.Sc. Ag.

PROGRAM
AEC 321 Nepalese Agriculture Development and Policy

2+0

EXT 321 Agricultural Communication

2+1

EXT 322 Social Mobilization and Community Development

2+0

ENT 321 Economic Entomology

2+1

HRT 321 Post Harvest Horticulture

2+1

PLP 321 Crop Diseases and their Management

2+1

ANB 321 Principles and Practices of Animal Breeding

2+1

AGR 311 Organic Agriculture

1+1

PRW 311 Project Work

0+2
15+8

Course Code: AEC 321

Course Title: Nepalese Agriculture Development and Policy
Credit hours: 2 (2+0)
Full Mark 30
Theory 30 Practical: 0
OBJECTIVES
Upon the completion of this course, the students will be able to know the overall agricultural
situation of Nepal, and critically assess the Nepalese agricultural development plans, institutions
and policies.
I. SYLLABUS
An overview of Nepalese agriculture and economy; Role of agriculture in Nepalese economy;
Major components of agriculture - a critical discussion on food grains, cash crops, horticultural
crops, and livestock products, Main problems of agriculture- slow growth of production and
productivity, risk and uncertainty; structural, institutional and socio-economic constraints,
Agricultural institutions in Nepal- a brief description of major institutions relating to agricultural
development. Genesis of agricultural development- history of planned development, agriculture in
planned development; Critical evaluation of agricultural development in different plan periods
including resource allocation, objectives, and their achievements; Measures and Planning for
agricultural development; Land reform and land tenure system; Food security situation analysis;
Agricultural Perspective Plan - objectives, strategies, and features, Poverty alleviation Foreign aid
and agricultural development.
II. COURSE OUTLINE
A. Lectures
______________________________________________________________________________
S.N.
Topic
No of Lectures
.
1.
An overview of Nepalese agriculture and economy
1
2.
Role and importance of agriculture in Nepalese economy
1
3.
Major components of Agriculture- a critical discussion on food grains,
2
cash crops, horticultural crops, and livestock products
4.
Water resources, water management, plan, policy and performance on
2
water resources of Nepal
5.
Main problems of agriculture - slow growth of production and productivity;
3
structural, institutional and socio-economic constraints; risk and uncertainty
6.
A brief description of major institutions relating to agricultural
3
development such as ADB/N, Gramin Vikash Bank, co-operatives, research and
extension institutions, AIC, NFC, NRB, commercial banks, government offices
7.
Genesis of agricultural development - history of planned development,
2
integrated rural development programs, review of agricultural development
8.
A critical evaluation of agricultural development in different plan periods
4
including resource allocation, objectives and their achievement
9.
Measures and planning for agricultural development
2
10.
Land reform and land tenure system
1
11.
Food security situation analysis
1

12.
13.

Agricultural perspective plan - objectives, strategies, and features

3
Efforts of poverty alleviation In Nepal - review of government efforts,
3
programs, and policies; NGOs activities, IN(K)s activities
14.
Foreign aid and agricultural development
2
______________________________________________________________________________
Total:
30

REFERFNCES
Chitrakar, P. L. 1990 Planning. agriculture and farmers strategy for Nepal. Published by Mrs
Ganesh Devi Chitrakar, Kathmandu
Dahal, M K. 1993. Future of Nepalese economy. NEFAS publication, Kathmandu.
Sijapati. K.S. 1992. Fundamentals of Nepalese rural economy. Ratna Pustak Bhandar,
Kathmandu

Course Code: EXT 321

Course Title: Agricultural Communication
Credit Hours: 3 (2+ 1)
Full Marks: 75

Theory: 50 Practical: 25

OBJECTIVES
After the completion of this course, student will be able to select and apply different
communication process models, channel and media to make communication effective in the
agriculture extension program They will also be able to prepare communication materials and use
them effectively in their field of work.
I. SYLLABUS
Communication-definition, meaning, scope, process and its functions, feedback process. effects in
communication, role of feedback in extension education, forms of communication.
communication- barriers and noise in communication channel, models and theories of
communication, system concept in communication- type of communication, individual group and
mass communication system, role of press, Radio and Television Communication approaches, and
considerations in programs of the world, South-East Asia and SAARC Planning for Effective
communication-role of change agents development communicator! present trends, issues and
problems, Communication approaches in agriculture extension programs of Nepal their
achievements and limitations, Role and functions of no, governmental private organizations,
agencies involved in communications of agriculture, development programs in Nepal
II. COURSE OUTLINE
A. Lectures
_____________________________________________________________________________
S.N.
Topic
No of Lectures .
1.
Communication-definition, meaning, scope, process and its functions
2
2.
Feedback in communication-process, effect; information and feedback in
2
extension education
3.
Forms of communication-Verbal and non-verbal
2
4.
Barriers of Communication-Physical, psychological, social and cultural
2
5.
Models and theories of communications
4
6.
System concept in communication-type of communication, their
6
advantages, disadvantages, limitations, individual group and mass
communication system
7.
Communication approaches-communication considerations involved in
6
developing successful projects/programs in the world, South-East Asia
and SAARC
8.
Planning for effective communication-trends, issues and problems
2
9.
Communication approaches in agricultural extension programs of Nepal,
2
their achievements and limitations
10.
Communication strategies applied through Private, Governmental and
2
Non-governmental organizations at present in agricultural development in
Nepal.

_____________________________________________________________________________
Total:
30
B. Practicals
______________________________________________________________________________
S.N.
Topic
No. of Practicals.
1.

Preparation of Graphs Line graph. Bar graph, Pie graph and Pictorial
2
graph
2.
Preparation of various type of charts-Flow chart, outline chart, tree or
2
stream chart, Flip chart etc
3.
Preparation of Pamphlet and leaflets and folders
1
4.
Preparation of Poster, booklet and pictorial book
1
5.
Preparation of Radio script
1
6.
Preparation of one act drama and folk song
1
7.
Communication through Bulletin board, flannel graph board and magnetic
1
board
8.
Observation and participation in fair, exhibition & field day and field tour
2
9.
Observation and safe use of overhead, opaque, slide and film projector
2
10.
Visit to different agricultural agencies and study their communication
2
strategies implication of communication approaches currently in use in farming
community at Chitwan with the help of agriculture service center and sub-centers.
______________________________________________________________________________
Total:
15

REFERENCES
Dahama, O. P. and O. P. Bhatnagar. 1999. Education and communication for development,
Oxford and IBH Publishing Pvt. Ltd Calcutta.
Kumar, A. 1999 The mass communication Amul Publishing Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi
Ray, G.L. 1998 Extension communication and management Naya Prakashan Bidden Saran,
Calcutta.

Course Code: EXT 322

Course Title: Social Mobilization and Community Development
Credit hours: 2 (2+0)
Full Marks: 50
Theory: 50 Practical: 00
OBJECTIVES
This course will enable the students to select, arid apply the most appropriate process, lies and
techniques in developing rural and community development programs by appreciating the
importance of socially organized groups and their mobilization in the dopmenta1 activities. This
course will also enable the students to make wise use of gender concepts and issues related to
development in most relevant ways.
I. SYLLABUS
Meaning and concepts of development rural development community development and transition
in thoughts and application of these aspects developmental process over the period of time to
currents stage in their historical perspectives. Rural poverty, causes and consequences and efforts
made in the pest and p strategies, introductory concepts of and recent experiences in poverty
reduction programs through various models and processes of social mobilization and participatory
program planning at the grass root levels, an over view of gender concepts over time, issues, and
strategies in developmental activities, gender sensitive development planning.
II. COURSE OUTLINE
A. Lectures
_____________________________________________________________________________
S.N.
Topic
No of Lectures
_____________________________________________________________________________
1.
Concept of development, sustainable development, rural and community
3
development, a brief overview of efforts and approaches of rural development
in Nepal over the last decades
2.
Modernization, modern society, relative deprivation, and human poverty
2
3.
Factors and goals of development, cultural and social heritage and
2
dilemma in the rural development of Nepal
4
Major problems and issues of rural and community development in Nepal
2
5.
Poverty and poverty alleviation, poverty in SAARC countries, SAARC
2
Declaration on Poverty Elimination
6.
Concept of social mobilization, definition, purposes, strategy of
2
implementing social mobilization
7.
History of social mobilization in Nepal, lessons learned.
2
8.
Decentralization for development, definition, strategy and current status
2
of decentralization in Nepal.
9
Processes of social mobilization, institutional development, participatory
3
planning, implementation monitoring and evaluation.
10
Actors of rural development and poverty alleviation programs, linkages
3
and coordination, problems and issues.

11.

Introduction to gender concepts, gender segregation and stratification,

1
discrimination and equity.
12
Gender needs, roles, analysis, gender sensitive planning gender
2
mainstreaming in development in general and poverty in particular with
specific focus at the resource poor women.
13
Origin and concepts of WID, WAD, and GAD.
1
14
Gender issues and policies for sectoral programs for targeted and
2
Untargeted beneficiaries, holistic approach Vs isolated approach
15
An overview interrelationships of migration, gender situation, and poverty
1
reduction through social mobilization in the rural communities
____________________________________________________________________________
Total:
30

REFERENCES
Khan, S. S. and J. S. Sah 2001. Social mobilization manual based on Syangja Experience, Social
Mobilization Experimentation and Learning Centre.
UNDP, 2001. Governance and poverty reduction: National Human Development Report.
Kathmandu

Course Code: ENT 321

Course Title: Economic Entomology
Credit Hours: 3 (2+ 1)
Full Marks: 75

Theory: 50 Practical: 25

OBJECTIVES
Upon the completion of this course, the students will be able to know common insect pests of
crops, their identification and management practices using novel techniques.
I.
SYLLABUS
Systematic position, distribution, host identification, nature and extent of damage, life cycle, ad
seasonal histories and control measures of important insect and non-insect pests (rodents birds,
mites, wild animals and others) of cereals and millets, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits, industrial
crops, spices and condiments grown in Nepal. Important storage grain pests and their control.
Introduction and management of medical and veterinary, vector borne, polyphagous, soil
hibernating and resistant insect pests.
II.

COURSE OUTLINE

A. Lectures
_____________________________________________________________________________
S.N.
Topic
No of Lectures
1.
Systematic position, distribution, host identification, nature and extent of
4
damage, life cycle and seasonal histories of harmful insect pests associated with
different crops
2.
Insect pests of cereals and millet crops and their management
3
3.
Insect pests of pulse crops and their management
2
4.
Insect pests of oilseed crops and their management
2
5.
Insect pests of vegetable crops and their management
4
6.
Insect pests of fruit crops and their management
4
7.
Insect pests of industrial crops, spices & condiments and their
4
management
8.
Important storage grain pests and their control
2
9.
Introduction and management of medical and veterinary disease vectors,
3
polyphagous and soil hibernating Insect pests
10.
Resistance to pests and their management
1
11.
Insect vectors and their management
1
_____________________________________________________________________________
Total:
30

B. Practicals
______________________________________________________________________________
S.N.
Topic No. of Practicals
_____________________________________________________________________________
1.
Periodic visits to IAAS farm for crop pests monitoring
2
2.
Farm visit for collection and identification of parasitoids, predators and
2
crop pollinators commonly used in biological control
3.
Collection and identification of various insect pests of:
(a) Field crops
3
(b) Vegetable crops
3
(c) Fruit crops
2
(d) Oilseed crops
1
(e) Stored grains
1
4.
Identification of rodents and mites and their management
1
____________________________________________________________________________
Total:
15

REFERENCES
Atwal, AS. 1993. Agricultural pests of India and South-East Asia Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi
Mathews GA. 1989. Cotton insect pests and their management, Longmans, Harlow,
Neupane. F.P 2000. Bali Biruwa Ka Satruharu Ra Tinka Rokiham (in Nepali) 4th Edition.
SajhaPrakasan
Panwar,VP.S. 1995. Agricultural insect pests of crops and their control. Kalyani Publishers, New
Delhi.

Course Code: HRT 321

Course Title: Post harvest Horticulture
Credit Hours: 3(2+1) Full Marks: 75 Theory: 50 Practical: 25
OBJECTIVES
This course provides basic knowledge and skill on principles and practices of handling,
processing, storing and marketing of fresh and perishable horticultural commodities.
I. SYLLABUS
Importance and status of post harvest horticulture in Nepal; commercial post harvest proceduresan integrated strategy; major constraints in the development of post harvest enterprises;
characteristics of fruits and vegetables, post harvest physiology of fruits, vegetables and cut
flowers; post harvest disease and pest; quality of horticultural produce, pre-harvest factors
affecting quality; temperature management, storage and transportation; post harvest commodity
profile: vegetables, fruits, cut and pot flowers; processing and preservation of fruits and vegetables,
marketing, quality assurance and legislation,
II. COURSE OUTLINE
A. Lectures
______________________________________________________________________________
S.N.
Topic
No of Lectures
______________________________________________________________________________
1.
Importance and status of post harvest horticulture in Nepal; commercial
1
post harvest procedures - an integrated strategy
2.
Constraints in the development of post harvest enterprises
1
3.
Causes of post harvest deterioration; physical, physiological and
1
pathological
4.
Basic differences in the physiology of attached and detached organs
1
5.
Post harvest physiology
5
(a) Transpiration
(b) Respiration
(c) Ethylene production
(d) Ripening of fruits and vegetables
6.
Factor affecting physiological activity of harvested organs
1
7.
Maturity indices of horticultural commodities
1
8.
Packing house operation, Cleaning grading, sizing, airing, waning, pre3
cooling and degreening
9.
Post harvest commodity profiles
(a) Vegetables
1
- Leaf and stem vegetables
- Cole crops
- Cucurbits
- Leguminous
- Solanaceous

- Roots and bulb crops

(b) Fruits

10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.

- Tropical and subtropical (banana, Citrus, mango, pineapple.

papaya, litchi)
- Temperate (apple, pear, plum and soft fruit)
(c) Flower
- Pot flower
- Cut flower
Post harvest diseases and their control
Post harvest insect pest and their control
Physiological disorders, their causes and preventive measures
Market and marketing systems of perishable commodities
Status and problems of marketing of horticultural produce in Nepal
Principles and methods of storage
Post harvest handling, packaging and transportation
Preservation of fruits and vegetables
Quality of produce and its evaluation
Legislation
(a) Implications of legislation on production and marketing of fresh
horticultural produce for local and export markets
(b) Current legislation in Nepal
.
Total:

1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1

..
30

B. Practicals
_____________________________________________________________________________
S.N.
Topic No. of Practicals
_____________________________________________________________________________
1.
Identification of tools and equipment used in post-harvest horticulture
1
2.
Study of temperature and relative humidity
1
3.
Determination of total soluble solids and tritable acidity
1
4.
Maturity judgment and harvesting of fruits and vegetables
1
5.
Artificial ripening of fruits
1
6.
Degreening of oranges
1
7.
Survey of market to find out various problems
1
8.
Development of proposal for post-harvest enterprises
1
9.
Preparation of jam
1
10.
Preparation of jelly or marmalade
1
11.
Preparation of tomato ketchup
1
12.
Preparation of pickles
1
13.
Drying or dehydration of fruit and vegetables
1
14.
Waxing of citrus fruits
1
15.
Post-harvest treatments for disease control and shelf life/marketing
1
____________________________________________________________________________

Total:

15

RFFERENCES
Bautista. O K 1990. Postharvest Technology for Southeast Asian Perishable Crops. University of
the Philippines Technology and Livelihood Resource Center, Philippines.
Pantastico, Er B (ed). 1975. Postharvest physiology, handling and utilization of tropical and
subtropical fruits and Vegetables. The AVI Pub. Co. Connectcut Inc. Westport, Connecticut.
Wills, R B.H, WB. McGlasson, D. Graham, T.H. Lee and E.G. Hall 1996, Postharvest: An
Introduction to Physiology and Handling of Fruits and vegetables. CBS Publishers and
Distnbutors4596/1A, 11 Dariyaganj, New Delhi 110002, India.

Course Code: PLP 321

Course Title: Crop Diseases and their Management
Credit Hours: 3(2+1)

Full Marks: 75

Theory: 50 Practical: 25

OBJECTIVES
This course will enable the students to differentiate the fungal, bacterial, viral, nematological and
non-pathogenic diseases of plants; identify the major causal organisms of plant diseases, explain
the reoccurrence and spread of the diseases in the field, and to determine the control measures of
major plant diseases.
I.

SYLLABUS

Fungal diseases- powdery mildews, downy mildews, damping off of seedlings, root rots, Collar
rot, rusts, smuts, wilts, blights, blast, leaf spots, anthracnose, malformation, die-back, white rust,
white stem blight. Bacterial disease-leaf blight, leaf streak, wilt, angular leaf spot, canker, brown
rot. Nematological diseases: root knot, cyst, white tip, tundu. Viral and Mycoplasmal diseases:
mosaic, yellow vein, bunchy top, tristeza, greening, little leaf Non-pathogenic diseases- tip burn,
black heart, black tip, khaira.
II.

COURSE OUTLINE
A. Lectures

_____________________________________________________________________________
S.N.

Topic

No of Lectures

_____________________________________________________________________________
1.

Powdery mildew of pea, cucurbit, wheat and apple

2.

Downy mildew of maize, grape, crucifers and cucurbits

3.

Damping off of seedlings. root rot and collar rot of citrus, papaya, and Jute

4.

Rusts of wheat, pea and beans

5.

Loose smut and bunt of wheat, covered smut of barley

6.

Wilts of guava, cotton, arhar, lentil and chickpea

7.

Late blight of potato and tomato, mango malformation

8.

Blast and leaf spot of nce. leaf blotch of wheat

9.

Alternaria leaf spot of and blight of Brassica, leaf spot of groundnut

10.

Anthracoose of bean, die-back and leaf spot of chili

11.

Stem gall of coriander, peach leaf curl and ergot of bajra

12.

White rust of Crucifers, Sclerotinia blight of Solanaceous crops

13.

Red rust of tea, litchi rust and guava rust

14.

Bacterial leaf blight and leaf streak of paddy, angular leaf spot of cotton

15.

Black rot of cole crops and Stalk rot of maize

16.

Citrus canker and brown rot of potato

17.

Root knot of vegetables and rice

18.

Ear cockle of wheat, golden nematodes of potato

19.

White tip of paddy, cyst nematodes

20.

Yellow vein of okra, tobacco and tomato mosaic, papaya mosaic

21.

Bunchy top of banana and tristeza virus of citrus

21.

Virus diseases of potato

23.

Bean common mosaic virus, soybean mosaic

24.

Little leaf of brinjal and chilli, churki and furki disease of cardamom

25.

Tip burn of paddy, black heart of potato

26.

Khaira disease of rice, black tip of mango

27.

Orobanche on Crucifers and Solanaceous crops

_____________________________________________________________________________
Total:

30

B. Practicals
______________________________________________________________________________
S.N.

Topic

No. of Practicals

1.

Field visits to identify the fungal, bacterial, viral, nematological and nonpathogenic diseases of the crop plants

2.

Collection and preservation of disease specimens

3.

Preparation of temporary slides of fungi

4.

Teasing of infected samples to find out the causal organisms and their
identification

5.

Transverse section cutting of disease specimens to study the host-parasite

relationship

6.

Ooze test for bacterial infection

7.

Study of the root knot nematode

8.

Dilution of the chemicals

9.

Handling and calibration of sprayer

10.

Preparation of Bordeaux mixture

Total:

15

REFERENCES
Agrios, G.N. 1997 Plant Pathology (4th Ed). Harcourt Asia Pvt. Ltd.
Dasgupta, M.K. 1998 Phytonematology. Nara Prokash, Calcutta, India.
Mehotra, R.S. 1980. Plant Pathology Tata Mc Graw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd New Delhi

Course Code: ANB 321

Course Title: Principles and Practices of Animal Breeding
Credit Hours: 3 (2+1)
Full Marks: 75
Theory: 50 Practical: 25
OBJECTIVES
Upon the completion of this course, the students will be able to understand basic principles and
fundamentals of animal breeding, and application of animal breeding technique.
I. SYLLABUS
Animal breeding, importance and its scope in livestock improvement Genetic resources of Nepal
Variations and causes of variation importance of heredity and environment. Gene action. Concept
of heritability and repeatability Concept of genetic resistance to diseases and parasites. Selection
differential, methods and basis of selection, Mating system inbreeding and out breeding. Nuclear
transplantation, transgenic animal production and its significance in genetic improvement of
livestock Hormonal mechanism in reproduction, male and female reproductive system, estrus
detection, estrus cycle and induction of synchronization of ovulation. Introduction advantages and
limitation of Al, method of semen collection, dilution, preservation, thawing, transportation and
technique of A.I., Importance of embryo transfer, super ovulation, synchronization, collection and
transfer of embryo.
II. COURSE OUTLINE
A. Lectures
______________________________________________________________________________
S.N.
Topic
No of Lectures
______________________________________________________________________________
1.
Introduction, history and importance of animal breeding
1
2.
Genetic resources of Nepal
2
3.
Variation and causes of variation
2
4.
Important Economic traits of livestock and poultry
1
5.
Importance of heredity and environment
2
6.
Gene action (additive and non additive)
1
7.
Concept of heritability and repeatability
2
8.
Selection (principle, basis, method, selection parameters)
4
9.
Mating system (inbreeding, out breeding)
2
10.
Transgenic animals and significance of transgenic animals
1
11.
Molecular genetics and animal biotechnology .
1
12.
Hormone, male and female reproduction system estrus detection and
4
induction of synchronization of ovulation
13.
Introduction of A.I., method of semen collection, dilution, preservation,
4
and transfer of A.I.
14.
Embryo transfer technology, importance, super ovulation and method of
3
collection and transfer

______________________________________________________________________________
Total:
30
B. Practicals
______________________________________________________________________________
S.N.
Topic
No. of Practicals
____________________________________________________________________________
1.
Estimation of repeatability and heritability.
1
2.
Estimation of variance components, means, breeding value, PBA, MPPA
2
3.
Calculation of inbreeding relationship and coefficient
1
4.
Estimation of selection parameters, selection index etc
2
5.
Preparation of A. V. and collection of semen
2
6.
Evaluation of semen
2
7.
Heat detection in different farm animals
1
8.
Palpation of female reproduction organ
1
9.
Insemination technique
1
____________________________________________________________________________
Total:
15

REFERENCES
Hafez, E.S.E. 1989. Reproduction in farm animal. 5th edition Lea & Febiger, Phi1adeIp
Johanson, I.
and Rendel, J. 1968. Genetics and animal breeding.
Lasley, F.J. 1986. Genetics of livestock improvement.
Nagabhushanam R. Kodarkar MS. and Sarojini S. 1999. A Text Book of Animal Physiology 2
edition Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. 66, Janpath, New Delhi.
Satisbury, G.W., Vandam Mark M.L. and Lodge JR. 1988. Physiology of reproduction and
artificial insemination of cattle. W.H. Freeman and company sanfrancisco.

Course Code: AGR 321

Course Title: Organic Agriculture
Credit Hours: 2 (1+1)
Full Marks: 50

Theory: 25 Practical: 25

OBJ ECTIVES
Upon the completion of this course, the students will be able to understand importance and
practical relevance of organic farming along with its theoretical basis as well as practical knowhow.
I. SYLLABUS
Definition, aim, scope and research trend; green revolution and consequences, food production and
security; principles and components of organic farming; livestock integration, indigenous
knowledge, organic soil crop, pest management and marketing of organic produce.
II. COURSE OUTLINE
A. Lectures
SN.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Topic
No of Lectures
Definition, concept and scope of organic farming, status of organic farming
1
in the world and in Nepal.
Green revolution agriculture, food production, security, agro-environment and
1
farmers livelihood.
Principles of organic farming; ecology, care, health and fairness
2
Components of organic farming; land, soil and water, crops and animals,
4
renewable energy sources, indigenous knowledge and biodiversity.
Organic pest management; principles and practices
2
Livestock integration in organic farming and organic production.
2
Marketing of organic products; organic standards, certification and
2
accreditation, organic trade worldwide in relation to WTO.
Recent trends and advances in organic farming, constraints and opportunities
1
Total:

15
B. Practicals

SN.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Topic
No of Practicals
Organic crop/ nutrient management.
2
Assessment of composting (rural and urban), vermicompost, biofertilizer green 3
and mulching.
Study on bio-pesticides in organic farming.
2
Study on traditional/ under exploited crops
2
Designing of organic farming (BIF/BIG) and economic analysis.
3
Case study of successful organic grower in Chitwan.
3
Total:

15

REFERENCES
Jaisi, S. 2062. An introduction to organic farming (in Nepali). Treat Agro-Concern Pvt. Ltd.,
Nawalparasi, Nepal.
Bhandari, D. R. 2063. A handbook of Organic Agriculture. Janaki Bhandari, Rupandehi, Nepal.
Dhama, A. K. 1997. Organic farming for sustainable Agriculture (2nd ed.). Agro-botanica,
Bikaner, India
Eyhorn, F. Heeb and G. Weidmann. 2002. Training manual for organic agriculture in the tropic,
International federation of Organic Agriculture Movement (IFOAM), Germany.
Periodicals and News Letters published by NPG, USC Nepal, World Neighbour, World Vision,
ICIMOD, Helvbetas and related I/NGO in the country.
Periodicals and News Letters published by ILEA, IFOAM, Slow Food, Grain, etc.