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Rizal Technological University

The document discusses different types of testing the characteristics of DC generators including the magnetic or open circuit characteristic, internal or total characteristic, and external characteristic. It also explains the difference between cumulative and differential compound DC generators.

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Chara Gala
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69 views

Rizal Technological University

The document discusses different types of testing the characteristics of DC generators including the magnetic or open circuit characteristic, internal or total characteristic, and external characteristic. It also explains the difference between cumulative and differential compound DC generators.

Uploaded by

Chara Gala
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGG & INDUSTRIAL TECH.


Boni Avenue, City of Mandaluyong

EE403L
W / 10:30A-01:30P

RESEARCH: GENERATOR

Presented by:
Gala, Chara C.
Presented to:
Engr. Arthuro Tadeos C. Cabugayan
Date Submitted:
August 6, 2014

1. Building up Voltage of Generator


When a generator is driven at constant speed without its shunt circuit being
closed, a very small residual voltage (1 to 5 volts) appears at its terminals because of
the residual magnetism remaining in the iron. When the field circuit is properly

connected, the residual voltage forces a small exciting current through the field circuit
and thereby increases the field strength.
Because of the increased field strength, the generated voltage increases. This
reciprocal action continues until a point of stability is reached at which the flux
produced by the current in the field is just sufficient to generate the voltage required to
produce the field current. Most modern generators are so designed that, with no
resistance in series with the field, the voltage will rise to about 125 per cent of rated
value.
This condition is represented by the point a in Fig1. The straight line O a is called
a field resistance line because its slope V/If is equal to Rf, the resistance of the field
circuit including the field rheostat. After the voltage has built up, it may be adjusted to
any desired value between a and c by increasing the resistance of the field circuit by
means of its rheostat. Generators are usually designed so that the rated voltage is
generated at the point b or at somewhat higher field current. For every value of fieldcircuit resistance, the resistance line will have a particular slope, such as Od or Ob.

FIG.1
If the resistance is made so high that the slope of the resistance line, as O e, is equal to
or greater than that of the lower straight part of the magnetization curve, the voltage of
the generator will collapse and will drop to the residual value O'.

2. Difference between Cumulative and Differential Compound DC Generator


When the two fluxes help or aid each other in such direction a generator is called
a Cumulative Compound Generator. A cumulative compound generator whose
series-field ampere-turns at full load are just sufficient to produce the terminal voltage

that the generator has at no load, the generators the terminal voltage is not constant
between no load and full load, as the name flat implies. If the full-load voltage is greater
than the no-load voltage, the generator is said to be over-compounded.
When the two windings are wound in such direction that the fluxes produced by
them oppose each other then the generator is called Differential Compound
Generator.
Many practical applications require that the terminal voltage remains constant
when load changes. But when dc machines deliver current, the terminal voltage drops
because of voltage drop and a decrease in pole fluxes caused by armature reaction. To
overcome the effects of Voltage drop and decrease of pole fluxes with armature
current, a winding can be mounted on the field poles along with the shunt field winding.
This additional winding, known as a series winding, is connected in series with the
armature winding and carries the armature current. This series winding may provide
additional ampere-turns to increase or decrease pole fluxes, as desired. A dc machine
that has both shunt and series windings is known as a compound dc machine. Note
that in a compound machine the shunt field winding is the main field winding, providing
the major portion of the mmf in the machine. It has many turns of smaller crosssectional area and carries a lower value of current compared to the armature current.
The series winding has fewer turns, larger cross-sectional area, and carries the
armature current. It provides mmf primarily to compensate the voltage drops caused
by and armature reaction.

3. Three Types of Testing the Characteristics of DC Generator


a. Magnetic or Open Circuit Characteristic of Separately Excited DC
Generator
The curve which gives the relation between field electric current (If) and the
generated voltage (E0) in the armature on no load is called magnetic or open circuit
characteristic of a DC generator. The plot of this curve is practically same for
all types of generators, whether they are separately excited or self-excited. This curve

is also known as no load saturation characteristic curve of DC generator. Here in


this figure below we can see the variation of generated emf on no load with
field electric current for different fixed speeds of the armature. For higher value of
constant speed, the steepness of the curve is more. When the field electric current is
zero, for the effect residual magnetism in the poles, there will be a small initial emf (OA)
as show in figure.

Let us consider a separately excited DC generator giving its no load voltageE0 for a
constant field current. If there is no armature reaction and armature voltage drop in the
machine then the voltage will remain constant. Therefore, if we plot the rated
voltage on the Y axis and load electric current on the X axis then the curve will be a
straight line and parallel to X-axis as shown in figure below. Here, AB line indicating the
no load voltage (E0). When the generator is loaded then the voltage drops due to two
main reasons1) Due to armature reaction,
2) Due to ohmic drop ( IaRa ).

b. Internal or Total Characteristic of Separately Excited DC Generator


The internal characteristic of the separately excited DC generator is
obtained by subtracting the drops due to armature reaction from no load voltage. This
curve of actually generated voltage (Eg) will be slightly dropping. Here, AC line in the

diagram indicating the actually generated voltage (Eg) with respect to load current. This
curve is also called total characteristic of separately excited DC generator.
c. External Characteristic of Separately Excited DC Generator
The external characteristic of the separately excited DC generator is
obtained by subtracting the drops due to ohmic loss (I a Ra) in the armature from
generated voltage (Eg).
Terminal voltage (V) = Eg - Ia Ra.
This curve gives the relation between the terminal voltage (V) and load current.
The external characteristic curve lies below the internal characteristic curve. Here,
AD line in the diagram below is indicating the change in terminal voltage(V) with
increasing load current. It can be seen from figure that when load electric
current increases then the terminal voltagedecreases slightly. This decrease in
terminal voltage can be maintained easily by increasing the field electric current and
thus increasing the generated voltage. Therefore, we can get constant terminal voltage.

REFERENCES:
http://www.vias.org/kimberlyee/ee_12_11.html
http://www.electrical4u.com/characteristic-of-separately-excited-dc-generator/

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