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Turbulence Chapter04

1. Reynolds averaging is used to obtain equations for mean flow quantities by decomposing variables into their time-averaged mean and fluctuating components. This results in the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations, which are similar to the standard Navier-Stokes equations except for an additional Reynolds stress term. 2. The Reynolds stress term arises due to the nonlinear convection terms and represents the interaction of velocity fluctuations on the mean flow. It must be modeled using turbulence models to close the system of equations. 3. Turbulent flows can be thought of as "non-Newtonian" due to the presence of the Reynolds stresses, which behave analogously to viscous stresses but depend on the turbulent velocity fluctuations

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63 views

Turbulence Chapter04

1. Reynolds averaging is used to obtain equations for mean flow quantities by decomposing variables into their time-averaged mean and fluctuating components. This results in the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations, which are similar to the standard Navier-Stokes equations except for an additional Reynolds stress term. 2. The Reynolds stress term arises due to the nonlinear convection terms and represents the interaction of velocity fluctuations on the mean flow. It must be modeled using turbulence models to close the system of equations. 3. Turbulent flows can be thought of as "non-Newtonian" due to the presence of the Reynolds stresses, which behave analogously to viscous stresses but depend on the turbulent velocity fluctuations

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Madhu
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Turbulence

Lecture 4
Reynolds Averaging

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Kempf, Chair of Fluid Dynamics


Original course material by J. Janicka, TU-Darmstadt

Reminder: DNS is not practical

"Turbulence in a box"
Re:
40,000
Grid:
40963 (70 billion cells)
Computer: Earth Simulator
T. Ishihara, T. Gotoh, Y. Kaneda, Study of High-Reynoldds Number Isotropic Turbulence by Direct Numerical Simulation, Annual Review
of Fluid Mechanics 2009, 41:165-180.
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Kempf, Chair of Fluid Dynamics
Original course material by J. Janicka, TU-Darmstadt

A less costly approach than DNS is needed!


Do we really need all the details of a DNS?
Time resolved flow field in 3D?
The entire temporal evolution at every point?
Are time dependent quantities meaningful for other realisations?
All probability density functions?
All moments?
Any other statistical quantity?
So, what are we really interested in?
Mean values (first moments)
Perhaps fluctuation levels (second moments, stresses)
Perhaps probablity density functions (for combustion)

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Kempf, Chair of Fluid Dynamics


Original course material by J. Janicka, TU-Darmstadt

Reynolds Decomposition
We are mainly interested in the mean values.
We need equations for mean quantities!
Reynolds decomposition can provide the mean quantities.

ui = ui + ui , ui = 0

u02
i

p = p + p , p = 0

p02
i

u0i u0j ???

It is now sufficient to substitute ui and p in the equations to get the


"Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes equations"

ui
+
=0
t xi

ui
ui
p ui u j 2 uk

+ u j
=
+
+

ij + gi

t
x j
xi x j x j xi 3 x k
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Kempf, Chair of Fluid Dynamics
Original course material by J. Janicka, TU-Darmstadt

Derivation of Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes Eq.

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Kempf, Chair of Fluid Dynamics


Original course material by J. Janicka, TU-Darmstadt

Averaged Balance Equations Ia


The Conservation equation for mass (constant viscosity and density)

ui
=0
xi

(3.3.1a)

The Conservation equation for momentum (constant viscosity and

density)

ui
u
p ui u j 2 uk
+ u j i =
+
+

+ gi

t
x j
xi x j x j xi 3 x k ij

2 ui
2u j 0
ui
ui
p
+ gi

+ u j
=
+
+

t
xj
xi
x j x j x j xi

ui
ui
2 ui
1 p
+u j
=
+
+ gi
t
xj
xi
x j x j

(3.3.2a)

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Kempf, Chair of Fluid Dynamics


Original course material by J. Janicka, TU-Darmstadt

Averaged Balance Equations I


The Conservation equation for mass (instantaneous)

ui
+
=0
t xi

(3.3.1)

The Conservation equation for momentum (instantaneous)

ui
ui
p ui u j 2 uk

+ u j
=
+
+

ij + gi

t
x j
xi x j x j xi 3 x k

(3.3.2)

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Kempf, Chair of Fluid Dynamics


Original course material by J. Janicka, TU-Darmstadt

Averaged Balance Equations III


Applying Reynolds decomposition to the conservation equation for
mass and momentum, and considering and to be constant yields:

ui ui
+
=0
xi xi

(3.3.5)

with

( = / )

ui ui
+
+
ui u j + ui u j + uiu j + uiu j ) =
(
t t x j

(3.3.6)

2 ui
1 p 1 p
2 ui

+
+
+ gi
xi xi
x j x j x j x j

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Kempf, Chair of Fluid Dynamics


Original course material by J. Janicka, TU-Darmstadt

Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes Equations


For constant density, time averaging yields:

ui
=0
xi

ui ui u j
2 ui
1 p uiu j
+
=

+
+ gi
t
xj
xi x j
x j x j
h

u0i u0j

m2 1
m2 1 N s2
N
= 2 3 kg = 2 3
= 2
s m
s m m
m

After the averaging process, the unknown


Reynolds Stress Tensor uiu j arises in the conservation equation
for momentum.
Closure problem of turbulence for the Reynolds-AveragedNavier Stokes equations.

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Kempf, Chair of Fluid Dynamics


Original course material by J. Janicka, TU-Darmstadt

Interpretation of Reynolds Stresses


Similar to viscous stresses

ui ui u j
2 ui
1 p uiu j
+
=

+
+ gi
t
xj
xi x j
x j x j
21,v

21,t
@u

Example in a shear layer @x1 > 0 :


2

u1

u1
u01

u02
u02
x2

u01

u01

u02

21,v

u1
x1

turbulent stress

molecule (discontinuous)

u02

u01

21,t

u1

net flux of horizontal momentum

viscous stress

fluid particle (continuous)


Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Kempf, Chair of Fluid Dynamics
Original course material by J. Janicka, TU-Darmstadt

The result
ui
=0
xi

ui ui u j
2 ui
1 p uiu j
+
=

+
+ gi
t
xj
xi x j
x j x j
The Reynolds Averaged equations for Reynolds averaged velocities
are identical to
the Navier Stokes equations for the instantaneous velocities
with the exception of the Reynolds Stresses.
Similar CFD codes can be used
Turbulent flows behave similar to laminar flows
A turbulent flow might be thought of as non-Newtonian

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Kempf, Chair of Fluid Dynamics


Original course material by J. Janicka, TU-Darmstadt

The sign of Reynolds stresses (example for cosines)

u0 , v 0

u0
u0
u0 = 0
v0 = 0

0
v
0

v0

v0

The sign of a Reynolds stress u0 v 0 depends on whether u and v are


positively correlated (+), negatively corelated (-), or un-correlated (0).

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Kempf, Chair of Fluid Dynamics


Original course material by J. Janicka, TU-Darmstadt

Problem
How to determine turbulent stresses?
Derive transport equations: Second moment closure
Exploit similarity to viscous stresses
Eddy viscosity / Bousinesq approach, with turbulent viscosity
(most common turbulence models)
How to determine turbulent viscosity?

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Kempf, Chair of Fluid Dynamics


Original course material by J. Janicka, TU-Darmstadt

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