International Journal of Applied Engineering Research

ISSN 0973- 4562 Volume 9, Number 22 (2014) pp. 1235312376 Research India Publications
http://www.ripublication.com

An Overview of Microgrid System

P. Sivachandran and R. Muthukumar
1

Professor and Head , PG Scholar

1, 2
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Sree Sastha Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chennai, India.
[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract
MICROGRID is one of the new emerging power distribution infrastructures
with prominent potentials in modern civilization. The concept of microgrid has
the potential to solve major problems arising from distributed generation in
distribution systems. Microgrid is defined as the cluster of multiple distributed
generators (DGs) that supply electrical energy to consumers without any
shortage. The realization of demand response, efficient energy management,
high capability of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), and high-reliability
of electricity delivery leads to a successful microgrid. In a microgrid network,
total maximum load matches to the generated power. Large growth in
electricity consumption and rise in number of sensitive or critical loads leads
to increase in demand of electricity in daily life. A proper control strategy
should be implemented for a successful operation of a microgrid and in
utilization of renewable energies such as PV arrays, hydro, thermal and wind
turbines. In this technical context an overview of microgrid has been carried
out based on the reports from the literature present in past two decades.
Keywords: distributed energy resources, microgrid, multi-agent system,
point of common coupling, photo-voltaic, distributed generation, energy
storage system
1. INTRODUCTION
A small scale power system located near the consumer is called the Micro-Grid (MG).
A Micro -Grid system is generally defined as a low or medium voltage distribution
network that comprises various distributed generations (DGs), storage devices, and
controllable loads. Microgrid plays an important role in utilization of renewable

Paper Code: 27659 IJAER

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P. Sivachandran and R. Muthukumar

energies such as PV arrays and wind turbines [1]. Microgrids are capable of operating
either to the main utility grid (grid-connected mode) or they can operate without the
presence of a utility grid (islanded or autonomous mode) without compromising
power quality. DGs based on renewable energy sources such as solar and wind can be
effectively integrated into a microgrid to cater the rapid growth of demand in power
supply. These are the major advantages of forming microgrids in a distribution
network. According to the latest Indian scenario the grid losses from the transmission
to the distribution system alone are 20-40% [2]. A microgrid can able to operate either
in grid-connected or autonomous (islanded) modes. Islanding mode occurs once the
microgrid is disconnected from the utility grid during a major disturbance in the main
utility grid [3], [4]. The microgrid should manage the islanded operation mode by
maintaining the standard frequency and voltage control of grid connected Distributed
Generators [5]. This paper reviews about the microgrid research and development,
microgrid architecture, modes of operation, IEEE standards, interconnection methods,
power and energy management, recent trends and technical challenges across globe.
2. MICROGRID RESEARCH CLUSTERS:
There are many research clusters about the microgrid design, control analysis, and
their operation throughout the world. In United States of America, the Consortium for
Electric Reliability Technology Solutions (CERTS) has proposed and tested the
control concepts of microgrid [6], [7]. The field test hosted by American Electric
Power (AEP) demonstrates that the control algorithm performs robustly during a
variety of transient events, such as connection to the utility grid and the separation of
utility grid during the microgrid is islanded. But one of the main problems in islanded
microgrid is the mismatch between power generation and consumption. Therefore
increase in energy storage solution leads to higher cost and size [8]. In Europe, the
microgrid project funded by the European Commission has been finished and the
more microgrid project is in progress. The projects aims that the increase in
penetration of power generation in electrical networks through the exploitation and
extension of the concept of microgrid. In Japan, the New Energy and Industrial
Technology Development Organization (NEDO) started three microgrid research
projects majorly deals with prominent energy integration to local power system field
test [9].
3. MICROGRID ARCHITECTURE
Basic microgrid architecture is shown in figure 1. The architecture consists of a group
of radial feeders, which may be a certain part of a distribution system or a buildings
electrical system. There is a single point of connection between microgrid and the
utility called point of common coupling (PCC). Some feeders, (Feeders A-C) have
sensitive loads, which intake local generation. The non-critical load feeders do not
intake any local generation. Feeders A-C can island from the grid using the static
switch that can separate lesser than one cycle. In this architecture, a four microsources
at various nodes 8, 11, 16 and 22 controls the operation by using only local voltages

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and currents measurements of microgrid. Whenever there is a problem with the main
utility supply, the static switch opens isolating the sensitive loads from the power grid.
When the microgrid is in grid-connected, total power from the local generation can be
directed to the non-sensitive loads.

Figure. 1: Microgrid Architecture Diagram.

The implementation of renewable energy into existing power systems is the
leading challenge. A microgrid network can be defined as a low voltage network (e.
g., a small urban area, a shopping center, or an industrial park) plus its loads and
several small modular generation systems connected to it [10]. Application areas of
this network including commercial markets, industrial zones, complex malls, campus
environments, military facilities, off-grid operations, community/utility settings, etc
[11]
.
The need for DG is to increase the service reliability and reduce the need for
future generation expansion or grid reinforcement [12]. If there is a fault exists in the
main utility grid then the DG must be disabled. Therefore it is preferable to operate
the microgrid in islanding mode till the problem in main utility grid is solved. If the
fault occurs within the microgrid in islanding mode then it will get shutdown [13].
The renewable energy sources such as wind, photovoltaic, hydro and fuel cell
are normally interconnected by means of Pulse-Width-Modulation (PWM)-Voltage
Source Inverters (VSI) which has nonlinear characteristics of voltage vs current that
produces high switching frequency. Therefore a nonlinear controller Hysteresis

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Current Control (HCC) is used for 3-phase grid-connected VSI system which
compensates current error with dynamic response. The quality of power is improved
by this controller [14].
4. MODES OF OPERATION:
The two distinct modes of operation are (i) the grid connected mode, (ii) the
autonomous micro-grid mode.
(i) GRID-CONNECTED MODE:
The grid connected mode is shown in the figure. 2. In this grid connected mode, the
utility grid is active and the static switch is closed. All the radial feeders are being
supplied by utility grid.

Figure. 2: Grid connected mode of operation

(ii) AUTONOMOUS MODE:

The grid connected mode is shown in the figure. 3. Utility grid is not supplying power
and the static switch is open. All the Feeders A, B, C is being supplied by
Microsources and Feeder D (not sensitive) is dead.

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Figure. 3: Autonomous mode of operation

.
5. REASONS FOR CONNECTING A MICROGRID TO A MAIN GRID:
(i) Availability:
The High availability of power grids act as an additional source for micro-grids. The
use of Renewable energy resources (RER) are the attractive options for supplying
loads by means of utility grid itself [15].
(ii) Operations/stability:
Direct connection of ac microgrids to a large power grid facilitates stable operation, if
the power grid acts as a stiff source to the microgrid. When using renewable energy
sources, such connection reduces the need for energy storage system. A grid
connection reduces the investment in local generation [16].
(iii) Economics:
Microgrids are typically planned with extra capacity with respect to the local load.
This extra power can be injected back into the grid in order to obtain some economic
benefit. Grid interconnection allows reducing fuel operational costs by using the
microgrid at night or low peaks which reduces electricity cost. The need for reduction

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in co2 emissions and economic feasibility throws large challenges in growth of

microgrid [17].
6 (a) IEEE STANDARDS:
Interconnection standards need to be developed to ensure consistency. IEEE 1547, a
standard proposed by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. There
are several standards specifying various aspects grid interconnection of a local power
generation source [18]. The most important one is IEEE 1547.
(a) PART IEEE 1547:
(i) Main body
(ii) IEEE Standard 1547. 1 IEEE Standard Conformance Test Procedures for
Equipment Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems.

(iii) IEEE Standard 1547. 2 IEEE Application Guide for IEEE Std 1547, IEEE
Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power
Systems.
(iv) IEEE Standard 1547. 3 IEEE Guide for Monitor control, Information
Exchange, and Control of Distributed Resources Interconnected with Electric
Power Systems.
(v) IEEE Standard 1547. 4 IEEE Guide for Designing, control operation, and
Integration of distributed resource Island Systems with Electric Power Systems.

(vi) IEEE Standard 1547. 5 has not still issued yet. Its main scope is to address issues
when interconnecting electric power sources of more than 10 MVA to the power
grid.
(vii) IEEE Standard 1547. 6 IEEE Recommended Practice for Interconnecting
Distributed resources with Electric Power Systems Distribution Secondary
Networks.
(viii) IEEE Standard 1547. 8 has not been issued, yet. Its main scope is to contribute
supplemental support for implementation methods for expanded use of previous
standards.
(b) MAIN PROVISIONS FROM IEEE 1547:
(i) The micro-grid must not actively regulate the voltage at the PCC.
(ii) The grounding approach chosen for the local area power and energy system
must not create over voltages that exceed the ratings of the equipment connected
to the main grid. It must not affect ground fault protection coordination in the
main grid.
(iii) The distributed resources in the microgrid must be able to parallel with the main
grid without causing voltage fluctuations at the PCC greater than 5% of the
prevailing voltage level of the area electric power system (EPS) at the PCC and
flicker must be within acceptable ranges.

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(iv) The microgrid must not energize the main grid when the main grid is not
energized.
(v) A visible-break isolation device must be located between the main grid and a
DR unit only when required by the main grid provider practices.
(vi) The interconnection system must meet applicable surge and EMI standards.
(vii) A microgrid must not inject dc current greater than 0. 5% of the full rated
output current at the PCC.
6 (c) THE IMPORTANT PROVISIONS FROM IEEE 1547. 6:
IEEE 1547. 6 about network protections (NP) on the grids side:
The presence of DR should not:
cause any NP to exceed its fault-interrupting capability.
cause any NP to operate more frequently than prior to DR operation.
prevent or delay the NP from opening for faults on the network feeders.
delay or prevent NP closure.
require the NP settings to be adjusted except by consent of the area EPS
operator.
cause an islanded condition when main grid network fails.

7. INTERCONNECTION METHODS:
Microgrid is connected to the main utility system via an interconnection switch [19].
(i) Directly through switchgear
(ii) Power electronic interfaces
(iii) Static switches
(i) Directly through circuit breakers:
It is relatively simple and inexpensive. The time process is slow (3 to 6 cycles to
achieve a complete disconnection). Since electrical characteristics on both sides of the
circuit breakers must be the same, then, these electrical characteristics on the
microgrid side are dependent on the grid characteristics. For example, connection of a
circuit breaker limits the microgrid partially to an ac power distribution system in
order to match the grids electrical characteristics. Power flow through the PCC
cannot be controlled.
(ii) Power electronic interfaces:
The control and flexibility needed by the microgrid is achieved by power electronics
interfaces [20]. It is the costlier option but it is also the most flexible one. It allows
power distribution architecture characteristics on both sides of the PCC to be
completely different. Both real and reactive power flow can be controlled. Reaction
times to connection or disconnection commands are similar to those provided by static
switches, in case of any power electronic interface, its dynamic response depends on
the given controller topology and internal energy storage components. Still, in many
cases, a circuit breaker will still be required at the grid-side terminal of the power
electronic interface in order to provide a way to physically disconnect the micro-grid

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from the grid. Similarly to static switches, the presence of a power electronic circuit
will lead to some power losses not found in the approach using mechanical interfaces.
(iii) Use of static switches:
Usually Static switches of SCRs antiparallel configuration makes bidirectional power
flow. They allow for many open/close operations. They act much faster than
conventional circuit breakers (in the order of half a cycle to a cycle). Sometimes
IGBTs are more preferred than SCR because IGBTs much faster than SCRs and their
current is inherently limited. Still power flow cannot be controlled. There are some
conduction losses in the devices. Fast response DSP based switches and relays is used
[21], [22].
8. POWER AND ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN MICROGRID:
In Micro Grid System, the Microgrid Central Controller (MGCC) resides at the centre
of Microgrid architecture, acting as a brain of the entire system. MGCC monitors and
controls the operations over SCADA network utilising Information and
Communication Technologies (ICT). MGCC facilitates all the functions of Sources as
well as Load control to achieve load-generation balance all the time [23].
Power sharing among distributed generators in a microgrid is possible by
employing certain control technique such a droop control [24]. It is implemented to
control frequency and voltage in DGs having a power electronic interface [25].
However these droop control methods are applicable for High-Voltage (HV) MGs to
improve power efficiency [26] and droop control laws improves power sharing
capability [27].
In the last two decades (approximately), the traditional droop control laws has
been modified to improve power sharing [28]- [30] and/or stability of MGs [31]- [33].
Small-signal stability of MGs deteriorates at higher droop gains while it is immune to
other parameters, such as controller gains and tie-line impedance [34] - [36]. Virtual
resistance [37], supplementary droop [38], and adaptive feed forward compensation
[39] may be used to stabilize the system under high droop gains. The effect of high
penetration of various DG technologies on transient stability of the system is studied
[39]- [43].
In order to reduce frequency deviations in MGs it can be modified by inverter
control techniques Such as virtual synchronous machine [44], and synchronverters
[45]. Increasing inertia virtually in the inverter control techniques will result in a
reduction in maximum rotor speed deviation of the nearby source [46] and inverter
output is controlled by a constant value during power change [47], [48].
9. BENEFITS OF MICROGRID:
Microgrid has enormous potential benefits that have mentioned below:
It optimizes the value of existing production and transmission capacity. It
incorporates more renewable energy and enables broader penetration of DERs and use
of energy storage options. It reduces Carbon foot prints and improves power quality,

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power reliability, operational performance and overall productivity of utilities. It

enables two way communications with consumers by enabling them to manage their
energy usage [49].
The traditional or classical system dispatch mainly focuses on:
This system consists of unit commitment scheduling, economic dispatch,
automatic generation control, grid security and local dispatch with some regional
implications [50].
The market-based dispatch system in a microgrid has additional sophisticated
focus areas including:
(i) Formal day-ahead and real-time tasks.
(ii) Unit commitment and economic dispatch with more explicit transmission
security constraints.
(iii) Checks and balances to ensure transparency and consistency.
(iv) Large scale system dispatch that is regional and multiregional in scope.
(v) Integration of distributed energy resources and demand response resources.
(v) Efficient generation and storage system to save energy and reducing carbon
emissions.
(vi) Integrating technological advances to control reactive power flow using SVC
[51].
10. MULTI AGENT SYSTEM OF MICROGRID:
Mingzhu Lu et al [52] proposed the traditional central power plant and different DER
by using Multi-agent system (MAS) technology. A new three layered MAS
architecture was designed with good generality useable in small, medium and large
scale multi-agent system based distributed energy resources (MAS-DER). It provides
a better efficiency of power supply by reducing the cost and pollution.
A. Dimeas et al [53]- [57] demonstrated the capabilities of MAS technology in
the operation of a Microgrid. Further Java Agent Development Framework (JADE)
was developed in order to increase the efficiency and intelligence of the Microgrid
system.
J. Oyarzabal et al [58] reported a control system based on intelligent software
agent technologies and its applications of transmission, generation and storage devices
connected to a network forming a microgrid. This software modular architecture
which enables additional services for advanced control techniques such as Generation
deploy control system where real generation, storage and load sharing devices were
being monitored and controlled and further it also assessed performance and
scalability issues related to the MAS framework.
Zhenhua Jiang [59] illustrated that in a multi-agent-based control framework, a
microgrid system can be used as a modular power generation unit to DGs. Simulation
studies demonstrated that the control agents manage the power of each energy source
properly and the microgrid works reliably and efficiently.
S. J. Chatzivasiliadis et al [60] investigated the potential of distributed control in
maximization use of renewable Energy Resources and environmental-friendly
technologies to increase the power supply.

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T. Logenthiran et al [61] pointed the application of Multi-Agent Systems for

distributed energy resource (DER) management in a Microgrid. With help of software
system it is possible to apply a distributed coordination system approach to
coordinating distributed energy resources systems at the state of strategic level.
Zhang Jian et al [62] outlined the framework of Multi-Agent Systems and
presented an agent control model to increase the maximum efficiency of Microgrid.
The technical idea was based on hierarchical coordinated control mechanism. This
coordination control strategies of MAS helps to increase the improved efficiency and
reliability of Microgrid.
Wen- Di Zheng et al [63] demonstrated a multi-agent system approach for
distributed energy resources (DER) to establish a two-layer control strategy in the
grid-connected mode and the island mode of microgrid. In this control technique,
autonomy strategy of each agent was maximized to control the DERs without any
communication techniques based system approach.
Tinghua Li et al [64] illustrated a multi-agent technologies based on simple
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) /Internet Protocol (IP) to monitor and control
microgrid system using the platforms of MATLAB and hardware implementation
proves the feasibility of microgrid scheduling under the control of MAS.
T. Logenthiran, et al [65], [66] explained the Multi-Agent System for generation
scheduling of a microgrid and it has different types of agents such as micro source
controller agent, energy storage agent and load controller agent. Micro source
controller agent modelled the corresponding DER such as solar, wind, hydro turbine
etc. The DGs maximize their power production in order to maintain reliability,
production cost and unit constraints. Load controller agent represents the
corresponding controllable load to the main system.
H. N. Aung et al [67] demonstrated a Multi Agent System in Java Agent
Development Framework (JADE) platform and it is implemented in Real Time
Digital Simulator (RTDS). This system involves an algorithm for the management of
the microgrid operation in both grid connected and autonomous or islanded modes,
power scheduling management, load sharing techniques, isolating microgrid and
securing critical loads during the power outages. A real- time communication
interface between MAS and RTDS was presented via TCP/IP incorporating the
distributed energy resources in real-time for operation of both islanded and grid
connected modes.
C. M. Colson et al [68] proposed a distributed agent based microgrid control
architecture capable of coordinating of user-defined objective methodologies for the
attribution of centralized and decentralized agent-based control.
Niannian cai et al [69] proposed a hierarchical control scheme using a MAS for
black start operation of a microgrid with power electronic interfaces. Different types
of agents, namely Grid controller Agent, Central controller Agent, Generation
controller Agent, Load controller Agent and Breaker through controller Agent were
applied in this control method. The MAS is able to coordinate the DGs and various
loads to maintain steady state operation of the microgrid either in grid-connected
mode or islanded mode. It can also perform a black start operation if a seamless

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transition to the islanded mode fails or if a black start becomes necessary for any other
reasons.
Mao Meiqin et al [70] made a novel platform approach for the study of Energy
Management System (EMS) -MG based on MAS and its structure of Client-Server
platform for the generation of coordination control operation of the microgrid in
islanding mode or grid connected mode.
Massimo Cossentino et al [71] proposed a Multi-Agent System-based approach
for the solution of the energy transportation problem that avoids overloading of
feeders by redirecting the energy flow and protecting itself.
A. L. Kulasekera et al [72] outlined a current research on the application of
multi-agent systems in microgrid schemes. The recent development of different
aspects of microgrids such as control, marketing approach, power optimization and
restoration provides stability.
H. S. V. S. Kumar Nunna et al [73] demonstrated a two level architecture of
DERs management for multiple microgrids using multi agent systems. At the end they
presented two case studies with two and four interconnected microgrids participating
in market.
Thillainathan Logenthiran et al in [74] presented a multi-agent system for realtime operation of a residential microgrid for both grid-connected and islanded modes
with a Real Time Digital Simulator. It shows the possibility of autonomous built-in
operation of a microgrid with a multi-agent system in a two-stage operational
strategy.
11. CLASSIFICATION OF MICROGRID:
A general configuration of microgrid has shown in the figure. 4
Normally a microgrid consists of a static transfer switch (STS), distributed
critical loads, noncritical loads and multiple DER units with various power electronics
interfaces [75]. Microgrids are classified into three types based on the type of supply
and their locations. (i) Utility interface microgrids, (ii) commercial and industrial
microgrids and (iii) remote microgrids [76].

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figure. 4: Classification of microgrid

DC MICROGRIDS:
DC microgrid is widely used in the application of telecommunication systems [77],
electric vehicles [78], and shipboard power systems [79].
Intensive use of electronic loads in commercial buildings and in office buildings
This DC configuration is presented for commercial power system with sensitive
electronic loads [80].
HF AC MICROGRIDS:
Used in the applications of aircraft system and in military applications of 1-phase
400Hz [81].
HFAC distributed power systems are limited to local areas, since the losses are
dramatically increasing with the distance. So it is applicable for small areas [82].
It can control both active and reactive power flow from/to the microgrid.
HF AC microgrid can operate at a higher frequency (400 Hz or 500 Hz).
LF AC MICROGRIDS:
Widely used in many research areas, remote villages and in test fields.
Operational and control strategies of LFAC microgrids in DER units.

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A power and energy management strategy comes under the formation of LFAC
microgrids.
HYBRID DC-AND AC-COUPLED MICROGRIDS:
Hybrid DC-and AC-coupled microgrids use the DC part for connecting the distributed
energy storage systems including batteries, fuel cells and even flywheels connected
to bidirectional AC-DC converters, and other DC energy sources.
DC energy sources such as PV systems connected through DC-DC Boost
converters and small turbines (gas and wind) connected through rectifiers.
The hybrid microgrid architecture with DC and AC links has been presented in
[83] [85].
A decoupled control of DC and AC parts of microgrid is achieved by using
power converters [86].
12. TECHNICAL CHALLENGES OF MICROGRID:
Improvement of microgrid service quality, increase in power system reliability [87].
Management of instantaneous values of active and reactive power balances,
power flow and network voltage profiles [88].
Performance of special tasks such as active and reactive power control and MG
has ability to correct voltage sags and system imbalances [89-90].
Reactive power droop control for local reliability and stability [91] and Power
frequency-droop control in islanded operation [92].
Generation control schemes for active and reactive power voltage, power
frequency in DGs [93].
Fast and accurate voltage, current and frequency control in operation of a weak
low voltage network based microgrid [94].
Switching compensation needs in DGs of the microgrid system, when islanding
occurs [95].
To implement a small signal state space model of autonomous operation of
inverter based microgrid [96].
13. KEY ISSUES OF MICROGRID:
The key issues of microgrid including:
(1) The planning and design of microgrid (including DER) [97-102];
(2) Operating characteristics of micro sources [103-105];
(3) Microgrid operation and its energy management (including energy storage
technology) [106-109];
(4) Interconnection of microgrid to the bulk power system [110-112];
(5) Island mode of microgrid [113-115];
(6) Protection of microgrid [116-118].

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14. RECENT PROJECTS IN MICROGRID:

There are a number of active Microgrid projects operating around the world involved
with testing and evaluation of advanced operating concepts for power distribution
systems [119]. The Microgrid research based on simulation study and hardware
laboratory projects currently in progress to conduct field tests on Micro Grid
applications are in Europe, the United States, Japan, Canada and India [120].
National Technical University of Athens (EU):
A laboratory-test scale microgrid system installed at the National Technical
University of Athens comprises two PV generators, one wind turbine, battery energy
storage, controllable loads and a controlled interconnection to the local LV grid [121].
United States Department of Energy & California Energy Commission:
A laboratory scale test system is commissioned at the Wisconsin University located in
Madison. Laboratory testing on the Microgrid of CERTS concept has been installed at
the Dolan Technology Centre located in Columbus, under the operation of American
Electric Power [122].
New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEITDO) in

japan:
A laboratory scale test system at Japan, a NEITDO established its regional microgrid
with renewable energy resources projects in the year 2003. Various field tests were
implemented in microgrid and the integration of new energy sources into a local
distribution network [123].
Microgrid Research & Development Activities at Boston Canada:
Microgrid R&D activities at Canadian research universities focused on development
of control and protection strategies for autonomous Micro Grid operation which are
mostly carried out in collaboration with the electric utility industry, manufacturers and
other stakeholders DERs integration and in power utilization.
Maharashtra Energy Development Agency (MEDA) in India:
In India a site of Alamprabhu Pathar a hilly area in Kolhapur district in the state of
Maharashtra is rich of renewable energy resources. Maharashtra Energy Development
Agency (MEDA) has declared Alamprabhu Pathar as one of the wind sites, where
good amount of wind power can be tapped off. Availability of large scale sugar
industries in close vicinity of Alamprabhu Pathar has made it possible to include biogas sources based generators as one the constituents of the Microgrid [124].
15. CONCLUSION:
In this paper an overview of microgrid has been carried out based on the reports from
the literature present in past two decades. Microgrid could be the answer to our energy
crisis. Microgrids plays a vital role in future generation of electricity and better power
quality which can provide improved electric service reliability, and in focus of

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effective utilization of renewable energy sources. Microgrids make a remarkable

significant contribution to the power generation and distribution in markets.
Microgrid eliminates CO2 Emissions and encourages the use of the renewable energy
sources. Large land use impacts are avoided. Transmission losses gets highly reduced
due to the implementation of microgrid. Microgrid results in substantial power
savings and cuts emissions without major changes to lifestyles. Microgrid provides
high quality and reliable energy supply to critical loads and fault identification is
simpler. Although many research projects and implementation of microgrids going in
various countries, however it is not yet successfully spread across the globe.
Microgrid growth is rapidly rising and expected to develop in a full fledged manner.
Such a review of microgrid creates an awareness among the Government,
Researchers, Industrialists and Public about its significance and benefits.
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BIOGRAPHY
Dr. P. Sivachandran received his B. E. Electrical and Electronics Engineering and
M. E. Power Electronics and Drives in 1996 and 1999 respectively, from the
Bharathidasan University, India. He received his Ph. D. Electrical Engineering in
2012 from Anna University, Chennai, India. He has received a Young Scientist
Fellowship Award from Tamilnadu State Council for Science and Technology,
Government of Tamilnadu, India. He has received an International Travel Grant from
Department of Science and Technology, Government of India to present a research
paper in IEEE ICSET 2008 at Singapore. He has fourteen years of teaching
experience in Engineering Colleges and two years of industrial R&D experience in
Lucas-TVS, Padi, Chennai. Presently he is working as Professor and Head,
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Sree Sastha Institute of
Engineering and Technology, Chennai, India.
R. Muthukumar received his B. E. Electronics and Communication Engineering in
2013 from Anna University, Chennai. He is currently pursuing his M. E. Power
Electronics and Drives from Anna University, Chennai. He has presented technical
papers in National Level Symposium. His areas of interest include Microgrid, Fuel
Cell Technology and Smart Grids.