Chapter 14 Projects

1. [after 14.4] Body Mass Index **:

Body mass index is a measure of whether someones weight is appropriate for their height. A bodymass-index value between 19 and 25 is considered to be in the normal range. Heres the formula for
calculating body mass index:
bmi

704 weightInPounds
heightInInches 2

a) Implement a program that prompts the user for height and weight values and displays the
associated body mass index.
Perform input validation by making sure that the user enters positive decimal numbers for height
and weight. See the sample session for details. In particular, note the format for the echo-printed
height and weight values and for the generated body-mass-index value.
For this program, theres no need for multiple classes or even multiple methods. Just put all your
code in a main method and put the main method in a BodyMassIndex class.
Sample session:
Enter height in inches: hi
Invalid inches value. Must be a decimal number.
Re-enter height in inches: 0
Invalid inches value. Must be positive.
Re-enter height in inches: 69.25
Enter weight in pounds: dog
Invalid pounds value. Must be a decimal number.
Re-enter weight in pounds: -3
Invalid pounds value. Must be positive.
Re-enter weight in pounds: 150.5
height = 69.25"
weight = 150.5 pounds
body mass index = 22.1
b) The difference between this program and the previous program is that this program uses feet and
inches for the height value rather than just feet.
Perform input validation by making sure that the user enters a positive integer number for feet, a
nonnegative decimal number for inches, and a positive decimal number for weight. See the
sample session for details. In particular, note the format for the echo-printed height and weight
values and for the generated body-mass-index value.
Sample session:
Enter height using feet space inches (e.g., 5 6.25): hi there

Invalid feet value. Must be an integer.

Invalid inches value. Must be a decimal
Re-enter height using feet space inches
Invalid feet value. Must be positive.
Re-enter height using feet space inches
Invalid feet value. Must be an integer.
Re-enter height using feet space inches
Enter weight in pounds: 0
Invalid pounds value. Must be positive.
Re-enter weight in pounds: 150.5

number.
(e.g., 5 6.25): 0 9
(e.g., 5 6.25): 5.25 0
(e.g., 5 6.25): 5 9.25

height = 5'-9.25"
weight = 150.5 pounds
body mass index = 22.1
2. [after 14.5] Storage and Retrieval of Objects in an Array ***:
a) Simple system:
Suppose you want to create a database of objects which can be stored and retrieved by the value
of one of their instance values the key value. Use an instance variable, number, to keep track
of the total number of objects already stored, add each new object at index equal to this total
value, and then increment this total value by one. To find an object whose key value is equal to
some reference value, step through the array sequentially and compare each objects key value
with the reference value.
Heres a UML class diagram describing a program that manages such a system:
SimpleEmployeesDriver
SimpleEmployees
+main(args : String[]) : void
-add(j : int) : void
Employee
-name : String
-ssn : int

-employees : Employee[]
-number : int
+create(maximum : int) : void
+getEmployee(index : int) : Employee
+add(employee : Employee) : int
+findEmployee(ssn : int) : int
+displayAll() : void

+Employee(name : String, ssn : int) : Employee

+getSsn() : int
+display() : void
Make the Employee class define a single employee. It is fairly straightforward. The only special
wrinkle is using the zero-pad flag in a printf method call to make sure that the display of ssn
always has nine digits, that is, is padded left with zeros whenever the number is less than
100000000.

Make the SimpleEmployees class define an array of employees and keep number equal to
the number of non-null elements in the array. Fill continuously from zero up to index =
number 1. Have the create method instantiate the array with length equal the maximum
possible number of employees. In the SimpleEmployees.add method, put a reference to the
new employee into the next available spot in the array, increment number, and return number,
which equals the number of steps required to find that element in a sequential search. If number
is already equal to the length of the array, the attempt to add another element throws an
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException, so put the dangerous operation in a try block, and
make the catch block print array full and return -1. In the findEmployee method, use a
for loop to perform a sequential search, starting with index = 0. Break when the parameter
value is the same as one of the employees ssn, and return that index value. If no match is
found, return -1.
In the SimpleEmployeesDriver class, provide a helping add method to do the following:
First instantiate an employee whose name is the (j+1) th letter of the alphabet and whose social
security number is a 9-digit integer generated by Math.random. Then call the
SimpleEmployees.add method to try to add that employee to the array. If the attempt to add
to the array is successful, have the SimpleEmployeesDriver.add method print the number
of search steps, the name, and the social security number for that employee.
In the main method, make the array length = 7. Use the above helping add method to add and
display 6 employees, named A through F. Then, display all employee data. Ask user to input
a social security number until the user inputs -1. Then try to add two more employees, G and
H, to demonstrate the exception handling by the try-catch mechanism in the
SimpleEmployees class.
Write the program so that it generates output like the following, recognizing, of course, that the
random 9-digit social security numbers will be different each time you run the program.
Sample session:
search
search
search
search
search
search
A
B
C
D
E
F

steps
steps
steps
steps
steps
steps

=
=
=
=
=
=

1
2
3
4
5
6

A
B
C
D
E
F

298842294
648282605
726358594
280199748
566266888
690250539

298842294
648282605
726358594
280199748
566266888
690250539

Enter ssn or -1 to stop: 5

not found
Enter ssn or -1 to stop: 566266888
E
566266888

Enter ssn or -1 to stop: -1

search steps = 7
G
array full

335672069

b) Hashing system:
Although the above system is simple, it has a performance problem. The average time to perform
a search is approximately half of the number of items in the array, and it increases as the array
gets longer. It would be nice if you could use the key value as an index. Unfortunately, key values
are often clustered. To distribute the data fairly evenly, you can transform the key value by
hashing it, like this:
hashValue = keyValue % arrayLength;
Then, use the hash value as the index.
This doesnt work perfectly, though. If array length is less than the largest value, sometimes
theres a collision two or more elements have the same hash value. To deal with collisions, use
the hash value as a sequential-search starting point. That is, when adding to the array, first try to
put the element at index = hash value. If thats occupied, try the next higher index value, and
so on wrapping around to index = 0 when you reach the end of the array. If you get back to
the starting point before finding an empty slot, do not add the new element, and print array full.
When retrieving, start the search at index = hash value.
The trick to using a hashing system is to make sure the array is never more than about half full.
As long as your array is less than about half full, on average youll be able to store and retrieve
with no more than about two search steps. If the array has 1000 elements, thats much better than
using an ordinary sequential search, because 2 << 250, where 250 is the average number of pure
sequential search steps for a half-full 1000-element array.
For this part of the project, change the program written for part a so that it implements the
hashing algorithm just described. Use the same Employee class. Change the name
SimpleEmployees to Employees and change the name SimpleEmployeesDriver to
EmployeesDriver. Make the new driver the same except refer to the Employees class
instead of the SimpleEmployees class.
In the Employees class, remove the number instance variable. In the add and
findEmployee methods start by setting index equal to the hash value, as computed above.
Then, starting at this index value, step through the array. When index equals the array length,
wrap around to index = 0, and continue up to the starting point. In the add method, insert the
new element at the first null and then break. Eliminate the try-catch mechanism used in
part a, and use an if clause instead. In the findEmployee method, keep going until a match is
found and break there. In either method, if index gets back to the starting point, return -1.
Since the elements will be scattered around in the array, make the displayAll method traverse
the entire array and print null wherever an array element is unoccupied.
To show the hash value for each element, insert an extra System.out.print statement just
before the loop in the Employees.add method.

Sample session:
hash
hash
hash
hash
hash
hash
F
null
C
D
A
B
E

value
value
value
value
value
value

=
=
=
=
=
=

4
4
2
2
5
0

search
search
search
search
search
search

steps
steps
steps
steps
steps
steps

=
=
=
=
=
=

1
2
1
2
2
1

A
B
C
D
E
F

127902828
622927274
929423679
461102721
009085179
074558470

830485830

074558470
929423679
461102721
127902828
622927274
009085179

Enter ssn or -1 to stop: 46

not found
Enter ssn or -1 to stop: 461102721
D
461102721
Enter ssn or -1 to stop: -1
hash value = 6 search steps = 3
hash value = 1 array full
3. [after 14.9] Date Formatting **:
Create a class named Date that stores date values and prints out the date in either a pure numeric
format or a name and number format (see sample session for format details).
Date class notes:
Date objects should store the date in two int instance variables day and month, and it should
include the String instance variable, error, initialized with null.
Implement a 1-parameter Date constructor that receives a dateStr string parameter and
performs complete error checking on the given dateStr value. The Date constructor is the entity
thats responsible for date error checking. That way, if a Date object is instantiated and if there are
no errors, then youre guaranteed that the Date object holds a legitimate date value. If any kind of
error occurs, change the value of the error instance variable to a non-null string value, using an
appropriate concatenation of a string constant, input substring, and/or API exception message.
Constructors use the same exception handling rules as methods: In a try block, include the parsing
of the month and day substrings and other error-checking logic that will not work if parsing fails.
Take into account the actual number of days in each month, but assume that there are always 28 days
in February.
To extract day and month numbers from the given date string, use Strings indexOf method to
find the location of the slash character, and Strings substring method to extract month and
day substrings from the input string.

Include a method for printing the date with a numeric format. Use the zero-pad flag in a printf
method call to get exactly two digits for each month and day.
Include a method for printing the date with an alphabetic format.
Include a getError method which returns the value of the error instance variable.

In your driver class, include a loop that repeatedly:

Asks the user to enter a date or q to quit.
If the entry is not q, instantiate a Date object.
If the error variable is null:
o Print the date using numeric format.
o Print the date using alphabetic format.
Otherwise, print the value of the error variable.
Sample session:
Enter a date in the form mm/dd ("q" to quit):
05/02
May 2
Enter a date in the form mm/dd ("q" to quit):
05/02
May 2
Enter a date in the form mm/dd ("q" to quit):
Invalid date format - 52
Enter a date in the form mm/dd ("q" to quit):
Invalid format - For input string: "5.0"
Enter a date in the form mm/dd ("q" to quit):
Invalid month - 13
Enter a date in the form mm/dd ("q" to quit):
Invalid format - For input string: "x"
Enter a date in the form mm/dd ("q" to quit):
Invalid day - 30
Enter a date in the form mm/dd ("q" to quit):
02/28
February 28
Enter a date in the form mm/dd ("q" to quit):

5/2
05/02
52
5.0/2
13/2
2/x
2/30
2/28
q

4. [after 14.9] Input Utility ***:

Write an Input class that inputs simple data type values, using the following methods:
public static String readLine() reads in an entire line as a string.
public static char readChar() reads in a single character.
public static double readDouble() reads in a double value.
public static float readFloat() reads in a float value.
public static long readLong() reads in a long value.
public static int readInt() reads in an int value.
For each method, if the input value does not conform to that methods type, print an error message
and terminate the program. To help you get started, here is the Input.readLine method:

public static String readLine()

{
String string = "";
try
{
string = new BufferedReader(
new InputStreamReader(System.in)).readLine();
}
catch (IOException e)
{
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
System.exit(0);
}
return string;
} // end readLine
Notice that this method invokes BufferedReaders readLine method, where buffered-reader
object is instantiated with a pointer to an input-stream-reader object, which is itself instantiated with a
pointer to the same System.in variable used to instantiate a Scanner object. This is how
programmers input a line of text before the development of the Scanner class. Also notice the use
of the System.exit(0); statement. This immediately terminates the program.
Each of the other methods listed above should begin its processing with an input string, so each of
these other methods should begin by calling the Input.readLine method we have just provided.
Also include a helping method:
private static String getZeroFractionRemoved(String string)
If this methods parameter contains a zero fraction, this method should remove that zero fraction and
return the result. Otherwise, it should return the original parameter value. Call this helping method
from readLong and readInt to strip off a decimal point when there are non-zero digits to the
right of that decimal point. This accepts an integer value written in floating-point format.
Also include a main method that demonstrates each of these methods like this:
Sample session:
This demonstrates Input class methods
Select one of these options:
t: readLine()
reads a line of (t)ext
c: readChar()
reads a single (c)haracter
d: readDouble() reads a (d)ouble number
f: readFloat()
reads a (f)loat number
i: readInt()
reads an (i)nt number
l: readLong()
reads a (l)ong number
q: quit
Enter t, c, d, f, i, l, or q: t
Enter a line of text: this is a test

text = this is a test

Select one of these options:
t: readLine()
reads a line of (t)ext
c: readChar()
reads a single (c)haracter
d: readDouble() reads a (d)ouble number
f: readFloat()
reads a (f)loat number
i: readInt()
reads an (i)nt number
l: readLong()
reads a (l)ong number
q: quit
Enter t, c, d, f, i, l, or q: c
Enter a character: @
character = @
Select one of these options:
t: readLine()
reads a line of (t)ext
c: readChar()
reads a single (c)haracter
d: readDouble() reads a (d)ouble number
f: readFloat()
reads a (f)loat number
i: readInt()
reads an (i)nt number
l: readLong()
reads a (l)ong number
q: quit
Enter t, c, d, f, i, l, or q: d
Enter a double number: 3.14159
double number = 3.14159
Select one of these options:
t: readLine()
reads a line of (t)ext
c: readChar()
reads a single (c)haracter
d: readDouble() reads a (d)ouble number
f: readFloat()
reads a (f)loat number
i: readInt()
reads an (i)nt number
l: readLong()
reads a (l)ong number
q: quit
Enter t, c, d, f, i, l, or q: f
Enter a float number: -3.14
float number = -3.14
Select one of these options:
t: readLine()
reads a line of (t)ext
c: readChar()
reads a single (c)haracter
d: readDouble() reads a (d)ouble number
f: readFloat()
reads a (f)loat number
i: readInt()
reads an (i)nt number
l: readLong()
reads a (l)ong number
q: quit
Enter t, c, d, f, i, l, or q: i
Enter an integer: 5.0000
integer number = 5
Select one of these options:
t: readLine()
reads a line of (t)ext

c: readChar()
reads a single (c)haracter
d: readDouble() reads a (d)ouble number
f: readFloat()
reads a (f)loat number
i: readInt()
reads an (i)nt number
l: readLong()
reads a (l)ong number
q: quit
Enter t, c, d, f, i, l, or q: l
Enter a long number: -16
long number = -16
Select one of these options:
t: readLine()
reads a line of (t)ext
c: readChar()
reads a single (c)haracter
d: readDouble() reads a (d)ouble number
f: readFloat()
reads a (f)loat number
i: readInt()
reads an (i)nt number
l: readLong()
reads a (l)ong number
q: quit
Enter t, c, d, f, i, l, or q: q
For the readChar method, if the user simply hits the Enter key, return the \n character. If the user
enters any other single visible or invisible character, return that character. Otherwise, print the error
message:
Invalid entry - expecting a single character.\n
Then terminate the program.
For the readDouble and readFloat methods, if the trimmed input string cannot be parsed, print
the error message:
Invalid entry - expecting a double.\n
or:
Invalid entry - expecting a float.\n
Then terminate the program.
For the readLong and readInt methods, if the trimmed input string cannot be parsed, print the
error message:
Invalid entry - expecting a long.\n
or:
Invalid entry - expecting an int.\n
Then terminate the program.