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Smart cities drivers and ICT: in search of

relationships
Annunziata Alfano, Cristina C. Amitrano, Francesco Bifulco
Department of Economics, Management, Institutions
University of Naples Federico II
Naples, Italy
[email protected]
AbstractThe increasing number of smart cities projects all
around the world is related to the development of different
models created by the industry players, the Institutions, or the
public administrations.

city managers, in order to guide their urban context during the

process of smartization.

The implementation of these models supports the smartization

process in cities, aiming at overcome the latest urban problems
and find a resolution to citizens issues thanks to the rising of
initiatives concerning one or more so called drivers, namely
specific smart city characteristics or dimensions.

1.

Our research has been conducted through a content analysis of

the official Reports developed by the solution providers widely
recognized as global leaders, in order to focus on the
identification of the relationships among ICT (Information and
Communication Technology) and the smart city drivers
(economy, people, governance, mobility, environment, and living)
identified through an overview of the theoretical background on
models. The main results of our analysis show that the stronger
linkages are those between ICT and governance, people, and
environment.
Keywords-smart city, driver, ICT, industry players, relationships

I.

INTRODUCTION

Many cities have decided to start a process of smartization,

namely a path towards the integration of technology in every
feature of urban environments, in order to achieve a better
quality of life for their stakeholders. Nowadays examples of
smart cities come in many variants, sizes and types, and these
characteristics are related to the different developing projects
based on cities specific policies, objectives, funding and scope.

II.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Smart cities models and drivers

The evolution of the approaches towards the development
of smart cities started from the implementation of scattered
initiatives, with a focus on a specific problem concerning the
urban context, to arrive at more complex projects which today
are targeting a widespread understanding of issues.
These efforts have been developed by different actors
involved in the creation of cities with a better quality of life [3],
namely central or national agencies (i.e. European Union),
scholars, and industry players. Their attempts to analyze smart
cities have usually been made through the creation of models,
conceived as collections of the different features identified as
typical for the development of innovation projects in urban
contexts.
The grouping of these various features in clusters knows as
drivers, in relation to their propelling role in achieving
improvements within cities, has changed in the last years and it
can be synthesized through a chronological selection of the
different studies (tab. I). The following table shows the
growing attention on the delineation of a common view in the
last five years, as the researches analyzed have been increased
in number.
TABLE I.

SMART CITIES DRIVERS

Study developer

Year

Drivers

Although there is an increasing number of experiences and

studies in this field, there is still not a clear and consistent
understanding of the concept and of its features. Summarizing
the different definitions that are appeared since the beginning
of 2000s, the smart city can be defined as complex mix of
technologies, social and economic factors, governance
arrangements, and policy and business elements [1] that
assures a higher quality of life for the social and economic
growth of individuals and business [2]. More complex and
diversified is the framework concerning the relationships
between smart city characteristics and their working
dimensions.

Centre of Regional
Science,
Vienna UT [4]

2007

economy,
people,
governance,
mobility, environment, living

Blissent [5]

2010

Chourabi et al. [6]

2012

Siemens and Cittalia

[7]

2012

The importance of these elements is strictly related to the

decisions that have to be made by the local governments and

Smart Cities Council

[8]

2013

transportation, healthcare, education,

public safety and security, building
management, city administration,
waste management
technology,
organization,
policy,
governance, people communities,
economy, natural environment, built
infrastructures
building heritage, urban environment,
mobility and logistics, energy,
healthcare
buildings, energy, telecommunication,
payments, transport, human services,
water, public safety

This work has been supported by the project OR.C.HE.S.T.R.A.

(ORganizational of Cultural HEritage for Smart Tourism and Real-time
Accessibility) in the Italian National Operative Program 2007-13.

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Study developer

Year

EU-URBACT II [9]

2013

EU-European
Parliament [1]

2014

Drivers
energy
efficiency,
mobility,
youth/inclusion, jobs, shrinking, spatial
segregation
governance,
economy,
mobility,
environment, people, living
Our elaboration

2.

The six smart city characteristics

As showed above the first smart city model has been
created by the Centre of Regional Science at the Vienna
University of Technology in collaboration with the Delft
University of Technology and the Department of Geography at
the University of Ljubljana. This model is nowadays the most
cited and used [10, 11], and according to the developed
approach a Smart City is a city well performing in a forward
looking way in these six characteristics [4], namely:
1.

Smart Economy

2.

Smart People

3.

Smart Governance

4.

Smart Mobility

5.

Smart Environment

6.

Smart Living.

Smart Economy includes all the factors gathered around the

concept of economic competitiveness as innovation,
entrepreneurship, trademarks, productivity, and flexibility of
the labor market, as well as the integration in the international
economic environment. The creation of a stimulating urban
context for industrial development is pivotal to the rising of a
smart city [12], in fact between the principal outcomes of these
initiatives there are business and job creation, increase in
workforce, and improvement in the productivity [6].
Smart People is described by the level of qualification and
education of the citizens and more in general the quality of
social interactions regarding the integration of people within
public life, and the openness towards the outer world. More
than flexibility, creativity, and plurality, other factors are
digital divide, ICT gatekeepers, participation and partnership,
and communication [6].
Smart Governance comprises aspects of political
participation, services for citizens as well as the functioning of
the administration. It represents an important challenge for the
development of a smart city because it is the core of the project
[5], and it depends on the implementation of infrastructures
that should be accountable, responsive and transparent [13].
These initiatives are aimed at offering an instrument to allow
collaboration, data exchange, service integration, and
communication [14].
Smart Mobility includes modern and sustainable transport
systems, the availability of ICT infrastructures, and the
guarantee of safe and secure conditions of mobility. Therefore
the main factor of this dimension is accessibility, referred to
local, national and international connections.

Figure 1. Characteristics and factors of a smart city [4]

Smart Environment is described by the reduction of

pollution, the searching for sustainability (climate, green space,
etc.), the resource management, and also by the efforts towards
the protection of natural habitats. In brief the smart
environment can be referred to resource use efficiency, and
their re-use and substitution in order to reach sustainable aims
[15].
Finally, Smart Living comprises various aspects of quality
of life as culture, health, safety, housing, tourism, etc. Relevant
features within this driver are linked to the searching for high
levels of social cohesion and human capital.
The following figure summarizes the six drivers and the
corresponding factors.
As showed in table I, recently the European Parliament has
taken into account the smart city model developed by
Giffinger et al., and has proposed its own framework of
characteristics, in order to map the smart cities projects and
initiatives in the European Union [1]. The main difference
between the two models concerns ICT, which has become a
feature of all the indicated key dimensions rather than a factor
of the smart mobility driver (fig. 1), highlightning its
importance and cross character.
3.

The role of ICT in the process of smartization

The development of smart cities projects is strictly related
to a wide implementation of technologies, in particular ICTs.
This feature can be traced out since the first initiatives for
better urban contexts began and it can be underlined through
the appearance of different labels, namely virtual, cyber and
digital cities [16] which have focused their attention on

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wireless sensors networks as collectors of the huge amount of

circulating data in urban environment [17].
As technologies have continued to expand their functions
from data acquisition to data processing and interpretation,
their main scope has started to be related to the transmission of
the collected information through different devices, such as
mobile-phones, to give people (citizens, students, tourists, etc.)
the possibility to interact and be involved in urban life.
The evolution towards the inclusion of the human
component with its needs and issues has brought to the
interpretation of technologies as intelligent instruments for the
achievement of a better quality of life [3] in so called smart
cities and it has allowed the improvement of people
participation in urban environment, through services cocreation [18].
This smartization process has been reached through the
extension and implementation of ICT systems in many urban
domains such as transport and mobility, e-government and
public administration, healthcare and social services, education,
building and urban planning, public safety, and environmental,
energy, and water management [19].
III.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1.

Aim and research questions

The aim of our research is to analyze the principal
characteristics of smart cities also known as drivers and their
relationships with ICT. In order to achieve meaningful results
we decided to choose the six smart dimensions belonging to the
model developed by Giffinger et al. in 2007, since it has
emerged as the first and most cited study from the literature
analysis. The selected drivers are economy, people,
governance, mobility, environment and living. Hence, our first
research question is:
RQ1: Which elements typify the main smart city drivers?
The findings of the first research question represent a
starting point to analyse the connections between ICT and
economy, people, governance, mobility, environment, and
living. Summing up, our second research question is:
RQ2: Which are the relationships between ICT and smart
city drivers?
2.

Method and context of investigation

The characteristics of our research questions addressed us
to apply a qualitative methodology, and in detail we conducted
a content analysis in order to develop and communicate a clear
understanding of a complex concept such as smart city, by
constructing knowledge about interrelated issues [20, 21]. The
selected method of analysis allows to scrutinize, classify,
analyze, and link the information contained in a document, so
that the deep structures are revealed [22].
We collected the data to be analyzed following a double
step process: firstly we narrowed down our context of
investigation to the 15 smart city suppliers positioned as global
leaders in the market by the Navigant Research Leaderboard

Report (www.navigantresearch.com), namely IBM, Cisco,

Schneider Electric, Siemens, Hitachi, Accenture, Toshiba,
General Electric, Oracle, Capgemini, Microsoft, SAP, Atos,
ABB, LG CNS.
Then we gathered the documents from a selection among
the top 3 results retrieved by the Google search engine
(www.google.com) for the following query: [industry players
name] and smart city.
This collecting process gave us a data set composed by 45
documents, in English language only, that represent the official
Reports elaborated by big corporations and solution providers
involved in smart cities initiatives. We chose to carry on our
content analysis and processing our data with the use of a
software program, namely NVivo, that can assist us to manage
large amounts of qualitative data and search through the
thematic ideas in order to gain a deep understanding [23]. We
selected this data analysis tool because it is one of the most
applied among business literature contributions, as it can be
used to support the management of research activity [24, 25].
In detail, this software allows to measure the similarity,
dissimilarity and distance of data set through the use of
different indexes. We chose the Jaccard Proximity Index,
instead of the very similar Srensen Index, as it is the most
used in literature to compare the proximity of the data [25]
without the use of redundancy. The Jaccard Index is the result
of division between the number of features that are common to
all divided by the number of properties as shown below [26].
IV.

FINDINGS

In order to answer our RQ1, we started a text analysis of

the industry players official Reports, using NVivos word
frequency query, which allowed us to select the first 300 most
frequently occurring words. In detail, we conducted this
investigation within the second level of similarity, called
stemmed words which is a type of analysis collecting the
primary word and its corresponding similar words (i.e. plurals,
adjectives, pronouns, etc.).
This first step of the research, let us make a comparison
among the obtained results of frequency and the main features
emerged from the literature background. In particular, we
selected the six smart city drivers and their elements as it
emerged from the most cited literature study and Institutional
Report, namely Giffinger et al. and the European Parliament;
then, we organized the most frequently occurring words in six
so called nodes, that are broad topic areas including the main
elements of the smart city drivers from the solution providers
points of view:
1) Economy: economy, economics, investment, company,
corporation, financial, business
2) People: people, citizens, community, social, populous,
learning, participation
3) Governance:
decisions

governance,

government,

public,

4) Mobility: mobility, transport, transportations, vehicles,

traffic

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5) Environment: environment, energy, pollution, grids,

water, emission, renewal, climatic, meter, building
6) Living: living, culture, tourism, life, home, health,
safety, university.
The analysis of the word frequency showed us that
environment, economy and people with their semantic
areas are the most recurring compared with other drivers.
These results allowed us to go deeper in our research,
aiming at underline the linkages among the smart city drivers
elements and ICT features. In detail, following the same
process delineated above, we created another node for ICT,
containing the words ICT and technology, and we tried to
answer our RQ2 using the seven nodes in all.
Thanks to the NVivo software the linkages among nodes
can be visualized through clusters and setting a range of the
Jaccard index from 0,70 to 1, we found out that there are at
least three types of relationships among the different nodes, as
it can be seen in figure 2.
Focusing on the linkages between ICT and the six drivers
(tab. II), the analysis showed that the strongest relationship
occurs between ICT and governance nodes, while the weakest
one is between ICT and living.
TABLE I.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DRIVERS AND ICT

Node A

Node B

Jaccard Index

Results\\ict

Results\\gov

0,795814

Results\\ict

Results\\env

0,775224

Results\\ict

Results\\peo

0,752665

Results\\ict

Results\\eco

0,741904

Results\\ict

Results\\mob

0,664787

Results\\ict

Results\\liv

0,644623
Our elaboration from NVivo

Figure 3. Relationships between ICT and six drivers nodes (our

elaboration from NVivo)

In order to recognize only the most relevant results, we

have identified the relationships with the highest probability of
occurrence, namely those between ICT and governance, ICT
and environment, and ICT and people, which are highlighted
with thick lines in the following figure (fig. 3).
V.

IMPLICATIONS

The above mentioned findings allow us to show how

industry players and solution providers delineate smart city
drivers, with a focus on their relationships with ICT.
Overall, the six broad topic areas arisen from the content
analysis on the 45 Reports reveal the correspondence with the
descriptions included within theoretical models, in particular
the most recent document elaborated by the European
Parliament [1].
The words frequency analysis has showed that the six
drivers are not considered equally in smart cities projects and
this result leads us to assert that the smartization process in
urban centers usually starts from a choice of the public
administrations in order to develop a specific or only some
drivers rather than all of them [27]. In fact cities often cannot
achieve a complete smart project with actions on wide fields
nor plan or acquire platforms to integrate all smart solutions.
These constraints are a consequence of the insufficient
financial resources facing public Institutions and they
frequently decide to implement single initiatives focused on the
major current problems of urban context in order to overcome
this limiting condition [28].

Figure 2. Nodes clustered by word similarity (from NVivo)

One of the main evidence emerged from the first step of the
analysis concerns the role of ICT within the smart cities
dimensions. The Reports elaborated by the industry players
recognize the importance of technological features as a
fundamental component for the development of smart
initiatives, but first of all their transversal characteristic across
the six drivers. This idea of ICT has been acknowledged only
in recent years, in fact the first and even now most cited smart

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city model developed by Giffinger et al. considered technology

as a part of mobility driver, limiting its wider range.
This evolutionary path can be underlined also referring to
the environment driver, in fact the solution providers Reports
confirm its wider description, as it has been delineated by the
European Union. In detail the smart environment includes
energy, renewables, ICT-enabled energy grids, metering,
pollution control and monitoring, renovation of buildings and
amenities, green buildings, green urban planning, as well as
resource use efficiency, re-use and resource substitution which
serves the above goals [1]. This broad driver brings together
different urban services such as street lighting, waste
management, drainage and water resource systems that are
monitored to evaluate the system, reduce pollution and
improve water quality [28].
The second step of our research has given us the
opportunity to deepen the analysis of the previous results,
examining the relationships between the ICT node and each of
the six nodes composed by the smart city drivers (economy,
people, governance, mobility, environment, living).
The most important similarity among the different nodes is
the linkage between ICT and governance and this result can be
explained through the widening spread of projects on open data
in public administrations [29]. The open data is data that can
be freely used, re-used and redistributed by anyone - subject
only, at most, to the requirement to attribute and sharealike
[30] and this is possible only through the implementation of
technological infrastructures and the development of dedicated
software.
The second significant relationship is between ICT and
environment related to the testing and application of sensor
networks within the waste and water cycle [31], the electric
power systems [32], and the domestic contexts [33]. The sensor
networks are the results of the convergence of micro-electromechanical systems technology, wireless communications and
digital electronics [34].

So, a further research could be related to the development of

another content analysis using a great number of documents
prepared by the other actors, such as municipalities, public
agencies, supranational organizations, and associations.
Lastly, the documents emerged from the data collection
mainly refer to a recent timeline, in particular during the last
five years (2009-2014). This limitation may be overcome with
a longitudinal analysis aiming at the comparison of reports
realized in previous years.
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VI.

[11]

[12]

LIMITATIONS AND FURTHER RESEARCH

The results of our research questions have to be read with

the consideration of some limits. First of all, the methodology
chosen, namely the content analysis, is a descriptive method
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The 3rd Electronic International Interdisciplinary Conference

SECTION
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Business Management, Consulting, Sales

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