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Profile Help

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Profile
Production Profile Generation and Analysis
by Petroleum Solutions Ltd

Profile Help
2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved
All rights reserved. No parts of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any means - graphic, electronic, or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems - without the
written permission of the publisher.
Products that are referred to in this document may be either trademarks and/or registered trademarks of the
respective owners. The publisher and the author make no claim to these trademarks.
While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this document, the publisher and the author assume no
responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of information contained in this
document or from the use of programs and source code that may accompany it. In no event shall the publisher and
the author be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damage caused or alleged to have been caused
directly or indirectly by this document.
Printed: May 2010

Profile Help

Table of Contents
Foreword

Part I Welcome to Profile

1 Introduction
................................................................................................................................... 7

Part II Field Schedule

1 Defining
...................................................................................................................................
Field Input
11

Part III Well Schedule

1 Defining
...................................................................................................................................
Wells
17
2 Defining
...................................................................................................................................
Schedule
20

Part IV Associated Production

1 Secondary
...................................................................................................................................
Hydrocarbons
22
2 Water...................................................................................................................................
Production
24

Part V Injectors / Gaslift

Part VI Facilities Contraints

Part VII Table / Charts

Part VIII Chart Operations

Part IX Main Results Panel

Part X Change Chart Settings

Part XI Create Reports

Part XII Tools Menu Items

1 Well Scheduler
................................................................................................................................... 50
2 Analyse
...................................................................................................................................
Actual Profile
53
3 Backcalculate
...................................................................................................................................
Decline Exponents
62
4 Well PI
...................................................................................................................................
Calculations
63
5 Calculate
...................................................................................................................................
Depletion GOR Profile
67
6 PVT Calculations
................................................................................................................................... 73
7 Recovery
...................................................................................................................................
Factor Estimate
76
8 Quicklook
...................................................................................................................................
Oil VLP/IPR
77

Part XIII Worked Example

87
2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Contents

1 Arkle ...................................................................................................................................
Discovery
87
Oil Production..........................................................................................................................................................
Profile
87
Gas Production
..........................................................................................................................................................
Profile
90
Water Production
..........................................................................................................................................................
Profile
91
Water Injection
..........................................................................................................................................................
Profile
92
Facilities Sizing
.......................................................................................................................................................... 93
Results
.......................................................................................................................................................... 94

Index

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Profile
Production Profile Generation and
Analysis

Part

Welcome to Profile

1.1

Introduction

Profile is an easy to use application intended for Petroleum Reservoir Engineers to :

Quickly prepare and analyse primary and associated production profiles.
Compare to analogue fields for well spacing, recovery/well, plateau offtake rates,
decline rates,
Quicklook sizing for facilities throughput capacity for all production and injection
streams.

The assumptions behind Profile are based on the various phases of production life of an oil or gas field,
ie,. a buildup period, a plateau period and a decline period.
Two different approaches for generating primary hydrocarbon phase production profiles are provided
within this application.
Either :

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Profile Help

The ability to generate a field production profile by defining the field production buildup, plateau and
decline rates and recoverable reserves. The application solves for the required number of
development wells; producers and injectors, that fit with the timing of the field production profile, or
The ability to generate a field production profile by specifying different well types and the schedule
for drilling these wells. This approach permits the modelling of different well recoveries and
workovers, etc. The field profile is simply the sum of all the wells specified in the well schedule
The ability to quickly model associated hydrocarbon phases (either gas for an oilfield or condensate for a
gas field), and water production for an oilfield is provided, together with the ability to quickly model water
injection, gas injection, requirements for gas fuel and flare and schedule workovers.

License.dat File
The "License.dat" file is located in the Application Startup folder (eg C:\Program Files\Petroleum
Solutions\Profile\)
The contents of this ASCII license file needs to contain the following license information.
[License Settings]
LicensedTO =
Company =
ProductID =
LicenseID =
If any of the above License key information is incorrect or absent, or if the License.dat file is missing
then the application will fail to startup.

.NET Framework
This application requires the presence or installation of Microsoft .Net Framework version 2.
.NET Framework version 2 is a component of the Microsoft Windows operating system used to build
and run Windows-based applications.

Should .NET Framework version 2 not be installed on the destination PC then a link is provided below to
download this system software. The user should download and install .NET Framework version 2 before
attempting to install this application.
http://www.petroleumsolutions.co.uk/downloads.html

The installation of .Net Framework also requires a minimum software and hardware requirement. Details
of which are shown below. Specifically, note that you cannot install the .NET Framework on a computer
running the Microsoft Windows 95 operating system.
Minimum requirements
To install .NET Framework [Dotnetfx.exe], you must have one of the following operating systems, with
Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.01 or later installed on your computer:
Microsoft Windows 98

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Welcome to Profile

Microsoft Windows 98 Second Edition

Microsoft Windows Millennium Edition (Windows Me)
Microsoft Windows NT 4 (Workstation or Server) with Service Pack 6a
Microsoft Windows 2000 (Professional, Server, or Advanced Server) with the latest Windows
service pack and critical updates available from the Microsoft Security Web site (www.microsoft.
com/security).
Microsoft Windows XP (Home or Professional)
Recommended hardware
CPU Recommended

RAM Recommended

Pentium 90 MHz or faster

96 MB or higher

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Profile
Production Profile Generation and
Analysis

Part

Field Schedule

2.1

Defining Field Input

The user can choose between working with a Field Profile approach or a Well Profile approach by
choosing the dropdown box in the main toolbar menu, as shown below.

Once the Field Profile approach is chosen the application main tab bar should change to the following.

Under the same main toolbar menu, the user can also select between Oilfield Units and Metric Units,
which determines the units preference applied throughout all the panels and forms within the application.
Again under the same main toolbar menu, the user can also choose between Annual or Semi-Annual
or Monthly periods for reporting purposes. All internal calculations are done on a monthly basis and
reported in Annual, Semi-Annual or Monthly periods.
Once the user selects the Field Profile approach and selects the Field Schedule button in the main
toolbar the following Main Panel should become visible.

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Profile Help

The User should attempt to type in as much data as possible.

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Field Schedule

Buildup to Plateau [REQUIRED] is the primary hydrocarbon phase production rates building up to a final
rate, which is assumed to be the plateau production rate.
Plateau duration [REQUIRED] is simply the number of years that the field remains on it's plateau
production.
Swing Factor [OPTIONAL] is a well deliverability check provided for gas fields that operate on a summer/
winter swing basis. ie if a number of 1.25 is entered, then the application will check that the well
deliverability can achieve 1.25 x the field production levels, otherwise the application will add additional
wells to ensure that this deliverability can be met.
Decline Type [REQUIRED]. The user is given the option of either exponential or hyperbolic decline type
The exponential decline curve, or constant rate decline [since the decline rate does not change with
time], equation is shown below.

Where,
q = Production rate at time = t
qi = Initial production rate
a = Constant decline rate fraction, between 0 and 1
t = time, typically measured in months or years.
The hyperbolic decline curve equation is shown below.

Where,
n = additional constant decline exponent, between 0 and 1
Special cases for the hyperbolic decline equation occur at n=0 [exponential decline] and n=1 [harmonic
2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Profile Help

decline].
The following text is taken from "Petroleum Engineering Handbook" published by the Society of
Petroleum Engineers, page 40-26.
"An analysis of a large number of actual production-decline curves assembled by Cutler indicates that
most decline curves normally encountered are of the hyperbolic type, with values for the exponent n
between 0 and 0.7, while the majority fall between 0 and 0.4."
Decline Rate [REQUIRED] is the constant decline rate fraction, between 0 and 1, in the exponential [a]
or hyperbolic [ai] decline equation.
'n' Factor [REQUIRED if decline type = Hyperbolic] is the additional constant decline exponent, between
0 and 1, in the hyperbolic decline equation.
A simple tool is provided via the main menu item 'Tools\Backcalculate Decline Exponents' to quickly
calculate values for decline rate parameters 'a' and 'n'. See help topic Backcalculate Decline Exponents.
Abandonment, Qa/Qi [REQUIRED] determines the year of field abandonment and is simply defined as
the ratio of the final rate divided by the initial rate. Typical values are 0.1 or 0.05.
The Abandonment, Qa/Qi value is required in several places across the application, therefore the user
can choose to select to change the global value by selecting the relevant inputbox, accessed via the
menu option Options/Set Global Qa/Qi, shown below.

Back Solve Decline Rate button

Assuming the user has entered sufficient buildup rates, plateau duration and the target ultimate
recovery, then the user can press the Back Solve Decline Rate button to quickly back calculate the
appropriate decline rate to equal the target ultimate recovery.
Well Details panel

The above panel determines how to calculate the number of production wells required to meet the field
2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Field Schedule

production profile, assuming these have already been defined by the buildup, plateau and decline
periods.
The user is provided with a simple method for modelling the potential for degrading well recoveries versus
field life by entering different well rates for the first year and the final year. A simple linear interpolation is
done between the first and final year well rates to determine an specific years well rate.
The user can also choose to un-check the Use field decline rate ? check box and enter a more or less
aggressive well decline rate in comparison to the field decline rate.

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Profile
Production Profile Generation and
Analysis

Part

III

Well Schedule

3.1

Defining Wells

The user can choose between working with a Field Profile approach or a Well Profile approach by
choosing the dropdown box in the main toolbar menu, as shown below.

Once the Well Profile approach is chosen the application main tab bar should change to the following.

Under the same main toolbar menu, the user can also select between Oilfield Units and Metric Units,
which determines the units preference applied throughout all the panels and forms within the application.
Again under the same main toolbar menu, the user can also choose between Annual or Semi-Annual
or Monthly periods for reporting purposes. All internal calculations are done on a monthly basis and
reported in Annual, Semi-Annual or Monthly periods.
Once the user selects the Well Profile approach and selects the Well Schedule button in the main
toolbar the following Main Panel should become visible.

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Profile Help

The User should attempt to type in as much data as possible.

A Fieldname / Description [OPTIONAL] is only used for reporting purposes.
The Hydocarbon Type [REQUIRED] determines the primary & secondary hydrocarbon phases, and also
determines the applicability of water production and water injection.
First Month of production [REQUIRED] is the month in which first oil or gas production is achieved. Once
a month has been input and validated for errors the labels will change to reflect the actual years or
months in the Buildup to plateau panel. See below.
The Field Area [OPTIONAL] is used to determine the Area / Production Well calculated and displayed in
the Main Results Panel located on the right of the main application screen.
Well Name [REQUIRED] is a text string intended to briefly describe the type of well to be modelled, eg.
Good, Medium, Poor, Long, Short, Horizontal, Vertical, etc.
Well Qi [REQUIRED] is the peak initial well rate
Years at Qi for well [REQUIRED] is the well plateau production period in years
Decline Type [REQUIRED] as with the Field Profile approach, the user is given the option of either
exponential or hyperbolic decline type.
The exponential decline curve, or constant rate decline [since the decline rate does not change with
time], equation is shown below.

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Well Schedule

Where,
n = additional constant decline exponent, between 0 and 1
Special cases for the hyperbolic decline equation occur at n=0 [exponential decline] and n=1 [harmonic
decline].
The following text is taken from "Petroleum Engineering Handbook" published by the Society of
Petroleum Engineers, page 40-26.
"An analysis of a large number of actual production-decline curves assembled by Cutler indicates that
most decline curves normally encountered are of the hyperbolic type, with values for the exponent n
between 0 and 0.7, while the majority fall between 0 and 0.4."
Decline Rate [REQUIRED] is the constant decline rate fraction, between 0 and 1, in the exponential [a]
or hyperbolic [ai] decline equation.
'n' Factor [REQUIRED if decline type = Hyperbolic] is the additional constant decline exponent, between
0 and 1, in the hyperbolic decline equation.
A simple tool is provided via the main menu item 'Tools\Backcalculate Decline Exponents' to quickly
calculate values for decline rate parameters 'a' and 'n'. See help topic Backcalculate Decline Exponents.
Abandonment, Qa/Qi [REQUIRED] determines the year of field abandonment and is simply defined as
the ratio of the final rate divided by the initial rate. Typical values are 0.1 or 0.05.
The Abandonment, Qa/Qi value is required is several places across the application, therefore the user
can choose to select to change the global value by selecting the relevant inputbox, accessed via the
menu option Options/Set Global Qa/Qi, shown below.

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Profile Help

Once all of the above required data has been input for an individual well, then the application will
automatically calculate the cumulative production and well life, as shown below.

3.2

Defining Schedule
Once Define Wells has been complete then the user can select the second tab [Input Well Schedule] to
commence scheduling of the predefined wells.

Both the Date and Wellname input boxes are populated based on the data entered on the previous tab
Define Wells. The Date input boxes contain all the annual or semi-annual dates between the already
defined start year and end year.
Check boxes are provided to the left of the Date, Wellname and No.Wells input boxes to quickly enable/
disable the row input in the profile calculation.
The user can display the individual well production profiles they defined in the Define Wells tab by
selecting the drop down list box located at the bottom right hand corner of the Input Well Schedule tab

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Profile
Production Profile Generation and
Analysis

Part

Profile Help

Associated Production

4.1

Secondary Hydrocarbons
To select Associated Production simply press the Associated Production tab located on the main
application display, as shown below.

The user can choose to calculate an associated gas profile [ assuming the main hydrocarbon type is Oil
] via either the Simple Method or via a Material Balance Depletion gas/oil ratio (GOR) Method. If the main
hydrocarbon type is Gas/Gas Condensate then the user can only calculate a depletion condensate
profile via the Simple Method.
The following figure demonstrates the options and the required input.

Simple Method
2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Associated Production

Based entirely on a paper presented in the Oil and Gas Journal, 21-Feb-1994, entitled Program predicts
realistic solution-gas-drive GOR by Neal Teague.
The technique allows the user to select the relationship between the production of the secondary phase
in relation to the production of the primary phase by simply iterating with the Curve Numbers, the initial
and final gas/oil ratios (GOR) or condensate/gas ratios (CGR) and the secondary reserves.
Curve Numbers can exist between 1 and 10. A Curve Number of 1 assumes a constant GOR or CGR.
The user should iterate with all of these variables until a representative GOR or CGR relationship is
obtained for the prospect.
During this iteration process it may become apparent that the technique occasionally calculates
negative GOR or CGR versus primary production, wheras in reality this is impossible. In these cases,
the user should continue to iterate until a satisfactory relationship is obtained.

Material Balance Depletion GOR Method

The material balance depletion method is provided for oilfields to calculate the primary depletion gas
production and is entirely based on the technique outlined by Laurie Dake in "The Practice of Reservoir
Engineering", published by Elsevier. [ Chapter 3.7 - Volumetric Depletion Fields ].
The calculation process is discussed in more detail in the following help topic Calculate Depletion GOR
Profile.
It is possible via the Material Balance Depletion GOR Method to calculate the required numbers and
curve shape for the Simple Method, an example is included below and is discussed in more detail in the
above help topic.

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

4.2

Profile Help

Water Production
The user can choose to calculate an associated water production profile for both Oil fields and Gas /
Gas Condensate fields.

To calculate a water production profile select the tab Associated Water Production located in the
Associated Production panels (as shown above). The following will be displayed.

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Associated Production

The user has two options for calculating a water production profile for either a Oil field or a Gas / Gas
Condensate.
For Oil Fields the following can be input :
1. Use Predefined Watercut (fw) v's Recovery Factor (Np/N), where Np is the cumulative oil produced
and N is the stock tank oil originally in place or STOOIP, and
2. Use User defined fw v's Np/N.
For Gas or Gas Condensate Fields the following can be input :
1. Use Predefined Water Gas Ratio (WGR) v's Recovery Factor (Np/N), where Np is the cumulative gas
produced and N is the Gas initially in place or GIIP, and
2. Use User defined WGR v's Np/N.
Depending on the Field Type, and assuming the first option is selected, the user can select between
Favourable, Moderate or Aggressive watercut development trends, from the Predefined fw (or WGR for
gas fields) v's Np/N dropdown box.
The ultimate field recovery factor and field abandonment watercut (or WGR for gas fields) level are also
required. The solution then simply looks up, for each calculation period, the production rate and current
recovery factor and applies the appropriate watercut/WGR for that period to calculate a water production
rate.
The user also has the ability to modify both the early and late curvature of the selected predefined
watercut/WGR development trend by toggling the up/down arrows in the Customise Predefined group
box
Assuming the user wishes to use a specific watercut/WGR development trend then the user can select
the second option, Use User defined fw (or WGR) v's Np/N. The user should toggle on this option and
2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Profile Help

either manually type in values of ascending order, of recovery and watercut/WGR, or choose to import a
comma delimited ASCII file, via the Import CSV button.
This file can be generated in Microsoft Excel and saved as a CSV filetype. An example of what the file
should look like is provided below.

The solution then assumes that the final figures represent the abandonment recovery factor and
watercut/WGR (ie., last calculation period), then for each calculation period the current recovery factor is
worked out and a watercut/WGR value is interpolated, and therefore for the current oil production rate, an
appropriate water production rate is calculated.

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Profile
Production Profile Generation and
Analysis

Part

Profile Help

Injectors / Gaslift
To select Injectors / Gaslift simply press the Injectors / Gaslift tab located on the main application
display, as shown below.

Then the following panel will be displayed.

Assuming the user wishes to model water injection then they should toggle on the Water Injection ?
check box and the Water Injection group box should become active.
The user can choose to either model a constant field injection rate or model a voidage replacement ratio.
Assuming Voidage Replacement is selected then the user should enter the desired voidage replacement
percentage and the oil and water formation volume factors.
The Well Water Injection Rate [REQUIRED] is an individual well's water injection rate. The application
2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Injectors / Gaslift

will calculate when to drill additional water injectors based on the field water injection profile.
Gas injection works in a similar fashion to water injection. Should the user wish to model gas injection
then they should toggle on the Gas Injection ? check box and the Gas Injection group box should
become active.
The user can choose to either model a constant gas injection rate or model gas injection rate as a
percentage of total production.
The Well Gas Injection Rate [REQUIRED] is an individual well's gas injection rate. The application will
calculate when to drill additional gas injectors based on the field gas injection profile.
The ability to schedule Well Workovers is provided by simply entering their relative frequency in years,
ie., a value of 5 years results in a well being workover every 5 years. The application keeps a tally of the
cumulative wells drilled [production wells / water injection and gas injection wells] and their frequency of
workovers and presents a workover schedule in the main field results table. Cumulative number of
workovers, and Reserves per total production wells plus production well workovers are also presented in
the Main Results Panel.
Both gaslift requirement and fuel gas and flare effect the required gas compression levels and ultimate
gas sales profile.
The user can choose to either model the gaslift requirement as a constant field requirement or on an
individual production well requirement.

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Profile
Production Profile Generation and
Analysis

Part

Facilities Contraints

Facilities Contraints
To select Facilities Constraints simply press the Facilities Constraints tab located on the main
application display, as shown below.

Then the following panel will be displayed.

With a quick look facilities sizing tool located towards the bottom of the panel, as follows.
The intent with these calculation routines are to provide a simple tool to roughly size the facilities
constraints.
Should the user enter numbers in the first set of input boxes above, then the application will check
whether all the of capacity constraints are met by the various production and injection profiles, and a
traffic light system displayed in the Main Results panel located towards the bottom right of the main

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Profile Help

application panel, as shown below.

Green indicates that the specific facility constraint, for a given system uptime, is not exceeded by the
production & injection profiles. Red indicates that the specific facility constraint has been exceeded.

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Profile
Production Profile Generation and
Analysis

Part

VII

Profile Help

Table / Charts
To select Tables / Charts simply press the Tables / Charts tab located on the main application display,
as shown below.

Then the following panel will be displayed.

The field production and injection profiles are shown in the first tab Field Production. Individual well
production profiles are shown in the following tab Well Production (see below), and the charts are shown
in the third tab Charts (see below).

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Table / Charts

To select between charts, simply select the required chart via the drop down list box shown above.

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Profile
Production Profile Generation and
Analysis

Part

VIII

Chart Operations

Chart Operations
Chart tooltips
Chart tooltips are provided to allow the user to quickly analyse the displayed production for other
calculated profiles. The tooltips will automatically be displayed by simply holding the mouse over the
required series point or year.

Zooming / Unzooming
The ability to zoom with a chart is provided the allow the user to better analyse the data.
To zoom in simply hold down the left mouse button and drag the mouse over the required zoom area, as
shown below.

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Profile Help

The resultant zoomed in area should look like the following.

The user can select the scroll bar located at the bottom of the chart to quickly scroll along the
production profile.
To unzoom simply select the small Reset Button located on the left of the scroll bar, as shown above.

Chart Context Menu

The context menu associated with the main chart display can be accessed by a single right mouse
button click over the main chart, as shown below.

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Chart Operations

The user can choose to save a copy of any of the charts to the clipboard, or as a graphic file (either
PNG, BMP or JPG format).

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Profile
Production Profile Generation and
Analysis

Part

Main Results Panel

Once all the appropriate data has been entered to perform a calculation, and the user has pressed the
large Calculate button located towards the bottom right of the application, the Main Results panel will be
populated with results. See below.

If either the Chart Properties or Tools menu items are displayed in the navigation bar on the right, to
return to the Main Results section simply press the Main Results navigation bar, as shown above.
The intent with displaying these results throughout the application is to help guide the user in designing
the appropriate production and injection profiles, given the user's knowledge of analogue fields for well
spacing, recovery/well, plateau offtake rates, decline rates, etc.

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Profile
Production Profile Generation and
Analysis

Part

Change Chart Settings

The user can change individual series appearance by selecting the chart icon located at the bottom
right-hand corner of the application, as shown below.
This will display the Chart Properties grid which allows the user to change any aspect of the chart
appearance.

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Profile
Production Profile Generation and
Analysis

Part

Create Reports

Create Reports
Profile Reports can either be created in Adobe Acrobat format ("PDF") or Microsoft Excel format ("XLS").
To access the Create Report option, select the Create Report menu item located under the Main File
menu item, as shown below.

Assuming the Create Abode PDF Report is selected the user will be prompted for a report PDF filename,
and a file similar to the following should be created.

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Profile Help

Assuming the Create Microsoft Excel Report is selected the user will be prompted for a report XLS
filename, and a file similar to the following should be created.

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Create Reports

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Profile Help

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Profile
Production Profile Generation and
Analysis

Part

XII

Profile Help

Tools Menu Items

Numerous tools are provided to aid the user with production profile generation.
To access these tools, simply select any of Tools in the Other Tools menu bar, as shown below.

12.1

Well Scheduler
This tool is provided to allow the user to quickly schedule the first production dates for a series of
production wells given a knowledge of their drilling and completion durations and improvement
performance.

Once the tool is selected, the following input form should be displayed. Once the user enters data for
the required number of wells and the drilling and/or completion performance (first well & last well duration
and selects a performance), the performance chart will be displayed.

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Tools Menu Items

The user can select to save the chart to a file or the clipboard by selecting the context menu [single right
mouse click] on either chart or calculation table, as shown below.

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Profile Help

Once the user is happy with the drilling and completion performance then they should press the
Calculate button in the toolbar, as shown below, to calculate the well schedule.

Then the following results should be displayed in the third tab Results.

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Tools Menu Items

To transfer the results back to the Well Schedule / Input Well Schedule section of the main application
select the OK button, otherwise select the Cancel button to return to the main application without the
results of the Well Scheduler calculation.

12.2

Analyse Actual Profile

The following tool is provided to allow the user to quickly analyse the buildup, plateau and decline
characteristics of a known well or field.

Once the tool is selected, the following input form should be displayed.

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Profile Help

The User can import a comma delimited ASCII production history file, via the Import CSV button. An
example is shown below of the required input format, in both a text editor or Microsoft Excel format.
The intent with the production history file is to have the input data frequency as MONTHLY. The user can
choose to calculate and display the history data as either Monthly, semi-annually or annually later after
successfully pressing the Calculate button.

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Tools Menu Items

Once a ASCII CSV file has been successfully imported, the User should input approximate values for
Originally-In-Place and Ultimate Recovery volumes. These numbers are used to calculate the production
offtake rates and for the Watercut v's Oil Recovery plot, see picture below.

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Profile Help

The User should then press the Calculate button located at towards the bottom right of the input panel,
then Calculated Data and Charts Panels should become populated with data.
As with all tables within the application, the user has the ability to copy both tables to the clipboard via
the standard windows shortcut key, CTRL+C.
Within the Charts panel, the user can select between chart frequency by selecting the Calculation
Frequency dropdown menu item, as shown below.
Normalised Semi-Annual and Normalised Annual options are provided to normalise the production profile
relative to the start date, ie., A normalised Semi-Annual profile beginning in Sep-1975 will have reporting
periods of September and March of each year (6 monthly intervals) and a normalised Annual profile
beginning in Sep-1975 will have reporting periods of September of each year (12 monthly intervals). The
purpose for adding these two options are to more accurately calculate the offtake rate and cumulative
offtake for the plateau and end of plateau periods.

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Tools Menu Items

The User has the ability to quickly scan the profile for whatever Frequency period and tooltips are
provided to quickly analyse the various production rates, ratios and offtake percentages, see below.

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Profile Help

In particular the offtake rate and cumulative offtake figures can be used when designing the required
production profile back in the main application.

The User can also change the Y Axis Type between Linear and Logarithmic, via the context menu
associated with the chart. The context menu is accessed via a single right mouse click while the mouse
is located over the chart. See picture above.

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Tools Menu Items

Provision is also made to do decline curve analysis. Should the User want to calculate the decline
exponents for either Exponential, Harmonic or Hyperbolic declines, select the Select Points context
menu item, as shown above, to toggle on the points selection. The user should then select points on the
chart to conduct the regression analysis. Once the User is happy with the selection of points, access
the context menu again by a single right mouse button click while the mouse is located over the axis
areas (not in the display chart area - as this may continue to add regression points), then select the End
Selection menu item. See picture below.

The following task pane will then be populated with decline exponents, see below. The user can toggle
between decline types and whether or not to fix the initial selected rate in the regression analysis. The
user should manually iterate between these options until the RMS error is minimised.

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Profile Help

Should the User wish to extrapolate an ultimate recovery and abandonment date, simply enter an
abandonment rate in the above text box "Qa" and press the Predict button.
The user can also manually regress a watercut v's oil recovery relationship, by selecting the "Watercut
v's Oil Recovery" chart and expanding the Water Production navigation bar category.

Once the user has entered approximate numbers for Recovery Factor and Abandonment Watercut (fw),
the User can iterate the Early and Late curvature values, as shown below, until a satisfactory fit is
achieved.

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Tools Menu Items

For completeness, the ultimate recovery and abandonment date equations are included below.
Where,
qa = Abandonment production rate
qi = Initial production rate
a = Constant decline rate fraction, between 0 and 1
n = additional constant decline exponent, between 0 and 1
Npa = Cumulative Production between qi and qa
Ta = Time (in days) between qi and qa

Exponential
Decline

Harmonic Decline

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Profile Help

Hyperbolic
Decline

12.3

Backcalculate Decline Exponents

The following tool is provided to allow the user to quickly calculate the decline curve exponents having
minimal knowledge of the production history.

Once the tool is selected, the following input form should be displayed.

Both the exponential and harmonic decline curve equations are special cases of the hyperbolic decline
curve equation. The exponential equation has a value of 'n'=0, and harmonic equation has a value of
'n'=1, in the hyperbolic decline curve equation.
For both the exponential and harmonic decline curves, the exponent 'a' can be solved by re- arranging
their decline curve equations to the following :
Exponential Equation

Harmonic Equation

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Tools Menu Items

From the above equations, the user should note that only a knowledge of the initial production rate, final
production rate and time interval are required to calculate the decline exponent 'a'.
The solution of the hyperbolic parameters are based on the technique described in the following Society
of Petroleum Engineers paper, where an additional parameter Cumulative production, Np, is required.
"A Numerical Solution to Two-Parameter Representation of Production Decline Curve Analysis",
SPE16505, B. Agbi and M Ng, 1987
The solution of the hyperbolic decline curve equation for values of 'a' and 'n' displays all roots of the
equation, including values of 'a' at n=0 (exponential decline) and n=1 (harmonic decline).

12.4

Well PI Calculations
The following tool is provided to allow the user to quickly, but approximately, estimate the well
productivity index (PI) of a vertical or horizontal oil well.

Once the tool is selected, the following input form should be displayed.

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Profile Help

The user can easily change the Dietz shape factor contained within the semi/pseudo steady- state
vertical PI equation, by using the track bar located in the Dietz Shape Factor group box. A graphical
image of individual shapes and their respective shape factor values are displayed simultaneously as the
user slides the track bar.
Once the user has input all the necessary input, select the Calculate button to calculate the vertical
semi/pseudo steady state PI.
Horizontal and slanted oil well PI can be calculated in the second tab Horizontal Oil Well.

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Tools Menu Items

The user can select from numerous published techniques, listed below :

A well schematic is included within the application (and accessed by selecting the Show Well
Schematic button) to clarify the various nomenclature requested. The schematic is shown for
completeness below.

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Profile Help

Another tool is provided to allow the user to quickly convert between area, equivalent radius and length,
to better permit comparison with vertical and horizontal PI solutions. To convert between area, radius and
length simply type a number into one of the text boxes and then leave the text box (select tab or mouse
click to go to another text box).

The user can generate a Microsoft Excel report by selecting Excel icon in the toolbar located towards
the top of the dialog form. The user will be prompted for an Excel filename, and a file similar to one the
following should be created.

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Tools Menu Items

12.5

Calculate Depletion GOR Profile

The material balance depletion method tool is provided for oilfields to calculate the primary depletion gas
production, and is entirely based on the technique outlined by Laurie Dake in "The Practice of Reservoir
Engineering", published by Elsevier. [ Chapter 3.7 - Volumetric Depletion Fields ].

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Profile Help

The tool has two main sections accessed from the toolbar; Input Data Setup and Calculations.

Input Data Setup Panel

Within the Input Data Setup tab (shown above), the user is asked to input the initial reservoir pressure,
reservoir temperature, water and formation compressibility, endpoint gas relative permeability, initial
water, residual oil and critical gas saturation values.
The user is also asked to input Fluid PVT values of API gravity, gas gravity, GOR at bubblepoint
pressure and any CO2 and H2S content in the gas composition.
Once the PVT data has been input the user can press the Calculate button in the PVT Input tab and
values for bubblepoint pressure (Pb), oil formation volume factor (Bo) and oil viscosity, will be displayed
for the selected correlation.
To view the calculated values of Oil GOR, Bo and viscosity versus pressure and Gas Bg, Viscosity and Z
Factor versus pressure select the PVT Charts tab, as shown below.

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Tools Menu Items

Once the user is happy with the input data and PVT calculations, to calculate the Undersaturated
recovery factor simply press the Calculate button in the Undersaturated Recovery Factor Group box,
located at the bottom of the Input Data Setup Panel.

Calculations Panel
Once the user presses the Calculations tab, the following panel is displayed.

Once the user enters a valid abandonment pressure and presses the Calculate button, the Muskat
technique (as outlined by Dake) for calculating depletion below the bubblepoint is performed.
A chart showing the pressure and GOR behaviour is shown in the Chart Pressure and GOR tab, and an
2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Profile Help

example is shown below.

Once the user is happy with the pressure and GOR behaviour, they can proceed by pressing the Import
Field Profile and Calculate button located towards the top of the Calculations panel, and the following will
be displayed.

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Tools Menu Items

The user should press the Import Field Profile and Calculate button to import the primary oil production
profile and calculate the gas profile based on the Muskat calculated GOR profile.
The Gas production rate and GOR profile can be viewed by selecting the Chart Pressure and GOR tab,
as shown below.

To compare the Material Balance calculated profile with the Simple Method Profile, select the Compare
to Simple Method button, located towards the top of the Calculations panel.
The following will be displayed.

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Profile Help

All numbers are fixed in this panel with the exception of the Curve Type. The user can toggle the value of
Curve Type [between 1 and 10] by selecting the up and down arrows in the Curve Type value box.
To view the Gas Production profile comparison simply select the Gas Production v's Time tab, as shown
below.

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Tools Menu Items

To transfer the calculated material balance values back into the main application's Associated
Production Use Simple Method technique, the user should press the OK button. To return to the main
application without transferring any values, the User should press the Cancel button.

12.6

PVT Calculations
The following tool is provided to allow the user to quickly calculate values for Gas, oil and water fluid
properties.

Once the tool is selected, the following input form should be displayed.

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Profile Help

The user can select between Gas, Oil and Water calculations by pressing the icons in the toolbar, as
shown below.

Within the Gas PVT Calculations panel, the user can choose to calculate the relevant PVT properties
based on a knowledge of the gas composition or the gas gravity.
The Oil PVT Calculations panel is shown below and consists of numerous published correlations for
solution GOR, bubblepoint, formation volume factor, viscosity and compressibility.
Once all the required data has been input and the user presses the Calculate button, the list of
correlation results are displayed. To enable or disable a correlation value from the average and standard
deviation results at the bottom, simply un-check the correlation and re-press the Calculate button.

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Tools Menu Items

The Water PVT Calculations panel is shown below

The user can generate a Microsoft Excel report by selecting the Excel icon in the toolbar, as shown
below.

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Profile Help

The user will be prompted for a report XLS filename, and a file similar to the following should be created.

12.7

Recovery Factor Estimate

The following tool is provided to allow the user to quickly calculate a waterdrive recovery factor for
potential use with the Associated Water Production ultimate field recovery factor.
The routine for calculation of recovery factor is based on the equation developed by the American
Petroleum Institute (API) "A Statistical Study of Recovery Efficiency", 1967.

Once the tool is selected, the following input form should be displayed.

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Tools Menu Items

The user should enter all the required data, then press the calculate button. To return to main application
select the OK button.

12.8

Quicklook Oil VLP/IPR

The following tool is provided to allow the user to quickly calculate, from nodal analysis, the likely initial
well oil production rate given a specific tubing design and well trajectory.

Once the tool is selected, the following input form should be displayed.

.
The input data sections are split into three distinct areas and the data and calculations must be input in
a sequential manner, as illustrated below.

1. PVT Data Input

Profile Help

Firstly the PVT data has to be input, as shown below.

Once the user has entered all the necessary PVT data, then the user should select the Calculate button
as shown above. Assuming all the data is correct then the following should be displayed.

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Tools Menu Items

Charts and tables of PVT results can be inspected in the Charts and Tables section of the PVT input
tabs.
Once the user is satisfied with the PVT input and calculations they should proceed to the Tubing
Parameters Main tab in order to input the required data in this section.

2. Tubing Parameters
In this section, the user should well trajectory and tubing ID as a function of Measured Depth [MD] v's
True Vertical Depth [TVD], as well as other well properties in order to calculate the vertical lift
performance via nodal analysis. For information, the method used within this routine is the Modified
Hagedorn and Brown multi-phase vertical lift performance relationship.

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Profile Help

One of the main uncertainties with any vertical lift performance relationship is what value should the user
assume for the heat transfer coefficient [HTC] between the tubing and the rock formation along the total
length of the wellbore, assuming no knowledge of producing temperatures from offset wells. As a ready
reckoner, the user is provided with a quick HTC calculator, which is shown below.
With this ready reckoner, the user can quickly iterate for given well configurations for likely values of
HTC, for use with the vertical lift analysis.

Once the user is satisfied with the input of well tubing parameters, they should press the Calculate

2005 - 2010 by Petroleum Solutions Ltd, all rights reserved

Tools Menu Items

button as shown below, and the following screen should appear.

Charts of various tubing calculation results can be inspected in the Charts section of the Tubing
Parameters input tabs.
Once the user is satisfied with the Tubing Parameters input and calculations they should proceed to the
Inflow Performance Main tab in order to input the required data in this section.

3. Inflow Performance
Within the Inflow Performance sections there are three methods for inputting and calculating Productivity
Index, namely Constant PI, Vogel's or Fetkovich's method.
If the user has a knowledge of production liquids rate versus flowing bottom hole pressure [BHP] then the
user can choose to back calculate and best fit any of the above method's input parameters. The
example provided below is for the Vogel method. If the user selects the Yes button then the calculated
values over write the original values in the input areas.

Profile Help

Once the user in satisfied with the input IPR values, they should press the Calculate button as shown
below.

Tools Menu Items

The routine will calculate the intersection point of the VLP and IPR relationships to give a resultant nodal
analysis production rate and flowing bottom hole pressure.

Profile Help

The user can generate a Microsoft Excel report by selecting the Excel icon in the toolbar, as shown
below.

The user will be prompted for a report XLS filename, and a file similar to the following should be created.

Tools Menu Items

Profile
Production Profile Generation and
Analysis

Part

XIII

Worked Example

13.1

Arkle Discovery

Given the following reservoir information, calculate oil, gas and water production profiles and water
injection, together with the associated facilities sizing (assuming 80% uptime) and schedule for well
operations for the following West of the Hebrides discovery. As is always, you have 1 hour to generate
this forecast to then pass on to the economists !
The preliminary prospect estimates and discovery data are shown below.
Sum m ary Details

Water
depth
[ft]

Field Type

STOOIP
[mmstb]

Ultimate
Recovery
[mmstb]

Recovery
Factor
[%]

1500

Oil

1200

360

30%

Arkle

Volum etric and Reservoir Properties

Arkle

Reservoir

Gross

Porosity

Net-toGross
ratio

Area

Thickness

[acres]

[km^2]

[feet]

[fraction]

1855

7.51

800

0.27

0.55

Water

Oil
Permeabilit
Formation
y
Saturation Volume
Factor
[fraction]
[rb/stb] [mDarcies]
0.2

1.14

800

Fluid Properties

Arkle

Reservoir
Depth
[ft tvdss]

Initial
Pressure
[psi]

Temperature
[deg F]

6900

3200

140

API
Gravity

Solution
GOR
[scf/stb]

Bubblepoint
Pressure
[psi]

220

3100

13.1.1 Oil Production Profile

The following recipe was followed to calculate the primary phase oil production profile.
1. Calculate likely individual well production rates.
2. From analogues reservoir performance, obtain relationship of plateau offtake rate v's field size and
cumulative production offtake prior to field decline.
3. Backsolve decline rate for required field reserve level, and compare calculated decline rate to analogue
field experience. If the decline rate is greater or less than the expected range, iterate steps 2 and 3,
together with a critical review of lik ely field reserve level or recovery factor.
4. Once complete, proceed to calculate the Gas Production Profile

Individual Well Production Rates

Profile Help

Volum etric and Reservoir Properties

Arkle

Reservoir

Gross

Porosity

Net-toGross
ratio

Area

Thickness

[acres]

[km^2]

[feet]

[fraction]

1855

7.51

800

0.27

0.55

Water

Oil
Permeabilit
Formation
y
Saturation Volume
Factor
[fraction]
[rb/stb] [mDarcies]
0.2

1.14

800

Fluid Properties

Arkle

Reservoir
Depth
[ft tvdss]

Initial
Pressure
[psi]

Temperature
[deg F]

6900

3200

140

API
Gravity

Solution
GOR
[scf/stb]

Bubblepoint
Pressure
[psi]

220

3100

The following can be estimated for oil viscosity.

From the above the likely range for oil viscosity from low-mid-high values are 3.5 - 4.0 - 4.8 cP. These
values can subsequently be used in the estimation of well PI, as shown below, assuming a horizontal
wellpath, given the likely low drawdown constraints, and to improve well productivity and reduce well
spacing.

Worked Example

The likely range of well PI is 120 - 142 -160 bopd / psi, and given a prudent 80 psi drawdown, results in
an individual well target rate of 11 mstb/d, +/- 2 mstb/d.

Buildup of Production Rate to Plateau

Given a water depth of 1500 ft, and the reservoir depth of almost 7000 ft with a reservoir section of 2000
ft. It was assumed that 6 development producers and 3 injectors wells would be predrilled, prior to the
production facility (most likely a FPSO) installation. These would then be tied back and first oil achieved
from 6 production wells, resulting in the first years production figure of 60 mstb/d.
Due to likely adverse weather sea conditions, it was assumed that in subsequent years two production
wells and one injection well per year would be drilled and tied back.

Plateau Offtake Rate and Onset of field Decline

From analogue fields nearby with similar geological settings and water depth, the following was
calculated for plateau offtake rates :
Plateau Production Offtake Rate = 10 - 10.5 - 11%
Cumulative Offtake Rate = 40 - 45 - 50%
Given the above set of assumptions the following was put together as an initial pass at a field oil
production profile.

Profile Help

The offtake rate was iterated to 105 mstb/d in year 2014 to give a similar mid case offtake rate of 10.6
%, and the plateau duration was fixed to 2 years to give a "Production to Plateau end" of 45.6%. See the
above Main Results Panel. The decline rate was then backsolved to 0.1848 per annum, which compared
favourably to the nearby analogue fields.

13.1.2 Gas Production Profile

The field value for undersaturated gas oil ratio is 220 scf/stb, with the original reservoir pressure of 3200
psi compared with the bubble point pressure of 3100 psi.
The development assumption is for full voidage replacement, provided by water injection, akin to the
practice and experience of nearby analogues. However, it is assumed that some local gas breakout
would occur near to the end of production plateau. Therefore is was assumed that the GOR would
gradually climb to 300 scf/stb, with a resultant field recoverable gas recovery of 87.1 bcf ( = 110% of 360
mmstb x 220 scf/stb ). The resultant input screen is shown below.

Worked Example

13.1.3 Water Production Profile

From the input assumptions, it can be seen that the assumed ultimate recovery factor is 30%. This
ultimate recovery corresponds to an abandonment watercut of approximately 95%, and it is also
assumed that the watercut development would be "Moderate".
These assumptions are input as shown below to calculate the water production profile.

Profile Help

13.1.4 Water Injection Profile

As already mentioned, the development assumption is for full voidage replacement, provided by water
injection, akin to the practice and experience of nearby analogues.
It is also assumed that the injectors will perform better than the producers, since the water viscosity is
lower than the oil viscosity and the likelihood that the injectors will be fractured (either hydraulically or
thermally) hence improving injectivity performance. It was assumed that individual injectors would be
capable to inject a constant rate of 20 mstb/d.

Worked Example

Workovers were also tentatively modeled to occur every 5 years per producer and every 10 years per
injector, to give an approximate idea of when to schedule workover batches.
Also, it is assumed that 3 mmscf/d per producer will be available for gaslift to enable lifting these wells at
mature watercut levels. This assumption, together with the assumption of 5 mmscf/d for fuel and flare
gas, will help size the total gas compression requirement.

13.1.5 Facilities Sizing

Now that we are happy with the oil, gas and water production profiles and water injection assumptions,
we input the 80% uptime figure in the "Quick Calculate Facilities Constraints" section, as shown below,
then press the Calculate button. The routine then searches through each of the production and injection
streams, finds each of the maximum values, then multiplies the maximums by the (1 / Uptime).

Profile Help

The user can then input approximate facilities constraints into the table above, then press the main
application Calculate button to allow the application to run through the Facilities Constraints Check s
traffic light system, as also shown above.

13.1.6 Results
Now that we are happy with all the input and calculations with regards to the production and injection
profiles, we can inspect the output tables and charts.
For example, the output Field Production table below highlights an interesting observation with regards
to workover scheduling. There appears to be three logical perdiods in which to conduct batch workover
programs, first in 2016 or 2017, then in 2021 and finally in 2026. The workovers proposed for 2028
onwards can probably be ignored, since it is unlikely that there will be any workover operating cost work
done when the field is so close to final abandonment.

Worked Example

Profile Help

With the following calculations exported as an Adobe 'pdf' file or a Microsoft Excel file, and available to
email to the Facilities Design Engineer, and Economists for future cashflow forecasting, the job of
generating the field life production and injection profiles is now complete.
Time tak en to complete = between 5 minutes and 1 hour, depending on how familiar the Engineer is with
representative analogue data.

Index

Index
-CCalculate Depletion GOR Profile