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Classification of Relays

Relays are classified based on their construction and operating principle. The main types are electromagnetic, induction, electro-thermal, physico-electric, static, and electro-dynamic relays. Relays have various applications including under/over voltage, current, power protection, directional protection, differential protection, and distance protection. Relays can operate instantaneously, with a definite time delay, inverse time characteristic, or inverse definite minimum time characteristic. Key relay terms include operating force, restraining force, pick-up level, drop-out level, burden, seal-in coil, maximum torque angle, over-reach, and under-reach.

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Eeshan Sharrma
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420 views

Classification of Relays

Relays are classified based on their construction and operating principle. The main types are electromagnetic, induction, electro-thermal, physico-electric, static, and electro-dynamic relays. Relays have various applications including under/over voltage, current, power protection, directional protection, differential protection, and distance protection. Relays can operate instantaneously, with a definite time delay, inverse time characteristic, or inverse definite minimum time characteristic. Key relay terms include operating force, restraining force, pick-up level, drop-out level, burden, seal-in coil, maximum torque angle, over-reach, and under-reach.

Uploaded by

Eeshan Sharrma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Classification of relays

Dr M.Kowsalya
Professor

Classification of relays
Construction and Principle of Operation
Application
Time of Operation

Construction and Principle of


operation
Ordinary Electromagnetic relays
Moving Plunger , moving iron, attracted armature hinged and
balanced beam type of relays. Such relays are actuated by d.c or
a.c quantities

Induction relays
Which use the principle of the induction motor in their operation.
Such relays are actuated by the a.c quantities only

Electro thermal relays


Thermal overload using the bi-mettallic strip

Physico electric relays


Bucholz relay is an example of this relay

Static relays
Employing thermionic values, transistors or magnetic amplifiers
to obtain the operating characteristics

Electro dynamic relays


Operate on the same principle as the moving coil instrument

Application

Under voltage, under current and under power relays


In which operation takes place when the voltage, current or power falls below a
specified value

Over voltage, over- current and over power relays


In which operation takes the voltage, current or power rises above a specified
value

Directional and reverse current relays


In which the operation occurs when the operating current assumes a specific
phase displacement with respect to the applied voltage and the relay is
compensated for fall in voltage

Directional or reverse power relays


In which operation occurs when applied current and voltage assume a specific
phase displacement and no compensation is allowed for fall in voltage

Differential relays
In which operation takes place at some specific phase or magnitude difference
between two or more electrical quantities

Distance relays

in which the operation depends upon the voltage to current

Time of Operation

Instantaneous Relays
In which operation takes place after negligibly small interval of time from the
incidence of the current or other quantity which cause operation

Definite Time-Lag Relays


In which the time of operation is quite independent of the magnitude of the
current or other quantity which causes operation.

Inverse Time-Lag Relays


In which the time of operation is approximately inversely proportional to the
magnitude of the current or quantity causing operation

Inverse Definite Minimum Time-Lag (IDMT) Relays


In which the time of operation is approximately inversely proportional to the
smaller values of current or other quantities causing operation and tends to
a definite minimum time as the value increases with the limit

Definitions
Operating Force or Torque:

It is defined as the threshold value of current or voltage etc. above which the relay will close
its contacts

Restraining Force:

The torque (or force) which opposes the operating torque or force and tends to prevent the
closure of the relay contacts

Operating or pick up (level):

It is defined as the threshold value of current or voltage etc. above which the relay will close
its contacts

Drop out or Reset (level):


This is given by the value of current, voltage etc. below which the relay
will open its contacts and return to normal position. The ration of the
drop out or Reset value to the pick up or operating value is called drop
out or reset ratio

Flag or Target :
It is a usual device , usually spring or gravity operated, for indicating
the operation of the relay

Definitions
Protective Relay:
An electrical device designed to initiate isolation of a part of an electrical installation,
or to operate an alarm signal, in the event of an abnormal condition or a fault.

Unit or Element:
A self-contained relay unit which in conjunction with one or more other relay unit
performs a complex relay function , e.g. a directional unit combined with an over
current unit gives a directional over-current relay.

Energizing Quantity:
The electrical quantity i.e., current or voltage either alone or in combination
with other electrical quantities required for the functioning of the relay.

Characteristic Quantity :
The quantity to which the relay is designed to respond e.g current in over
current relay, impedance in an impedance relay, phase angle in and
directional relay, etc., Some relays have a calibrated response to one or
more quantities, such quantities are called Characteristic quantities

Power consumptions (burden):


The power consumed by the circuits of the relay at the rated current or
voltage. It is expressed in volt amperes for a.c and watts for d.c

Definitions
Seal in Coil :
A coil that is provided not to allow the relay contacts to open when the
current is flowing through them.

Maximum Torque Angle


relay:

or Characteristic Angle

of

The design angle of the relay that will yield maximum torque is called
maximum torque angle (MTA).

Over Reach:
Operation of the relay for a fault beyond set protected distance

Under Reach:
Failure of the distance relay to operate within the set protected distance

Operating Time :
The time which elapses between the instant of application of a
characteristic quantity equal to the pick up value and the instant when
the relay operates its contacts

Questions
Define the following terms
Burden
Pick up
Over reach
Under reach

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