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Cardiovascular System

This document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system including the heart and blood vessels. It describes the heart as a muscular pump that propels blood through arteries, veins, and capillaries. The blood vessels are described as transporting blood to and from various organs and tissues to deliver oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and remove waste. Arteries, veins, and capillaries are defined along with their distinguishing characteristics. The dual circulation of pulmonary and systemic circuits is also summarized.

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Louise Tan
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69 views

Cardiovascular System

This document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system including the heart and blood vessels. It describes the heart as a muscular pump that propels blood through arteries, veins, and capillaries. The blood vessels are described as transporting blood to and from various organs and tissues to deliver oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and remove waste. Arteries, veins, and capillaries are defined along with their distinguishing characteristics. The dual circulation of pulmonary and systemic circuits is also summarized.

Uploaded by

Louise Tan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cardiovascular

System
(Gross Anatomy)
1st BDS 2015

Dr Myo Nandar Htwe


Senior Lecturer

closed system of tubes .


consists of heart and
blood vessels.

Heart
It is a muscular pump
which propels the blood
through the blood vessels
up to a network of
capillaries where gaseous
exchange occurs.

The blood vessels carry:


blood to the lungs for oxygenation
blood to the intestines for absorption of
nutritive materials.
Blood to the endocrine glands where the
hormones can enter the circulation

The blood vessels also transports waste products


of ?ssue uid to the kidneys, lungs and skin where they
are excreted.

Thus, the stability of the internal environment is
dependent upon a proper func?oning of the CVS and the
composi?on of blood contained in them.

CIRCULATION ( 2 circuits)
1.Pulmonary circulation
in which the blood passes from the heart
through the pulmonary arteries (CO 2) to the
lungs and returns through the pulmonary veins
(O2) to the heart.
1.Systemic circulation
From the heart the blood passes through the
arteries to all parts of the body and returns to
the heart through the superior and inferior vena
cava and cardiac veins.

TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS


Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
Sinusoids
Cavernous tissue

ARTERIES
emerges from the heart
carry oxygenated blood.
yellowish or bluish grey in colour.
have an overall smaller diameter and a
smaller lumen compared to a
corresponding vein.
When cut, blood spurts out.
The walls are thicker to withstand the
pressure from within

1. Elastic arteries
arteries arising directly from the heart and their main
branches
2. Muscular arteries
most of the arteries of the body
3. Arterioles
the smallest division of arteries (diameter is < 100
um)

ELASTIC or LARGE or CONDUCTING


ARTERIES
Includes:
- aorta & its 3 main branches
- pulmonary trunk and right/left pulmonary arteries
- walls contain large amount of elastic fibers (which
permits elastic recoil.)

Elas%c arteries

MUSCULAR or MEDIUM-SIZED or
DISTRIBUTING ARTERIES

- They are the branches & continuation of elastic


arteries and end as arterioles
- Its walls contain less amount of elastic fibers and
relatively more smooth muscle .

ARTERIOLES
the smallest division of the arteries
their diameter is <100um (0.1 mm) and is the size of a
thin thread.
Their characteristic feature is compared to the small
lumen size the walls are relatively thick and contain
mostly of smooth muscle.
The arterioles provide the greatest resistance to the
flow of blood, and their constriction serves to reduce
the pressure of the blood before it enters the
capillaries.

META ARTERIOLES
Is a vessel that emerges from an arteriole.
At the junction of meta arteriole and capillary is the
precapillary sphincter, ring like smooth muscle which
regulates the blood flow in capillaries.

CAPILLARIES
They form the communicating link between
arterioles and venules.
They act as semi-permeable membrane.
which permit the exchange of small molecules and is
impermeable to large molecules.

Size

- 7u or more

Length -

too 1 mm long

Types ( 3 different types)


Continuous capillaries found in muscles
Fenestrated capillaries in kidney, endocrine glands
and intestines
Discontinuous capillaries or sinusoids in liver,
spleen, bone marrow.

Capillaries are present


in greatest number - in active tissues (muscles, glands,
kidneys & lungs)
fewer in number - in inactive tissues (tendons and
ligaments).

absent - in cornea, epidermis & hyaline cartilage.

SINUSOIDS
- wider and more tortuous than capillaries
- The endothelial wall is incomplete
- Many of the lining cells phagocytic.
- Found in spleen, bone marrow, liver, pituitary gland,
adrenal cortex and parathyroid glands.

CAVERNOUS TISSUE

numerous blood lled spaces
lined with endothelium and is
separated by septa containing
smooth muscle.

found in erec?le ?ssue of the
external genitalia (penis,
clitoris) and lining of nasal
cavity.

VEINS

dark blue in the living


do not pulsate & the blood oozes out when cut.
carry deoxygenated blood to the heart.
more numerous than arteries.
walls are thinner because they have to withstand little pressure
from within and their diameter are more larger than those of
corresponding arteries.
They collapse after birth.
Veins contain valves.
Venules are small sized veins that collect blood from the
capillaries and join similar vessels to form veins.

2 types: 1. Superficial veins


2. Deep veins
Superficial veins - run independently of arteries in the
subcutaneous tissues.
Deep veins
names.

- accompany the arteries and have the same

Medium sized arteries below the elbow and knees are


accompanied by paired veins called venae commitantes.

Supercial
vein
Deep vein

Supercial

veins
in the subcutaneous
?ssue

Deep veins
accompany the
arteries

Venous return to the heart


Mostly by way of vena cava.
Alternate pathways which do not
accompany the arteries are:
1.The azygos system
2.The portal system
3.The vertebral system

SVC
Azygos vein

IVC
Portal vein

- lies between 2
sets of
capillaries.

Valves

are present in many veins.
When closed they prevent the reverse
ow of blood.
The free edges of the cusps are directed
towards the heart.
The circumference of the vein is
Valves are numerous in veins of the
some?mes greater at the site of the valve.
limbs;
absent in most veins of the trunk (SVC,
IVC) including the portal and vertebral
systems.

Arterio-venous anastomosis or shunt


Are locations where arterioles communicate
directly with venules bypassing the capillary bed.
They do not permit exchange of materials as walls are
thicker.
Function:
1.Prevents heat loss
2.Increases the venous return
Sites:
1.Palm, terminal phalanges and nailbed
2.Skin of nose, lips and eyelids
3.Tip of tongue
4.Intestines

Anatomical end artery



Arteries that do not
anastomose with
neighbouring arteries.

Death of ?ssue occurs if
this type of artery is
occluded.

e.g central re?na artery
of the eye

Func%onal end artery



An artery anastomosing so
poorly with a neighbouring
artery that an adequate
blood supply is not
maintained aQer its
occlusion.

E.g. Heart, kidney, brain,
spleen and intes?nes.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ARTERY AND VEIN


Artery

Vein

carry oxygenated bld away from carry deoxygenated bld towards


the heart.
the heart.
Yellowish or bluish in color

Dark blue in color

Walls are thick


Walls are thinner
(To withstand the pressure fr the (To withstand little pressure
lumen)
from lumen)
Diameter are small

Diameter are larger than those of


corresponding A

O2 content is high

O2 content is low

Bld spurt out when the artery is


cut

Bld oozes out when vein is cut

Do not collapse after death

Collapse if the blood drains out


of them after death

Artery

Vein

Pulsation (+)

Do not pulsate

No valves

Valves (+)

Bld flow is > rapid

Bld flow is slower

Their structure is fairly


constant and
< numerous

Their structure is < constant


and >
numerous than A

In inner part of the wall,


no capillaries

In inner part of the wall, low


pressure
capillaries (+)

No lymphatics

Lymphatics (+)

Cell in inner layer of the


wall are
nourished by diffusion
that operate
over long distance fr the
bld in the
lumen & fr the vasa
vasorum that

Cell in inner layer of the wall


are
nourished by diffusion that
operate
over short distance fr the bld
in the
lumen & fr the vasa vasorum
that

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