Active, reactive

and apparent power

Metering functions

Operation
Power values are calculated from the phase currents I1, I2 and I3:
b active power = 3.U.I cos
b reactive power = 3.U.I.sin
b apparent power = 3.U.I.
According to the sensors used, power calculations may be based on the 2 or 3
wattmeter method (see table below).
The 2 wattmeter method is only accurate when there is no residual current, but it is
not applicable if the neutral is distributed.
The 3 wattmeter method gives an accurate calculation of 3-phase and phase by
phase powers in all cases, regardless of whether or not the neutral is distributed.
Connection of voltage
channels

Connection of main current

channels

P, Q, S calculation method

Power per phase

P1, P2, P3
Q1, Q2, Q3
S1, S2, S3

U32, U21 without V0

U21

I1, I2, I3
I1, I3
I1, I2, I3
I1, I3
I1, I2, I3 or I1, I3
I1, I2, I3 or I1, I3

Available
Not available
Available
Not available
Not available
Not available

V1

I1, I2, I3 or I1, I3

3 wattmeters
2 wattmeters
3 wattmeters
2 wattmeters
2 wattmeters
2 wattmeters
The system voltage is considered to be balanced
No calculation

3V
U32, U21 + V0

P1, Q1, S1 only

Power calculation
b by 3 wattmeter method:
P = V1 I1 cos (V1,I1) + V2 I2 cos (V2,I2) + V3 I3 cos (V3,I3)
Q = V1 I1 sin (V1,I1) + V2 I2 sin (V2,I2) + V3 I3 sin (V3,I3)
b by 2 wattmeter method:
P = U21 I1 cos (U21,I1) U32 I3 cos (U32,I3)
Q = U21 I1 sin (U21,I1) U32 I3 sin (U32,I3)
b S =

2
2
P +Q .

DE50646

According to standard practice, it is considered that:

b for the outgoing circuit (1):
v power supplied by the busbars is positive
v power supplied to the busbars is negative

DE50647

b for the incoming circuit (1):

v power supplied to the busbars is positive
v power supplied by the busbars is negative.

(1) Choice to be set in the general settings.

SEPED303001EN - 01/2013

37

Active, reactive
and apparent power

Metering functions

Readout
The measurements may be accessed via:
b the Sepam display via the
key
b the display of a PC with the SFT2841 software
b the communication link
b an analog converter with the MSA141 option.

Characteristics

Measurement range
Units
Resolution
Accuracy

Active power
P, P1, P2, P3

Reactive power
Q, Q1, Q2, Q3

Apparent power
S, S1, S2, S3

(0.8 % Sn at 999 MW) (1)

kW, MW
0.1 kW
1 % from 0.3 to 1.5 Sn (2)
3 % from 0.1 to 0.3 Sn (2)
3 significant digits
1 second (typical)

(0.8 % Sn at 999 Mvar) (1)

kvar, Mvar
0.1 kvar
1 % from 0.3 to 1.5 Sn (3)
3 % from 0.1 to 0.3 Sn (3)
3 significant digits
1 second (typical)

0.8 % Sn at 999 MVA (1)

kVA, MVA
0.1 kVA
1 % from 0.3 to 1.5 Sn
3 % from 0.1 to 0.3 Sn
3 significant digits
1 second (typical)

Display format
Refresh interval
(1) Sn = 3Unp.In.
(2) In, Unp, Cos > 0.8 under reference conditions (IEC 60255-6).
(3) In, Unp, Cos < 0.6 under reference conditions (IEC 60255-6).

38

SEPED303001EN - 01/2013

Protection functions

Directional active overpower

ANSI code 32P

Protection against reverse power and

overloads.

The protection function picks up if the active power flowing in one direction or the
other (supplied or drawn) is greater than the Ps set point.
It includes a definite time delay T.
It is based on the two or three-wattmeter method, depending on the connection
conditions:
b V1, V2, V3 and I1, I2, I3: 3 wattmeters
b V1, V2, V3 and I1, I3: 2 wattmeters
b U21, U32 + V0 and I1, I2, I3: 3 wattmeters
b U21, U32 + V0 and I1, I3: 2 wattmeters
b U21, U32 without V0: 2 wattmeters
b other cases: protection function unavailable.
The function is enabled only if the following condition is met:
P u 3.1 % Q which provides a high level of sensitivity and high stability in the event
of short-circuits.
The power sign is determined according to the general feeder or incomer parameter,
according to the convention:
b for the feeder circuit:
v power supplied by the busbars is positive
v power supplied to the busbar is negative

Description

DE50771

DE50769

Two-way protection based on calculated active power,

for the following applications:
b active overpower protection to detect overloads and
allow load shedding
b reverse active power protection:
v against generators running like motors when the
generators draw active power
v against motors running like generators when the
motors supply active power.

DE50770

b for the incomer circuit:

v power supplied to the busbar is positive
v power supplied by the busbars is negative.

DE50772

Block diagram

Operating zone.

Characteristics
Settings
Tripping direction
Setting range
Ps set point
Setting range
Accuracy (1)

Resolution
Drop out/pick up ratio
Time delay T
Setting range
Accuracy (1)
Resolution

Overpower/reverse power
1 % of Sn (2) to 120 % of Sn (2)
0.3 % Sn for Ps between 1 % Sn and 5 % Sn
5 % for Ps between 5 % Sn and 40 % Sn
3 % for Ps between 40 % Sn and 120 % Sn
0.1 kW
93.5 % 5 % or > (1 - 0.004 Sn/Ps) x 100 %
100 ms to 300 s
2 % or -10 ms to +25 ms
10 ms or 1 digit

Characteristic times
Operation time
Overshoot time
Reset time

< 90 ms at 2 Ps
< 40 ms at 2 Ps
< 105 ms at 2 Ps

Inputs
Designation
Protection reset
Protection inhibition

Syntax
Equations Logipam
P32P_x_101 b
b
P32P_x_113 b
b

Outputs
Designation
Syntax
Instantaneous output (pick-up)
P32P_x_1
Delayed output
P32P_x_3
Protection inhibited
P32P_x_16
Positive active power
P32P_x_19
Negative active power
P32P_x_20
x: unit number.
(1) Under reference conditions (IEC 60255-6).
(2) Sn = 3 Un In.

SEPED303001EN - 01/2013

Equations
b
b
b
b
b

Logipam
b
b
b
b
b

Matrix
b

103

Protection functions

Directional reactive overpower

ANSI code 32Q

Protection against field loss on synchronous

machines.

The protection function picks up if the reactive power flowing in one direction or the
other (supplied or drawn) is greater than the Qs set point.
It includes a definite time delay T.
It is based on the two or three-wattmeter method, depending on the connection
conditions:
b V1, V2, V3 and I1, I2, I3: 3 wattmeters
b V1, V2, V3 and I1, I3: 2 wattmeters
b U21, U32 + V0 and I1, I2, I3: 3 wattmeters
b U21, U32 + V0 and I1, I3: 2 wattmeters
b U21, U32 without V0: 2 wattmeters
b other cases: protection function unavailable.
The function is enabled only if the following condition is met:
Q u 3.1 % P which provides a high level of sensitivity and high stability in the event
of short-circuits.
Assuming the wiring is the same, the power sign is determined according to the
general feeder or incomer parameter, according to the convention:
b for the feeder circuit:
v power supplied by the busbars is positive
v power supplied to the busbar is negative

Description
Two-way protection based on calculated reactive
power to detect field loss on synchronous machines:
b reactive overpower protection for motors which
consume more reactive power following field loss
b reactive power feedback protection for protecting
generators which consume more reactive power
following field loss.

DE50773

DE50769

DE50770

b for the incomer circuit:

v power supplied to the busbar is positive
v power supplied by the busbars is negative.

DE50774

Block diagram

Characteristics
Settings
Tripping direction
Setting range
Qs set point
Setting range
Accuracy (1)

Operating zone.
Resolution
Drop out/pick up ratio
Time delay T
Setting range
Accuracy (1)
Resolution

Overpower/reverse power
5 % of Sn (2) to 120 % of Sn (2)
5 % for Qs between 5 % Sn and 40 % Sn
3 % for Qs between 40 % Sn and 120 % Sn
0.1 kW
93.5 % 5 % or > (1- 0.004 Sn/Qs) x 100 %
100 ms to 300 s
2 % or -10 ms to +25 ms
10 ms or 1 digit

Characteristic times
Operation time
Overshoot time
Reset time

< 90 ms at 2 Qs
< 95 ms at 2 Qs
< 95 ms at 2 Qs

Inputs
Designation
Protection reset
Protection inhibition

Syntax
Equations Logipam
P32Q_1_101 b
b
P32Q_1_113 b
b

Outputs
Designation
Syntax
Instantaneous output (pick-up)
P32Q_1_1
Delayed output
P32Q_1_3
Protection inhibited
P32Q_1_16
Positive reactive power
P32Q_1_54
Negative reactive power
P32Q_1_55
(1) Under reference conditions (IEC 60255-6).
(2) Sn = 3.Un.In.

104

Equations
b
b
b
b
b

Logipam
b
b
b
b
b

Matrix
b

SEPED303001EN - 01/2013

Protection functions

Directional active underpower

ANSI code 37P

Check on active power flow.

Description

DE51382

Two-way protection based on active power. The function monitors the calculated
active power flows:
b to adapt the number of parallel sources to fit the network load power demand
b to create an isolated system in an installation with its own generating unit.
The protection function picks up if the active power flowing in one direction or the
other (supplied or drawn) is less than the Ps set point.
It includes a definite (DT) time delay T.
It is based on the two or three-wattmeter method, depending on the connection
conditions:
b V1, V2, V3 and I1, I2, I3: 3 wattmeters
b V1, V2, V3 and I1, I3: 2 wattmeters
b U21, U32 + V0 and I1, I2, I3: 3 wattmeters
b U21, U32 + V0 and I1, I3: 2 wattmeters
b U21, U32 without V0: 2 wattmeters
b other cases: protection function unavailable.
The power sign is determined according to the general feeder or incomer parameter,
according to the convention:
b for the feeder circuit:
v power supplied by the busbars is positive (normal direction)
v power supplied to the busbars is negative

b for the incomer circuit:

v power supplied to the busbar is positive (normal direction)
v power supplied by the busbars is negative.

DE50770

DE50769

DE51383

Tripping zone (normal direction).

Tripping zone (reverse direction).

DE50824

Block diagram

Characteristics
Settings
Tripping direction
Setting range
Ps set point
Setting range
Accuracy (1)
Resolution
Drop out/pick up ratio
Time delay T
Setting range
Accuracy (1)
Resolution

Normal / reverse
5 % of Sn (2) to 100 % of Sn (2)
5 % for Ps between 5 % Sn and 40 % Sn
3 % for Ps between 40 % Sn and 120 % Sn
0.1 kW
106 %
100 ms to 300 s
2 % or -10 ms to +25 ms
10 ms or 1 digit

Characteristic times
Operation time
Overshoot time
Reset time

< 120 ms
< 65 ms
< 60 ms

Inputs
Designation
Protection reset
Protection inhibition

Syntax
Equations Logipam
P37P_x_101 b
b
P37P_x_113 b
b

Outputs
Designation
Syntax
Instantaneous output (pick-up)
P37P_x_1
Delayed output
P37P_x_3
Protection inhibited
P37P_x_16
x: unit number.
(1) Under reference conditions (IEC 60255-6).
(2) Sn = 3.Un.In.

SEPED303001EN - 01/2013

Equations
b
b
b

Logipam
b
b
b

Matrix
b

107