EEE 343 Computer Organization

Adeel Israr

Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

Consultation
Office:Room 214, EE Department
Email: [email protected]
Consultation Hrs: Thru email or Any time I am not
busy and available in office
TA
Irfan Ullah
Lab Incharge
Khiyam Iftikhar

Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

Books
Text Books:
Computer Organization & Design : The Hardware/Software
Interface By Patterson & Hennessy, Morgan & Kauffman Series

Reference Books:
MIPS Assembly Language Programming by Robert Britton
Computer Organization and Architecture, by William Stallings

Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

Course Learning Outcomes

Towards the end of this course, you should be able to
Describe the instruction set architecture of a MIPS processor
Analyze, write, and test MIPS assembly language programs
Describe organization/operation of integer & floating-point units
Design the datapath and control of a single-cycle CPU
Design the datapath/control of a pipelined CPU & handle hazards
Describe the organization/operation of memory and caches
Analyze the performance of processors and caches

Required Background
Ability to program confidently in Java or C
Ability to design a combinational and sequential circuit
Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

Rules for Attending my class

Be on time
Dont disturb the class under any
circumstances!
If you dont feel like studying or want to
attend to a call or anything else then get up
and leave quietly and then come and sit down
without asking me but dont disturb the class!

Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

Rules for Attending my class

Assignment submission means on the
podium when I enter the class, any
time after that is considered a late
assignment.
Dont miss OHTs or the final exam
(Retests are usually twice as difficult)

Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

Next . . .
Welcome to EEE 343
Components of a Computer System
High-Level, Assembly-, and Machine-Languages
Chip Manufacturing Process
Technology Improvements
Programmer's View of a Computer System

Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

Components of a Computer System

Processor

Computer

Datapath

Memory

Control

Memory & Storage

Main Memory
Disk Storage

I/O Devices
Input

Control
Processor

B
U
S

Datapath

Output
Disk

Input devices
Output devices

Network

Bus: Interconnects processor to memory and I/O

Network: newly added component for communication
Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

Opening the Box

Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

Input Devices

Key Cap

Spring

Mechanical switch

Logical arrangement of keys

Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

Conductor-coated membrane

Contacts

Membrane switch
10

Output Devices

Cleaning of
excess toner
Charging
Fusing of toner

Heater

Rotating
drum

Light from
optical
system

Rollers

Sheet of paper

Toner

Laser printing
Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

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Memory Devices
Volatile Memory Devices
RAM = Random Access Memory
DRAM = Dynamic RAM
1-Transistor cell + capacitor
Dense but slow, must be refreshed
Typical choice for main memory

SRAM: Static RAM

6-Transistor cell, faster but less dense than DRAM
Typical choice for cache memory

Non-Volatile Memory Devices

ROM = Read Only Memory
Flash Memory
Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

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Magnetic Disk Storage

A Magnetic disk consists of
a collection of platters
Provides a number of
recording surfaces
Read/write head
Actuator
Recording area

Arm provides read/write

heads for all surfaces
The disk heads are
connected together and
move in conjunction

Track 2
Track 1

Track 0

Arm
Direction of
rotation

Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

Platter
Spindle

13

Magnetic Disk Storage

Disk Access Time =
Seek Time +
Rotation Latency +
Transfer Time
Read/write head

Sector

Actuator
Recording area

Track 2
Track 1

Seek Time: head movement to the

desired track (milliseconds)
Rotation Latency: disk rotation until
desired sector arrives under the head

Track 0

Arm
Direction of
rotation

Transfer Time: to transfer data

Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

Platter
Spindle

14

Example on Disk Access Time

Given a magnetic disk with the following properties
Rotation speed = 5400 RPM (rotations per minute)
Average seek = 9 ms, Sector = 512 bytes, Track = 200 sectors

Calculate
Time of one rotation (in milliseconds)
Average time to access a block of 80 consecutive sectors

Answer
Rotations per second = 5400/60 = 90 RPS
Rotation time in milliseconds = 1000/90 = 11.1 ms
Average rotational latency = time of half rotation = 5.56 ms
Time to transfer 80 sectors = (80/200) * 11.1 = 4.44 ms
Average access time = 9 + 5.56 + 4.44 = 19 ms
Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

15

Inside the Processor (CPU)

Datapath: part of a processor that executes instructions
Control: generates control signals for each instruction
Clock

Instruction
Cache

Instruction

Program Counter

Next Program
Counter

Registers

A
L
U

Data
Cache

Control

Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

16

Datapath Components
Program Counter (PC)
Contains address of instruction to be fetched
Next Program Counter: computes address of next instruction

Instruction and Data Caches

Small and fast memory containing most recent instructions/data

Register File
General-purpose registers used for intermediate computations

ALU = Arithmetic and Logic Unit

Executes arithmetic and logic instructions

Buses
Used to wire and interconnect the various components
Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

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Infinite Cycle implemented in Hardware

Fetch - Execute Cycle

Instruction Fetch

Instruction Decode

Execute

Fetch instruction
Compute address of next instruction
Generate control signals for instruction
Read operands from registers
Compute result value

Memory Access

Read or write memory (load/store)

Writeback Result

Writeback result in a register

Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

18

Clocking
Operation of digital hardware is governed by a clock
Clock period
Clock (cycles)
Data transfer
and computation
Update state

Clock period: duration of a clock cycle

e.g., 250 ps = 0.25 ns = 0.25 109 sec

Clock frequency (rate) = 1 / clock period

e.g., 1/ 0.25 109 sec = 4.0109 Hz = 4.0 GHz
Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

19

Next . . .
Components of a Computer System
High-Level, Assembly-, and Machine-Languages
Chip Manufacturing Process
Technology Improvements
Programmer's View of a Computer System

Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

20

Some Important Questions to Ask

What is Assembly Language?
What is Machine Language?
How is Assembly related to a high-level language?
Why Learn Assembly Language?
What is an Assembler, Linker, and Debugger?

Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

21

A Hierarchy of Languages
Application Programs

High-Level Languages
Machine independent

High-Level Language

Machine specific

Low-Level Language

Assembly Language

Machine Language

Hardware

Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

22

Assembly and Machine Language

Machine language
Native to a processor: executed directly by hardware
Instructions consist of binary code: 1s and 0s

Assembly language
Slightly higher-level language
Readability of instructions is better than machine language
One-to-one correspondence with machine language instructions

Assemblers translate assembly to machine code

Compilers translate high-level programs to machine code
Either directly, or
Indirectly via an assembler
Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

23

Compiler and Assembler

Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

24

Translating Languages
Program (C Language):
A statement in a high-level
language is translated
typically into several
machine-level instructions

swap(int v[], int k) {

int temp;
temp = v[k];
v[k] = v[k+1];
v[k+1] = temp;
}
Compiler

MIPS Assembly Language:

sll
add
lw
lw
sw
sw
jr

$2,$5, 2
$2,$4,$2
$15,0($2)
$16,4($2)
$16,0($2)
$15,4($2)
$31

MIPS Machine Language:

Assembler

Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

00051080
00821020
8C620000
8CF20004
ACF20000
AC620004
03E00008
25

Advantages of High-Level
Languages
Program development is faster
High-level statements: fewer instructions to code

Program maintenance is easier

For the same above reasons

Programs are portable

Contain few machine-dependent details
Can be used with little or no modifications on different machines

Compiler translates to the target machine language

However, Assembly language programs are not portable

Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

26

Why Learn Assembly Language?

Many reasons:
Accessibility to system hardware
Space and time efficiency
Writing a compiler for a high-level language

Accessibility to system hardware

Assembly Language is useful for implementing system software
Also useful for small embedded system applications

Space and Time efficiency

Understanding sources of program inefficiency
Tuning program performance
Writing compact code
Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

27

Assembly Language Programming

Tools
Editor
Allows you to create and edit assembly language source files

Assembler
Converts assembly language programs into object files
Object files contain the machine instructions

Linker
Combines object files created by the assembler with link libraries
Produces a single executable program

Debugger
Allows you to trace the execution of a program
Allows you to view machine instructions, memory, and registers
Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

28

Assemble and Link Process

Source
File

Assembler

Object
File

Source
File

Assembler

Object
File

Linker

Assembler

Object
File

Link
Libraries

Source
File

Executable
File

A program may consist of multiple source files

Assembler translates each source file separately into an object file
Linker links all object files together with link libraries
Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

29

MARS Assembler and Simulator

Tool

Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

30

Next . . .
Components of a Computer System
Assembly-, Machine-, and High-Level Languages
Chip Manufacturing Process
Technology Improvements
Programmer's View of a Computer System

Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

31

Chip Manufacturing Process

Blank wafers

Silicon ingot
Slicer
8-12 in diameter
12-24 in long

20 to 40 processing steps
< 0.1 in thick

Tested dies
Die
Tester

Dicer

Packaged dies
Bond die to
package

Patterned wafer

Individual dies

Tested Packaged dies

Part
Tester

Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

Ship to
Customers

32

Wafer of Pentium 4 Processors

8 inches (20 cm) in diameter
Die area is 250 mm2
About 16 mm per side

55 million transistors per die

0.18 m technology
Size of smallest transistor
Improved technology uses
0.13 m and 0.09 m

Dies per wafer = 169

When yield = 100%
Number is reduced after testing
Rounded dies at boundary are useless
Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

33

Effect of Die Size on Yield

Good Die
Defective Die

120 dies, 109 good

26 dies, 15 good

Dramatic decrease in yield with larger dies

Yield = (Number of Good Dies) / (Total Number of Dies)
1
Yield =
(1 + (Defect per area Die area / 2))2
Die Cost = (Wafer Cost) / (Dies per Wafer Yield)
Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

34

Inside a Multicore Processor Chip

AMD Barcelona: 4 Processor Cores
3 Levels of Caches

Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

35

Next . . .
Components of a Computer System
Assembly-, Machine-, and High-Level Languages
Chip Manufacturing Process
Technology Improvements
Programmer's View of a Computer System

Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

36

Technology Improvements
Year

Technology

1951

Vacuum tube

1965

Transistor

1975

Integrated circuit (IC)

1995

Very large scale IC (VLSI)

2005

Ultra large scale IC

Relative performance/cost
1
35
900
2,400,000
6,200,000,000

Processor transistor count: about 30% to 40% per year

Memory capacity: about 60% per year (4x every 3 years)
Disk capacity: about 60% per year
Opportunities for new applications
Better organizations and designs
Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

37

Growth of Capacity per DRAM Chip

DRAM capacity quadrupled almost every 3 years
60% increase per year, for 20 years

Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

38

Processor Performance

Slowed down
by power and
memory latency

Almost 10000x improvement

between 1978 and 2005

Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

39

Classes of Computers
Desktop / Notebook Computers
General purpose, variety of software
Subject to cost/performance tradeoff

Server Computers
Network based
High capacity, performance, reliability
Range from small servers to building sized

Embedded Computers
Hidden as components of systems
Stringent power/performance/cost constraints
Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

40

Computer Sales

Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

41

Microprocessor Sales
ARM processor
sales exceeded Intel
IA-32 processors,
which came second
ARM processors
are used mostly in
cellular phones
Most processors
today are embedded
in cell phones, digital
TVs, video games,
and a variety of
consumer devices

Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

42

Millions of Units

The Processor Market

Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

43

Next . . .
Components of a Computer System
Assembly-, Machine-, and High-Level Languages
Chip Manufacturing Process
Technology Improvements
Programmer's View of a Computer System

Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

44

Programmers View of a Computer

System

Software

Application Programs
High-Level Language

Level 5

Assembly Language

Level 4

Operating System

Interface
SW & HW

Level 3

Instruction Set
Architecture

Level 2

Microarchitecture

Level 1

Hardware
Physical Design

Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

Increased level
of abstraction

Level 0

Each level hides

the details of the
level below it

45

Programmer's View 2
Application Programs (Level 5)
Written in high-level programming languages
Such as Java, C++, Pascal, Visual Basic . . .
Programs compile into assembly language level (Level 4)

Assembly Language (Level 4)

Instruction mnemonics are used
Have one-to-one correspondence to machine language
Calls functions written at the operating system level (Level 3)
Programs are translated into machine language (Level 2)

Operating System (Level 3)

Provides services to level 4 and 5 programs
Translated to run at the machine instruction level (Level 2)
Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

46

Programmer's View 3
Instruction Set Architecture (Level 2)
Interface between software and hardware
Specifies how a processor functions
Machine instructions, registers, and memory are exposed
Machine language is executed by Level 1 (microarchitecture)

Microarchitecture (Level 1)
Controls the execution of machine instructions (Level 2)
Implemented by digital logic

Physical Design (Level 0)

Implements the microarchitecture
Physical layout of circuits on a chip
Adeel Israr | COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

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