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This document contains the solutions to assignment questions for a signals and systems course. It includes solutions to Laplace transform problems involving functions like cos, sin, and exponentials. It also contains solutions to differential equation problems using Laplace transforms and the reduction of order method. Further questions solve state-space and difference equation problems using Laplace and Z transforms. The solutions provide transfer functions and inverse transforms of the system responses.

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193 views

Sol3 PDF

This document contains the solutions to assignment questions for a signals and systems course. It includes solutions to Laplace transform problems involving functions like cos, sin, and exponentials. It also contains solutions to differential equation problems using Laplace transforms and the reduction of order method. Further questions solve state-space and difference equation problems using Laplace and Z transforms. The solutions provide transfer functions and inverse transforms of the system responses.

Uploaded by

Anonymous ic3iARrXh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA

Assignment THREE Solutions (2015)

Question 1

1.1 By definition

est f (t)dt.

L (f (x)) =
0

Therefore
1.1.1

est cos(t)dt =

L (cos(x)) =
0

1.1.2

est sin(t)dt =

L (sin(x)) =
0

1.1.3

est cosh(t)dt =

L (10

s2

Z
L (cosh(x)) =
1.1.3

s
,
s2 + 2

est 10t dt =

)=
0

,
+ 2

s
,
s2 2

1
.
s ln 10

1.2 Suppose
y = y(x),
with y(0) = y0 , y 0 (0) = y00 and the Laplace transform L(y) = Y . The Laplace transforms for
y 0 , y 00 , y (3) , y (4) and the constant C are
1.2.1
L (y 0 ) =

est y 0 (t)dt = sY y0 ,

1.2.2
Z

00

L (y ) =

est y 00 (t)dt = s2 Y sy0 y00 ,

1.2.3

 Z
L y (3) =

est y (3) dt = s3 Y s2 y0 sy00 y000 ,

1.2.3


 Z
L y (4) =

(3)

est y (4) dt = s4 Y s3 y0 s2 y00 sy000 y0 .

1.2.4

est Cdt =

L (C) =
0

C
.
s

Question 2
Suppose we are given a system described by the differential equation
y 00 y = t,

where y(0) = 1 and y 0 (0) = 1.

Here t is the independent variable and y the dependent variable.

2.1 Solve the problem using Laplace transforms. That is,


2.1.1 first apply the Laplace transform to the equation, with L(y) = Y ,
L (y 00 y t) = L (y 00 ) L (y) L (t) = 0.
That is,
L (y 00 y t) = p2 Y py0 y00 Y

1
= 0.
p2

Since y0 = y00 = 1, then That is,


p2 Y p 1 Y

1
= 0.
p2

That is,
(p2 1)Y

(p + 1)p2
1
2 = 0.
p2
p

That is,
(p + 1)p2
1
+
.
p2 (p2 1) p2 (p2 1)

Y =
That is,
Y =

3
1
1

.
2(p 1) p2
2(1 + p)

2.1.2
G(p) =

3
1
1
2
.
2(p 1) p
2(1 + p)

2.1.3 This implies


y=

3et
et

t.
2
2

[TURN OVER]

EMT4806
Assignment 3 Solutions

2.2 Solve the same problem using the reduction of order method. Details on this method can be
found in chapter three of your textbook(Duffy).
Let the equation
y 00 y = t,

where y(0) = 1 and y 0 (0) = 1,

be solvable through
y0 + y = v
and
v 0 v = t.
The solution of the latter is
v = x 1 + Cet .
Substituting it into the first equation, together with the initial conditions, give
y=

et
3et

t.
2
2

2.3 The approach through Laplace transforms is easy and less complicated.

[TURN OVER]

EMT4806
Assignment 3 Solutions

Question 3
Consider a system which is initially in a quiescent state and is described by the differential equation
x(4) + 2x00 x0 + 2x = 2u0 + 3u
Applying the Laplace transforms:



L x(4) + 2x00 x0 + 2x = L (2u0 + 3u)



L x(4) + 2L (x00 ) L (x0 ) + 2L (x) = 2L (u0 ) + 3L (u)

p4 X + 2p2 X pX + 2X = 2sU + 3U


p4 + 2p2 p + 2 X = (2p + 3) U

X
2p + 3
= 4
U
p + 2p2 p + 2

G=

2p + 3
p4 + 2p2 p + 2

Question 4
Consider the periodic function f (t) in the graph, where f1 be the function which agrees with f on
[0, 4] , and is zero elsewhere:

4.1 Determinining f1 in terms of Heaviside unit step functions:

t, t < 2,
f1 (t) =
.
t, t > 2
Hence,
f1 (t) = t[H(t + 2) H(t 2)].

[TURN OVER]

EMT4806
Assignment 3 Solutions

4.2 Finding the Laplace transform F1 (p) = L {f1 (t)}:

L[f1 (t)] = L[t[H(t + 2) H(t 2)]] = L[t[H(t + 2)]] L[t[H(t 2)]]


That is,
e2s e2s
s2

L[f1 (t)] = L[t[H(t + 2) H(t 2)]] =


4.3 Using the answer to 4.2 to compute F (p) = L {f (t)}:

F (p) =

e2s e2s
e6s e6s
e10s e10s
+
+
+
s2
s2
s2

Question 5

x 1
70
0
x1
1

400.
L
=L
+L

0
x 2
10 40
x2

sX1

sX2

70

10 40

X1
X2

1
s

400.

or

s 0
0

X1
X2

70

10 40

X1

X2

1
s

400,

or

s + 70

10 s + 40

X1
X2

1
s

400,

or

1
40 + s
0
1

s 400,
=
2800 + 110s + s2
X2
10 70 + s
0
X1

or
[TURN OVER]

=
2800 + 110s + s2
X2

X1

EMT4806
Assignment 3 Solutions

40+s
s
10
s

400,

or

X1
X2

400(40+s)
s(2800+110s+s2 )
4000
s(2800+110s+s2 )

or

X1
X2

40
7s
10
7s

40
7(70+s)
10
3(40+s)

40
21(70+s)

or

x1
x2

40
7
10
7

40 70t
7 e
10 40t
3 e

40 70t
21 e

Question 6
Suppose we are given a system initially in a quiescent state (so all initial conditions are 0) described
by the difference equation
6yk+2 yk+1 yk = 6uk+1 + 12uk .

6.1 Applying the Z transforms:

6Z[yk+2 ] Z[yk+1 ] Z[yk ] = 6Z[uk+1 ] + 12Z[uk ],

6z (Z[yk+1 ] y1 ) z (Z[(yk ] y0 ) Z[yk ] = 6z (Z[uk ] u0 ) + 12Z[uk ],

6z (z{Z[yk ] y0 } y1 ) z (Z[(yk ] y0 ) Z[yk ] = 6z (Z[uk ] u0 ) + 12Z[uk ],

6z (zZ}) zZ Z = 6zU + 12U,


6z 2 z 1 Z = (6z + 12) U.

[TURN OVER]

EMT4806
Assignment 3 Solutions

Transfer equation
G=

U
6z + 12
= 2
.
Z
6z z 1

The singularities follow from


6z 2 z 1 = 0,
giving
1
1
z1 = , z1 = .
3
2
Both fall within the unit circle, therefore the system is stable.

xk

i
h
= 12
1
y
k

zk

uk
vk

Question 7
Solving the difference equation
yn+2 + 4yn+1 + 3yn = un+1 2un

if the initial conditions are given as y0 = 0, y1 = 0, and the input is uk = 5 for all k:
The Z transform generates

z 2 + 4z + 3 Y = (z 2) Z[un ].

That is,
Y =

z2
z2
Z[un ] = 2
Z[un ] =
z 2 + 4z + 3
z + 4z + 3

5
3

2(3 + z) 2(1 + z)


Z[un ].

Since
Z[un ] =

5z
,
z1

then
Y =

15z
25z
5z
+

.
8(1 + z) 4(1 + z) 8(3 + z)

Reversing the Z transforms:


5 15
25
yn = + (1)n (3)n .
8
4
8
Question 8

[TURN OVER]

EMT4806
Assignment 3 Solutions

Solving the following statespace equation by taking a Ztransform and using an inverse matrix,
given that x1 (0) = x2 (0) = 0 and uk = 2:

x1 (k + 1)
0

=
1
x2 (k + 1)
8
yk

[1

1
43

x1 (k)

x2 (k)

x1 (k)

2]
x2 (k)

1
0

uk

After application of the Z- transforms, the first expression can be expressed in the form

z
1
X1
1

=
U
3
1
z
+
X
0
2
8
4

Since the inverse of the matrix

z
1
8

3
4

z+

is

1
z(z + 34 ) +

1
8

3
4
18

z+

1
z

we get

X1
X2

1
z(z + 43 ) +

1
8

3
4
18

z+

1
z

1
0

U.

Hence,

X1
X2

1
z(z +

3
4)

1
8

3
4
18

z+

2z .
z1

That is,

X1
X2

56z
15(1+z)
2z
15(1+z)

16z
3(1+2z)
4z
3(1+2z)

128z
5(1+4z)
16z
5(1+4z)

Taking the anti Z- transforms:



56
16
1 n
128
1 n
x1
+

6
2
20
4

= 15
n
 .
2
1 n
x2
15
46 12 + 16

20
4

[TURN OVER]

EMT4806
Assignment 3 Solutions

Finally, from the second expression, the solution follows:

yk

[1

2]

56
15

16
6
2
46
15

12

n

128
20

n
12 + 16
20

14
14

That is,


yk

1
4+4
2

n

1
8
4

c

UNISA 2015

n
.

n
 .
n

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