Course Six (6) Assessment for Learning

Unit I :Concept of Assessment

a) Meaning, Nature and Functions of Assessment
b) Perspectives of Assessment: Assessment for learning, Assessment of learning & Assessment as
learning.
c) Types of Assessment: Meaning & Features (Placement, Formative, Diagnostic and Summative)
d) Continuous and Comprehensive Assessment (Meaning, Characteristics and Significance)
a) Meaning, Nature and Functions of Assessment
Meaning
Definitions
Assessment involves the use of empirical data on student learning to refine programs and improve
student learning. (Assessing Academic Programs in Higher Education by Allen 2004)
Assessment is the process of gathering and discussing information from multiple and diverse sources in
order to develop a deep understanding of what students know, understand, and can do with their
knowledge as a result of their educational experiences; the process culminates when assessment results
are used to improve subsequent learning. (Learner-Centered Assessment on College Campuses:
shifting the focus from teaching to learning by Huba and Freed 2000)
Assessment is the systematic basis for making inferences about the learning and development of
students. It is the process of defining, selecting, designing, collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and
using information to increase students learning and development. (Assessing Student Learning and
Development: A Guide to the Principles, Goals, and Methods of Determining College Outcomes by
Erwin 1991)
Assessment is the systematic collection, review, and use of information about educational programs
undertaken for the purpose of improving student learning and development. (Assessment Essentials:
planning, implementing, and improving assessment in higher education by Palomba and Banta 1999)

Nature of assessment
Assessment is embedded in the learning process. It is tightly interconnected with curriculum and
instruction. As teachers and students work towards the achievement of curriculum outcomes,
assessment plays a constant role in informing instruction, guiding the students next steps, and
checking progress and achievement.

Classroom assessment involves students and teachers in continuous monitoring of students

learning.
It gives students a measure of their progress as learners.
It provides opportunity for close observation of students in the process of learning.
It helps in collection of frequent feedback on students learning and how they respond to
particular teaching approaches.
Assessment has profound impact on the self-esteem of pupils, which is critical influence on
learning.
Uses variety of strategies
Thus assessment includes all those activities undertaken by teachers, and by their students in
assessing themselves, which provide information to be used as feedback to modify the teaching
and learning activities in which they are engaged

Four fundamental elements of learner-centred assessment

a)Functions of assessmentMonitoring the progress

Decision making
Screening
Diagnostic process
Placement of students in remedial courses
Instructional planning
Evaluation of instructional programme
Feedback
Motivation
b) Perspectives of Assessment:
Assessment for learning,
Assessment of learning,
Assessment as learning.
Assessment for learning: where assessment helps teachers gain insight into what students understand in
order to plan and guide instruction, and provide helpful feedback to students.
Assessment as learning: where students develop an awareness of how they learn and use that
awareness to adjust and advance their learning, taking an increased responsibility for their learning.
Assessment of learning: where assessment informs students, teachers and parents, as well as the
broader educational community, of achievement at a certain point in time in order to celebrate success,
plan interventions and support continued progress.

Assessment of learning:
Assessment OF learning is the use of a task or an activity to measure, record and report on a student's
level of achievement in regards to specific learning expectations.
Assessment that is accompanied by a number or letter grade, compares one students achievement with
standards, results can be communicated to the student and parents, occurs at the end of the learning unit
Assessment as learning
Assessment AS learning is the use of a task or an activity to allow students the opportunity to use
assessment to further their own learning.
Self and peer assessments allow students to reflect on their own learning and identify areas of strength
and need.
These tasks offer students the chance to set their own personal goals and advocate for their own
learning
It begins as students become aware of the goals of instruction and the criteria for performance involves
goal-setting, monitoring progress, and reflecting on results implies student ownership and
responsibility for moving his or her thinking forward (metacognition) occurs throughout the learning
process
Assessment for learning
Assessment for Learning is the process of seeking and interpreting evidence for use by learners and
their teachers to decide where the learners are in their learning, where they need to go and how best to
get there.
In classrooms where assessment for learning is practised, students are encouraged to be more
active in their learning and associated assessment.
The ultimate purpose of assessment for learning is to create self-regulated learners who can
leave school able and confident to continue learning throughout their lives.
Students are guided on what they are expected to learn and what quality work looks like.
The teacher will work with the student to understand and identify any gaps or misconceptions
Teachers are now afforded the chance to adjust classroom instruction based upon the needs of
the students.
Verbal or written feedback to the student is primarily descriptive and emphasizes strengths,
identifies challenges, and points to next steps as teachers check on understanding they adjust
their instruction to keep students on track
no grades or scores are given - record-keeping is primarily anecdotal and descriptive, occurs
throughout the learning process, from the outset of the course of study to the time of summative
assessment
Assessment for learning
helps teacher.
gather information to:

plan and modify teaching and learning programmes for individual students, groups of students, and
the class as a whole
pinpoint students strengths so that both teachers and students can build on them
identify students learning needs in a clear and constructive way so they can be addressed
involve parents, families in their children's learning.

Assessment for learning

provides students.
with information and guidance so they can plan and manage the next steps in their learning.
Thus Assessment for learning uses information to lead from what has been learned to what needs to be
learned next.
Assessment for learning should use a range of approaches.
These may include:
day-to-day activities, such as learning conversations
a simple mental note taken by the teacher during observation
student self and peer assessments
a detailed analysis of a students work
assessment tools, which may be written items, structured interview questions, or items teachers
make up themselves.
What matters most is not so much the form of the assessment, but how the information gathered is used
to improve teaching and learning.
Principles of Assessment for Learning1. Assessment for learning should be part of effective planning of teaching and learning
2. Assessment for learning should focus on how students learn- Learners should become as
aware of the how of their learning as they are of the what.
3. Assessment for learning should be recognised as central to classroom practice
4. Assessment for learning should be regarded as a key professional skill for teachers
5. Assessment for learning should be sensitive and constructive because any assessment has
an emotional impact on a learner.
6. Assessment should take account of the importance of learner motivation
7. Assessment for learning should promote commitment to learning goals and a shared
understanding of the criteria by which they are assessed
8. Learners should receive constructive guidance about how to improve
9. Assessment for learning develops learners capacity for self-assessment so that they can
become reflective and self-managing
10. Assessment for learning should recognise the full range of achievements of all learners
Assessment of Learning v/s Assessment for Learning
c) Types of Assessment: Meaning & Features
On the basis of how it is used and how the results are interpreted, assessment is classified into different
types.
1. Placement Assessment
2. Formative Assessment
3. Diagnostic Assessment
4. Summative Assessment
Placement Assessment- Meaning and features
In this type of assessment , learners entry behaviour or capability is assessed to find out whether the
student possess knowledge , skills and attitude needed to begin the course of instruction.
It is used to find out to what extent student has already mastered the objectives of the planned
instruction.
assessment made to determine what a student does and does not know about a topic

assessment made to determine a student's learning style or preferences

used to determine how well a student can perform a certain set of skills related to a particular
subject or group of subjects
occurs at the beginning of a unit of study
used to inform instruction: makes up the initial phase of assessment for learning
attempts to quantify what students already know about a topic.

Formative assessment- Meaning and features

It is an assessment used to monitor students learning progress during instruction with the purpose of
providing on-going feedback to students and teachers regarding success and failure of teaching and
learning.
Formative assessment is an integral part of teaching and learning.
It does not contribute to the final mark given for the module; instead it contributes to learning
through providing feedback.
Focuses on modular analysis of the content and instruction
Seeks to identify influential variables
Design is quite flexible
Monitors teaching learning strategy during instruction
Aims at attainment of specific objectives from different domains of development.
Feedback to the learner is immediate (or nearly so), to enable the learner to change his/her
behaviour and understandings right away.
Formative Assessment also enables the teacher to rethink instructional strategies, activities, and
content based on student understanding and performance. His/her role here is comparable to
that of a coach.
Formative Assessment can be as informal as observing the learner's work or as formal as a
written test.
Formative Assessment is the most powerful type of assessment for improving student
understanding and performance.
Summative assessment-Meaning and features
Summative assessment demonstrates the extent of a learner's success in meeting the assessment criteria
used to gauge the intended learning outcomes of a module or programme, and which contributes to the
final mark given for the module.
It is normally, though not always, used at the end of a unit of teaching.
Summative assessment is used to quantify achievement, to reward achievement, to provide data for
selection (to the next stage in education or to employment).
For all these reasons the validity and reliability of summative assessment are of the greatest
importance.
Summative assessment can provide information that has formative/diagnostic value.
Concerned with judgements about the merits of an already completed programme.
Comes at the end of a course or term.
Terminal assessment of the learners performance.
Determines the extent to which broad objectives are achieved.
Feedback to the classroom teacher for the success or failure of the programme of instruction.
Diagnostic assessment-Meaning and features
Like formative assessment, diagnostic assessment is intended to improve the learners experience and
their level of achievement.
This type of assessment is concerned with finding out the reasons for students persistent or recurring
learning difficulties and plan to take remedial actions.
However, diagnostic assessment looks backwards rather than forwards.
It assesses what the learner already knows and/or the nature of difficulties that the learner might
have, which, if undiagnosed, might limit their engagement in new learning.
It is often used before teaching or when a problem arises.

Observational techniques or specially prepared diagnostic techniques can be used to diagnose

problems.
Feedback as diagnostic information is of great importance to students.
The diagnostic feedback can help students in understanding what learning objectives have not
been achieved and need additional work.
Such types of feedback enable students to set specific learning goals and improve their learner
autonomy.
This feedback can help teachers better attain teaching objectives and make relevant
instructional adjustments
d) Continuous and Comprehensive Assessment (Meaning, Characteristics and Significance)

Meaning
Continuous and Comprehensive Assessment refers to a system of school based assessment that covers
all aspects of students development .
Continuity in assessment of broad based learning and behavioural outcomes.
Characteristics of CCA
The Continuous aspect
assessment at the beginning of instruction(placement)
assessment during the instructional process (formative)
assessment of performance done at the end of a unit/term. (summative)
The 'comprehensive' component
takes care of assessment of the all round development of child's personality.
It includes assessment of Scholastic as well as Co-Scholastic aspects of the pupil's growth.
Characteristics of CCA
Assessment is done informally and formally.
Use of multiple techniques of assessment continually and periodically.
Assessment is done using multiple techniques on the basis of identified criteria / indicators.
Significance of CCA

CCA is thus a curricular initiative, attempting to shift emphasis from memorizing to holistic
learning.
It helps develop cognitive, psychomotor and affective skills.
It aims at creating citizens possessing sound values, appropriate skills and desirable qualities
besides academic excellence.
It is hoped that this will equip the learners to meet the challenges of life with confidence and
success.
Co-scholastic assessment will focus on holistic development that will lead to lifelong learning.

Significance of CCA

It makes evaluation an integral part of teaching-learning process.

It helps to use evaluation for improvement of students' achievement and teaching - learning
strategies on the basis of regular diagnosis followed by remedial measures.
It makes assessment a quality control devise to raise standards of performance.
It helps to determine social utility, desirability or effectiveness of a programme and take
appropriate decisions about the learner, the process of learning and the learning environment.
To make the process of teaching and learning a learner-centered activity.

Unit 2: Domains of Assessment

a) Concept of learning outcomes
Assessment of Cognitive, Affective and Psychomotor domains of learning
b) Revised Blooms Taxonomy
Cognitive domain -Anderson and Krathwohl
Affective domain -Krathwohl
Psychomotor domain - Dr. R.H.Dave
c) Areas of Assessment: Scholastic and Co-Scholastic

Learning Outcomes (SPECIFICATIONS)

A stated desirable outcome before the students undergo a learning experience. It is stated in the form of
an observable behavior. Thus it is also called behavioural objective. A behavioural objective specifies
what the learner will be doing and contains a behavioural verb (action verb).They tend to be more
specific than the non-behavioural ones and hence also known as specific objectives , specification or
learning outcomes.
1. They specify an action by the student/learner that is observable

2. They specify an action by the student/learner that is measurable

3. They specify an action that is done by the student/learner (rather than the teachers)
CHARACTERISTICS

The learning outcome should be learner focused

The learning outcome should be precise
The learning outcome must be observable
The learning outcome should be measurable
The learning outcome should be realistic
The learning outcome must be flexible
The learning outcome should be time-bound etc.

Effectively developed expected learning outcome statements should possess all of these characteristics.
The statement of learning outcome contains the task to be performed, criteria for performing the task
and conditions for performance. Some examples are:

REMEMBERING
The pupil recalls the parts of a flower.
The pupil recalls the concept of nouns.
The pupil recalls new words. (Lang)
UNDERSTANDING / COMPREHENSION(Lang)
i)
The pupil explains the laws of motion.
ii)
The pupil describes the principles of Buddhism.
iii)
The pupil lists the causes of revolutions
iv)
The pupil explains the central idea of the poem in his/her own words.(Lang)
v)
The pupil states the stages of letter-writing/composition. (Lang)
vi)
The pupil explains the theme of the poem / prose. (Lang)
APPLYING
i)
The pupil solves new sums on indices.
ii)
The pupil discusses the relevance of Gandhijis philosophy in todays world.
SKILL
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)

The pupil performs the experiment on titration with precision and accuracy.
The pupil draws accurate diagrams.
The pupil constructs triangles accurately.
The pupil computes sums on indices speedily and accurately.

EXPRESSION (Lang)
The pupil writes an essay on the given topic.
APPRECIATION (Lang)
The pupil shares the emotions expressed in a passage.
Taxonomy of Educational Objectives
The word taxonomy is derived from the Greek word taxa (taxis-plural), which means arrangement,
division. It is originally associated with biology where it refers to system of classifying animals and plants
typically by division, class, order.
In education it means systematic organization. Taxonomy of educational objectives is a hierarchical
classification of human growth in a given domain of development.

Dr.Benjamin S.Blooms (1956) initial attention was focused on the Cognitive Domain which was the
first published part of Blooms Taxonomy, featured in the publication: Taxonomy of Educational
Objectives: Handbook 1, The cognitive Domain (Bloom, Engelhart, Furst, Hill, Krathwohl, 1956).
The Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: Handbook II, The Affective Domain (Bloom, Masia,
Krathwohl) as the title implies, deals with the detail of the second domain, the Affective Domain, and
was published in 1964. Various people suggested detail for the third Psychomotor Domain, which
explains why this domain detail varies in different representations of the complete Bloom Taxonomy.
The three most popularly references versions of the Psychomotor Domain seem to be those of
R.H.Dave (1967/70), E.J. Simpson (1966/72), and A.J.Harrow(1972).
Bloom categorized the cognitive and the affective domain into specifiable and observable learning
objectives. For purpose of convenience the taxonomy was divided into three domains: Cognitive domain,
Affective domain and Psychomotor domain.

COGNITIVE DOMAIN
It was prepared in 1956 by D.benjamin Bloom. In the 1990s Lorin Anderson and Krathwohl (former
students of Bloom) revised the taxonomy. It emphasizes the development of the head. It deals with
knowing, thinking and problem solving.
Means of expressing qualitatively different kinds of thinking.
Adapted for classroom use as a planning tool.
Continues to be one of the most universally applied models.
Provides a way to organize thinking skills into six levels, from the most basic to the higher order levels of
thinking on the basis of complexity of tasks.
Revised Blooms Taxonomy
Original Terms

New Terms

Evaluation

Creating

Synthesis

Evaluating

Analysis

Analyzing

Application

Applying

Comprehension

Understanding

Knowledge

Remembering

1. Remembering
It is the process of recalling information, specifics and universals that has been previously learnt,
recalling methods and processes or the recall of a pattern of structure or setting.
It also involves recognition. I represents the lowest level of learning outcomes in the cognitive
domain. E.g. Recognising, listing,retrieving,naming,finding.
2. Understanding
It is the ability to grasp the meaning of the material and explaining ideas or concepts.
It involves getting to the crux of the matter.
It goes beyond simple understanding of the material and involvesTranslation (converting into another form or medium),
Interpretation (the action of explaining the meaning of facts, principles and theories)
Extrapolation (use a fact valid for one situation to make conclusions about a different or wider
situation)
E.g. Interpreting, summarizing, paraphrasing, classifying, explaining
3. Applying
It is the ability to use learned information in new and concrete situations.
Learning outcomes in this area require a higher level of understanding than those under
comprehension.
E.g. Implementing, carrying out, using, executing.
4. Analysing
It refers to the process of breaking down information into its component parts to explore
understandings and relationships.
Learning outcomes represent a higher intellectual level than comprehension and application because
they require an understanding of both the content and the organizational structure of the material.
E.g. Comparing, organizing, finding, deconstructing, interrogating.

5. Evaluating
It is the process of judging the value of a material (poem, statement, novel, research project) for a
given purpose.
It involves justifying a decision or course of action.
Judgements are to be based on some criteria.
It is the weighing of the pros and cons and reaching a decision.
It means judging without bias and prejudice and arriving at a conclusion.
E.g. Checking, hypothesizing, critiquing, experimenting, judging.
6. Creating
It is the process of creating new patterns or structures, generating new ideas, products, or ways of
viewing things.
It involves putting together parts to form a new meaningful whole.
It includes production of a unique community, of a plan or proposed set of operations and
derivation of a set of abstract relations.
E.g. Designing, constructing, planning, producing, inventing.
When learning different concepts these levels of the cognitive domain are clearly seen. E.g. Pupil
first remembers the elements of the triangle. Then he/she develops understanding of the relationship
between the different elements of the triangle. The pupil is then able to apply his knowledge to
construct new triangles. When learning theorems on triangles the pupil analyses and evaluates the
information. Later the pupil develops the abilities to create designs using the properties of triangles.
Similarly other concepts like plants, solar system, constitution, grammar, etc. are learnt.

Affective Domain
It was prepared in 1964 by Dr.Bloom, Krathwohl and Masia. It emphasizes the development of
the heart. It deals with values, attitudes, interest, appreciation, social and emotional adjustment.
If the objectives of the affective domain are attended to and achieved, the evaluator will be in a
position to predict the behavior of an individual.
Affective taxonomy is divided into five major classes arranged in a hierarchical order on the
basis of the level of involvement.

Characterization
Organization
Valuating
Responding
Receiving
1. Receiving
Learner should be sensitized to the existence of certain phenomenon and stimuli in his environment.
This includes awareness, willingness to receive and give controlled or selected attention. (Ability to
discriminate the stimuli)
2. Responding (Interest objective)
This is with response that goes beyond merely attending to phenomena.
A person is actively involved in attending to them.
This involves responding, willingness to respond and satisfaction in response.
The person attaches emotional significance to the stimuli.

3. Valuating
Stage of internalization-becomes part of the person.
This includes acceptance of a value, preference for a value and commitment to a goal,idea or belief
or a conviction in regard to a point of view.
Consistence in behavior, which can be predicted.
Forms principles of life and behavior is based on it.
4. Organisation
For situations where more than one value is relevant the need arises for
The organization of the value into a system
The determination of the interrelationship among them and
The establishment of the dominant and pervasive value.
5. Characterisation by a value or value complex
Organization becomes part of the personality and develops his personality-characterisation.
At this level the already existing values are organized into some kind of an internally consistent
system and control the behavior of an individual who attains an integration of his beliefs and
attitudes into a total philosophy.

This organization of values which control his behavior is called value complex. Values like
honesty, truthfulness, friendship develop through these levels of the affective domain. A child
first receives a variety of stimuli from his environment. He begins to respond to those which
interest and attract him. He always speaks the truth and is honest. He may like to interact with
friends. He then valuates these emotions, feelings and values based on his experiences and
rewards and punishments received. The values of truthfulness, honesty and friendship will be
assigned some significance. The values which are of importance to him will be placed higher
up on the hierarchy and those which are of less value go down, thus creating an organization of
values. The individual will then behave in different situations according to his / her value
organization. So much so that gradually they become a part of his personality and define his/her
character.
PSYCHOMOTOR DOMAIN
It was prepared in 1967/70 by Dr.R.H.Dave. It emphasizes the development of the hand. It
deals with the proficiency in neuro-muscular development and coordination. It includes with
development of manipulative or motor skills.
Psychomotor domain is divided into five major classes arranged in a hierarchical order on the
basis of the level of proficiency.

Naturalization
Articulation
Precision
Manipulation
Imitation
Imitation
Imitation of an action or performance, which are not observable.
Initially crude and lacks coordination.

Manipulation of an act
Learner performs the act with instructions rather than just observation.
This includes differentiating among various movements, selecting the proper one and moving
towards fixation.Actions require repetition for fixation.
Precision in reproducing a given act
This includes refinement, accuracy, proportion and exactness in performance.
Learner can perform without instruction and can control the speed.
Articulation among different acts
Many actions occur simultaneously and with equal proficiency.
This includes coordination, sequence and harmony among acts.
Naturalization
Pupils skills attain its highest level of proficiency in performing an act with the least
expenditure of psychic energy.
The act becomes so automatic that it is attended to unconsciously.
It becomes a habit and nature of the person.
The different skills like dancing, cooking, dramatics, driving, writing, reading, computer,
swimming, etc. are learnt through these stages. For instance when learning to write children
initially simply imitate the adults in their surrounding and scribble on paper. Later they learn to
hold the pencil straight, position the book properly and learn to write. Initially their writing may
not be clear but gradually they learn to write clearly. They then develop precision in writing. As
they grow they are able to listen and write or think and write on their own. Soon writing
becomes naturally a part of them which does not require any extra effort.
For the development of personality, the development of all the three domains is important.
When all the three domains interact, it is called the tripartite structure. However in education
very often we emphasize on the cognitive domain more than the affective and psychomotor
domain. For a balanced personality, development of all the three domains must occur.
Uses of taxonomies in evaluation
Analyze and classify objectives
Achieve all round development
Basis for comparison of syllabus
Decide the levels of objectives for different classes.
Reliable and valid evaluation procedures.
Guidelines to report the progress of a child.

Module II: Instruments of Assessment

Unit 3: Characteristics of Instruments of Assessment
a) Validity - different methods of finding validity
b) Reliability - different methods of finding reliability
c) Objectivity
d) Interdependence of validity, reliability and objectivity
a) Validity Different methods of

finding validity

Meaning and Importance of Validity

1. Validity is defined as the degree to which the instrument measures what its supposed to
measure.
2. Validity refers to the degree in which test or other measuring device is truly measuring what we
intended it to measure.
Different methods of finding validity
Four types of validities can be checked to establish validity of the assessment instrument. They are
content validity,
concurrent validity,
predictive validity and
construct validity.
Content Validity: Content validity is concerned with a tests ability to include or represent all of the
content of a particular construct.
There is no easy way to determine content validity aside from expert opinion.
Content validity is also known as Relevance, Intrinsic Validity, Representativeness.
Concurrent Validity: Concurrent Validity refers to a measurement devices ability to vary directly
with a measure of the same construct or indirectly with a measure of an opposite construct.
It allows you to show that your test is valid by comparing it with an already valid test.
Predictive Validity: In order for a test to be a valid screening device for some future behavior, it
must have predictive validity.
Construct Validity: Construct validity refers to how well test seems to measure a hypothesised trait.
b) Reliability Different methods of finding Reliability
Reliability refers to whether an assessment instrument gives the same results each time it is used in
the same setting with the same type of subjects.
Reliability essentially means consistent or dependable results.
Reliability is a part of the assessment of validity.
There are four general classes of reliability estimates, each of which estimates reliability in a
different way. They are:
Test-Retest Reliability
Parallel-Forms Reliability
Split-half Method
Method of Rational Equivalence
Test-Retest Reliability: Test-Retest reliability refers to the tests consistency among different
administrations. To determine the coefficient for this type of reliability, the same test is given to a
group of subjects on at least two separate occasions.
If the test is reliable, the scores that each student receives on the first administration should be
similar to the scores on the second. We would expect the relationship between he first and second
administration to be a high positive correlation.
One major concern with test-retest reliability is what has been termed the memory effect.
Parallel Forms Reliability: One way to assure that memory effects do not occur is to use a different
pre- and post-test. In order for these two tests to be used in this manner, however, they must be
parallel or equal in what they measure. To determine parallel forms reliability, a reliability
coefficient is calculated on the scores of the two measures taken by the same group of
subjects. Once again, we would expect a high and positive correlation is we are to say the two
forms are parallel.

Split Halff Method: Here

H all the items of a test are dividded into two
o equal parts and these two parts
are admin
nistered at one time on a group sim
multaneouslyy.
E
e Method: The
T chief ten
net of this m
method is thaat the test sh
hould be succh that it
Rational Equivalence
will meassure only on
ne quality. In
n this metho
od the correllation of varrious items in the test aand the
correlation of the item
ms and the whole
w
test iss found.

c) Objjectivity

dice.
Objectivitty is a noun that means a lack of biias, judgmennt, or prejud
Here, judg
gment is based on obseervable phen
nomena (verrifiable dataa) and uninffluenced by emotions
or personaal prejudicees
An objecttive test meaasures a varriable indepeendent of thhe people co
onducting th
he test and thhe
circumstaances of the test. In otheer words, th
he test has too be fair.

d) Intterdependen
nce of valid
dity, reliabiility and ob
bjectivity

oadest and thus

t
is the outermost
o
rinng on the taarget. A testt that is objeective
Objectiviity is the bro
measures without refference to ou
utside influeences.
Irrelevantt, unrelated factors do not
n influencee the test results if a tesst is objectiv
ve.

The midd
dle ring is reeliability. Before
B
reliab
bility can bee considered
d, a test or assessment
a
m
must first
be objectiive. Objectiivity is esseential but no
ot sufficient to ensure reeliability. There
T
are diffferent
types of reliability, bu
ut at its sim
mplest, reliab
bility is repeeatability. A reliable measure
m
is onne that
ult each and every time..
returns the same resu

i at the cen
nter of our taarget. A tesst must be booth objectiv
ve and reliab
ble before itts validity
Validity is
can be con
nsidered. Validity
V
is th
he extent to which the test measurees what it claaims to
measure. Unless item
ms (question
ns) on a testt are shown to be related to what iss being assesssed, the
test canno
ot be valid. Validity
V
also requires th
hat a test fuully assessess every aspect of a domain (or
topic) it claims to asssess.

Unit 4: Teach
her made Achievem
ment Testts
a) Relating test iteems and speecific behav
vioural objecctives
b) Preparation of Blue Print
t
c) Chaaracteristics of a good test

( Pra
acticals only)

Module III: Assessment of Diverse learners

UNIT 5: Differentiated Assessment Strategies
a) Meaning and purpose of Teacher assessment, Self assessment and Peer assessment
b) Criterion Referenced Tests and Norm Referenced tests (Meaning, Characteristics)
c) Meaning, purpose & guidelines of development:
i. Rubrics
ii. Portfolios
iii. Reflective Journal

Differentiated Assessment Strategies

Meaning of Differentiated Assessment Strategies
Differentiated assessment is an ongoing process of evaluation where the teacher gathers information and
data before, during and after instruction to better facilitate the learning.
9 Pre-assessment (Before instruction)
9 Formative assessment (During instruction)
9 Summative assessment (After instruction)
Purpose of differentiated assessment

This process ensures success for all students in the differentiated class with data provided from a
variety of sources assisting in giving an overall view of student achievement.

Purpose of Pre- Assessment (Before instruction)

9 To determine what a student does and does not know about a topic
9 To determine a student's learning style or preferences
9 To determine how well a student can perform a certain set of skills related to a particular subject
or group of subjects
9 To determine a students knowledge and skills, including learning gaps as they progress through a
unit of study
9 To inform instruction and guide learning
9 To make up the subsequent phase of assessment
for learning
9 To determine the level of understanding the student has achieved
9 To mark or grade students performance against an expected standard.

Tools and Techniques of differentiated assessment strategies

Tools
Techniques
9 Questions
1. Examination
9 Observation
2. Assignments
9 Tests and inventories
3. Quizzes and competitions
9 Checklist
4. Projects
9 Rating scale
5. Debates
9 Anecdotal records
6. Elocution
9 Document analysis
7. Group discussions
9 Portfolio
8. Club activities
9 Experiments
9 Research
9 Rubrics

Meaning and purpose of

Teacher assessment,
Self assessment and
Peer assessment

Teacher Assessment
9 Teacher assessment is the process undertaken by the teacher of systematic collection, review, and
use of information about educational programs for the purpose of improving student learning and
development.
9 A process undertaken by the teacher on systematic basis for making inferences about the learning
and development of students. It is the process of defining, selecting, designing, collecting,
analyzing, interpreting, and using information to increase students learning and development.
Purpose of Teacher Assessment

To define, select, design, collect, analyze, interpret, and use information to increase students
learning and development.

Self Assessment
9 Self-assessment is a process whereby student grade assignments or tests based on a teachers
benchmarks.
9 Students assess their own contribution/performance as well as their peers using an established set of
criteria.
Peer Assessment
9 Peer assessment is a process whereby peers grade assignments or tests based on a teachers
benchmark.
9 Students individually assess each other's contribution/performance using a predetermined list of
criteria. Grading is based on a predetermined process.
Purpose of Self and Peer Assessment
9 To increase student responsibility and autonomy
9 To strive for a more advanced and deeper understanding
of the subject matter, skills and processes
9 To lift the role and status of the student from passive
learner to active leaner and assessor
9 To involve students in critical reflection
9 To develop in students a better understanding
of their own subjectivity and judgement.
Meaning & Characteristics
9 Criterion Referenced Tests and
9 Norm Referenced tests

Criterion Referenced Tests

A criterion-referenced test is one that provides for translating test scores into a statement about
the behaviour to be expected of a person with that score or their relationship to a specified subject
matter.

Most tests and quizzes that are written by school teachers can be considered criterion-referenced
tests.

Norm Referenced tests

A norm-referenced test (NRT) is a type of test which yields an estimate of the position of the
tested individual in a predefined population, with respect to the trait being measured.

This type of test identifies whether the test taker performed better or worse than other test
takers.

Criterion Referenced
Purpose

To determine whether each student has achieved specific skills or concepts

based on standards.

Content

Measures specific skills which make up a designated curriculum. These skills are identified by
teachers and curriculum experts.

Item Characteristics

Each skill is tested by at least four items in order to obtain an adequate sample of student
performance.

Score Interpretation

A student's score is usually expressed as a percentage.

Norm Referenced tests

Purpose

To rank each student with respect to the achievement of others in order to discriminate between
high and low achievers.

Content

Measures broad skill areas sampled from a variety of textbooks, syllabi, and the judgments of
curriculum experts.

Item Characteristics

Each skill is usually tested by less than four items. Items vary in difficulty. Items are selected that
discriminate between high
and low achievers.

Score Interpretation

Each individual is compared with other examinees and assigned a score--usually expressed as a
percentile.

Meaning, purpose & guidelines of development:

i. Rubrics
ii. Portfolios
iii. Reflective Journal

Rubrics
9 Rubrics: A set of instruction
9 A tool developed by instructors to assess the performances (Qualitative data) of their students
9 A measuring tool/scoring instrument to determine grades or the degree to which learning standards
have been demonstrated or attained by students.
Meaning
A rubric is typically an evaluation tool or set of guidelines used to promote the consistent
application of learning expectations, learning objectives, or learning standards in the classroom, or
to measure their attainment against a consistent set of criteria.
Purpose
1. To inform the students before they begin an assignment to ensure that learning expectations have
been clearly communicated.
2. To define academic expectations for students and help to ensure consistency in the evaluation of
academic work from student to student, assignment to assignment, or course to course.

Characteristics of Rubrics
1.
2.
3.
4.

Pre-planned tool
Pre-determined tool
Formative assessment
Comprehensive in nature

Where to use Rubrics?

Projects
Papers
Portfolios
Discussion
Presentation
Assignments
Oral Presentation
Artistic Performance

Four Important Terms To develop Rubrics

Dimensions
Levels
Criteria
Grading

Steps in preparing Rubric

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Performance Objective
Dimensions
Gradation levels
Point Value
Criteria
Create Rubric

Importance of Rubrics
1. Learners Helps them to reflect where they stand?
2. Teachers Acts to help them reflect to modify their teaching learning strategies
3. Administrators Helps them to frame policies to achieve the goals of education outlined by their
organization.
Student Portfolio
Student Portfolio is the cumulative assessment or collection of students work, samples, progress and
achievement in one or more area.
Characteristics of Student Portfolio:

Focused
Samples of students work
Selective
Reflective

Significance of Student Portfolio

9 examine a broad range of their students work collected over time
9 analyze and assess their students progress
9 plan and manage students time to complete the work
9 integrate diverse experiences in and out of the classroom
9 make decisions about future goals based on evidence and criteria
Advantages
Student Portfolio offers visual demonstration of Students
1. Achievement
2. Capabilities
3. Strengths
4. Weaknesses
5. Knowledge
6. Specific skills
Guidelines for developing portfolios
9 Helping students develop a thorough understanding of the context, rationale, goals, and the overall
components of portfolios.
9 Helping students to develop an increasing level of student responsibility and independence.
9 Ensuring that students understand the tasks by providing instruction on portfolio requirements as
needed
9 Helping students identify and work through their problems to solutions
9 Fostering time management skills
9 Fostering organizational skills
9 Providing students regular feedback on their work and
their portfolio process
9 Serving as a resource of ideas for students

Reflective Journal
Meaning
Reflective journals are notebooks or pieces of paper that students use when writing about and reflecting on
their own thoughts.
Purpose
To facilitate thinking deeply and writing about a learning experience. This involves writing about:
9 What happened (positive and negative).
9 Why it happened, what it means, how successful it was.
9 What you (personally) learned from the experience.
Guidelines of development of Reflective Journal

Examples
9
9
9
9
9

Understanding learners psychology

Understanding the factors affecting discipline in class
Teachers ways to handle student s responses
Understanding the role of teacher as facilitator
Understanding the role of the towards all the stakeholders

Student Portfolio

https://www.gallaudet.edu/clerc_center/information_and_resources/info_to_go/transition_to_
adulthood/portfolios_for_student_growth.html

UNIT 6: Modes of Assessment

a) Performance Tests: Oral & Practical assessment (merits, limitations, suggestions for improvement,
criteria for evaluation)
b) Written Test- Essay & Objective type (merits, limitations, suggestions for improvement, criteria for
evaluation)
c) Open Book Examination (Merits & demerits)
d) Online Examination (Merits & demerits)
Meaning of Oral Assessment

It is a face-to-face question-answer activity between the teacher and the learner.

examiner asks questions & examinee attempts to answer them.
Finally, he / she judge the quality of the answer and grades / mark the examinee accordingly.

Objectives of an Oral Assessment

To analyse pupils presence of mind as exposed through oral questioning.

To inculcate regular study habits.
To shift the emphasis of mere transmission of knowledge to use and apply it.
To remove fear and develop positive attitude towards evaluation procedures.

Merits of an Oral Assessment

Helps the teacher to know the level of knowledge of the pupils.

Good for young Children.
Economical
Helps in assessment of
oral expressions
pronunciation
recitation etc.

Limitations of an Oral Assessment

Shy students are adversely affected.

Low reliability
Subjective personal bias, favouritism etc.
No record like written test.
Time consuming.
The questions put to different students may have a different difficult value.

Suggestions for improvement of an Oral Assessment

Decide the objectives and the content to be evaluated.

Evaluate only those objectives that cannot be evaluated by written test.
Plan questions judiciously i.e., plan for the questions to be used and also for acceptable answers.
Questions of almost equal difficulty value should be asked.

Criteria for evaluation Oral Assessment

Pronunciation
Grammatical correctness
Vocabulary and usage
Delivery to speak fluently.
Manners and gestures
Effect to speak effectively.

Meaning of Practical Assessment

It is used for those subjects in which pupils are taught to follow specific procedure and / or create some
products.
Need of Practical Assessment
1. Supplements the written examinations to provide comprehensive evidence of pupils development.
2. Practical application of theory brings in realism.
3. Provides an opportunity for developing the fundamental skills related to vocations of a practical
nature.
4. Develops manipulative skills.
5. Develop skills in observation and recording of data.
Merits of Practical Assessment

Facilitates Learning by Doing

Enhances psychomotor skills
Better retention
Builds up concentration power
Emphasis on application of skills

Limitations of Practical Assessment

Time consuming
Not feasible for large groups
Scope of manipulation
Lack of skilled and trained teachers
Requires practice

Suggestions for Practical Test

Small groups (may be 5 to 7 students)

Efficient and trained teachers
Proper guidelines
Neatness and cleanliness
Constant supervision
Ability to perform the given task
Patience
Feedback (how and why aspect)

Module IV Reporting Evaluation Results

UNIT 7: Feedback Mechanism & Reporting
a) Concept & Criteria of Constructive feedback.
Concept Constructive feedback.

Constructive feedback is communication that brings to an individuals attention an area in which

their performance could improve, in a manner that helps the individual understand and internalize
the information.

Constructive feedback does not focus on fault or blame; it is specific and is directed towards the
action, not the person.

Constructive Feedback is: Useful, Meaningful, Impactful, Easy to understand

Constructive Feedback is not: Critical, Accusatory ,Vague.

Criteria of Constructive feedback

Content

What do you say?

Be specific

Relevant to the

task

Outcome

student

Manner

How do you say?

Correcting by example

Timing

When do you?

Correcting immediately,

Before student moves onto next task

Frequency

How frequently do you say?

b) Reporting (Meaning and types of Reporting)

Meaning of Reporting

Reporting is the process of communicating information about student achievement and progress
gained from the assessment process.

The purpose of reporting is to support learning and teaching by providing feedback to students.

Students' learning achievements and progress is reported to parents.

Information about students' achievements is also be valuable for teacher for systematic planning of
further learning activities

c) Reporting (Meaning and types of Reporting)

Focus of Reporting

What Students are Able to Do

Areas That Require Further Attention or Development

Ways to Support Students Learning

Types of Reporting

Individual Parent/ Teacher Meeting

An Individual Written Report Sent Home

Parent Group Meetings

Parent Newsletter Articles

Types of Reporting
1) Individual Parent Teacher Meeting

Parent/teacher meetings provide a good opportunity for teachers to explain assessment results to
parents.

Teachers can communicate the results of each individual student as well as the performance of the
school as a whole.

Teachers also can explain initiatives that have been undertaken to improve student learning.

Parents can ask teachers questions about assessment and classroom activities.

2) An Individual Written Report Sent Home

A written report does not provide the face-to-face interaction of a parent/teacher meeting, but it can
be an effective method for distributing assessment information.

Educators must be sure that the report carefully describes the assessment process and clearly
explains how to interpret the results.

The report also should include a phone number that parents can call if they have any questions
Parent Teacher Group Meetings

An effective method for distributing assessment information in general of the entire class.

Parent/teacher meetings provide a good opportunity for teachers to explain assessment results to
parents.

Teachers also can explain initiatives that have been undertaken to improve student learning.

Parents can ask teachers questions about assessment and classroom activities.

4) Parent Newsletter Articles

A parent newsletter is another means of distributing assessment information.

Articles in such a newsletter can describe

the assessment process,

the scoring procedures,

the school's placement on an overall level, and

any initiatives that are being undertaken to improve future learning.

Some articles can be written in the form of frequently asked questions, along with answers.

The newsletter should convey that the real purpose of assessment is to improve teaching and
learning

d) Reflective practices to improvise assessments towards raising the standards of quality of

instructions.
Reflective practice is an inquiry-oriented process during which a teacher engages in a cycle of thought
and subsequent action on professional experience.

Donald Schons reflection in action and reflection action.

Reflection in action is to reflect on behavior as it happens,

Reflection on action reflecting after the event, to review, analyze, and evaluate the situation.

Reflection in action

Aspects

What questions

Raising the standards

of quality of
Instructions

Diagnostic

Where are the students

having learning
difficulties?

Plan and implement

corrective measures i.e
Remediation

Feedback to teacher

What has the student

achieved , understood
or demonstrates?
Who are the students
who have few or no
learning errors?

Helps in
ensuring
learning has
taken place

Helps teacher
make subtle
changes in the
learning process
and reflect on
planning

Those students
should receive
enrichment
activities to help
broaden and
expand their
learning.

Identify

Materials
designed for
gifted and
talented students
provide an
excellent
resource for
such activities.
Feed
back

back

Identify
strengths of
his/her teaching
in those areas
which can be
repeated

Teachers must
present those
concepts in new
ways and
engage students
in different and
more
appropriate
learning
experiences.

Identify the
creative ones
and Work on
enhancing
creativity in
students

Identify their
own strengths
and weaknesses
as a teacher

Teachers need to
identify their
teaching
problems i.e
teaching
strategy,
examples,
teaching aids

Which questions did

students do particularly
well on? In what
respects?
Which questions did
they struggle with? In
what respects?

Feed

What kind of tasks was

their a variety of
responses to?
What did they teach
well and what they need
to work on?
How many students
failed to meet a specific
criterion or item?

d) Statistical Application for interpretation and reporting : Mean, Median, Standard Deviation and
Percentile Rank ( Calculation and interpretation )

Calculation & Interpretation of Mean, Median

Calculation of the Mean
Interpretation : Mean represents the average of the given distribution. Since the mean of the given
distribution is for eg. 66.4, therefore, most of the scores lie around or concentrate around 66.4.
Calculation of Median
Interpretation : Median represents the midpoint of the given distribution. Since the median of the given
distribution is for eg. 65.4, therefore, 50% of the scores lie above and 50% scores lie below 65.4 i.e for
eg if N=40, 20 cases lie above and 20 cases lie below 65.4 and if N=45, 22 cases lie above and 23
cases lie below 65.4 OR 23 cases lie above and 22 cases lie below 65.4
Interpretation of Standard deviation wrt to Normal probability curve:
1. Calculation of Range (M1) of the given distribution
2. Find the Number of cases that lie between (M1)
3. Find the % of cases that lie between (M1)
Interpretation: In NPC, 68.26% cases lie between (M1). In the given distribution for eg 74% cases
lie between (M1), therefore the given distribution is not normal.

Interpretation of Percentile Rank

Interpretation:
PR of Ravis score is 60
PR of Ritas score is 70
i.e 60% students have scored below Ravis score and 70% students have scored below Ritas score
Comparison:
40% of the students have scored above Ravis score and 30% students have scored above Ritas score.
This means lesser number of students have scored above Ritas score than Ravi. Therefore Ritas
performance is better than Ravis performance in the given test.

UNIT 8: Psycho-social concerns of Assessment

a) Implications on assessment:
i. No detention Policy (RTE Act, 2009)
ii. Competitive ranking of schools
iii. Profiteering by private agencies
Assignment: Comparative study of Assessment of different countries
What is No Detention Policy
(RTE Act, 2009)
Under RTE Act 2009 there is No Detention Policy up to Class VIII to achieve the goal of
Universalization of Elementary Education (UEE) and to increase retention of children in
schools by way of no pass fail system.
What is No Detention Policy
(RTE Act, 2009)
According to this policy, no child will be detained from Classes I to VIII and promotion to next
class will be given on the basis of their performance in various examinations and tests for
formative and summative assessment provided, the childs attendance in the school is more
than 75%.

What is No Detention Policy

(RTE Act, 2009)
Also, appearing in unit tests and terminal examination is mandatory.
IMPLICATIONS ON ASSESSMENT
Continuous Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE) system was introduced as assessment process.
Reluctance of teachers to implement CCE in true spirit is because of lots of other non-teaching
and administrative work.
IMPLICATIONS ON ASSESSMENT
Repeated assessment for the sake of passing the students with no regard for truly helping the
students to improve their learning.
Student have developed a lackadaisical attitude why study when there is no fear of failing.
IMPLICATIONS ON ASSESSMENT
Students have no regard for attendance and hence formative assessment is missed by students.
Learning achievements of children have dropped drastically and hence the quality of
assessments also has to be lowered in order to promote the child.
IMPLICATIONS ON ASSESSMENT
Students had no interest in studies in the school and hence formative assessment is affected
Teachers enthusiasm to teach with devotion and energy has been affected due to the bottom
line of passing the students irrespective of their performance.
IMPLICATIONS ON ASSESSMENT
Children with weak foundation reach in Class IX unable to continue in higher classes
Not detaining a student even if she performs badly deteriorates her learning levels and makes
her ill-equipped to cope with the widening syllabi as she is promoted to higher grades.
What is MEANT by Competitive ranking of schools
Ranking of schools based on Higher Academic results at tenth grade examinations.
Ranking at times is also provided on the basis of co-curricular and curricular environment
provided by school.
Rankings in form of certification & accreditation
PERCEPTION OF GENRAL PUBLIC
Certification the provision by an independent body of written assurance (a certificate) that
the product, service or system in question meets specific requirements.
Accreditation the formal recognition by an independent body, generally known as an
accreditation body, that a certification body operates according to international standards.
IMPLICATIONS ON ASSESSMENT
PURPOSEFUL failing of students at standard IXth level.
Encouraging these students to appear through private X th
Encouraging students to take up private tuitions and extra coaching
Assessment is only scoring of marks
IMPLICATIONS ON ASSESSMENT
Assessment of affective and psychomotor domain is completely neglected.
Pressure on students, parents and school to SHOW the performance.
True spirit of assessment is lost.
Assessment involves check on memorization rather than understanding and application
IMPLICATIONS ON ASSESSMENT
Competition within Boards for better performance, hence new policy such as best of five.
Such half baked policy related to assessment does not provide correct picture to the students
and parents who are not able to cope up with further higher studies.
IMPLICATIONS ON ASSESSMENT
Assessment does not help the pupil form a realistic image of his/her learning and development
IMPLICATIONS ON ASSESSMENT
Assessment no longer provides true picture of a learners achievement and levels of
performance.
What is MEANT by Profiteering by private agencies

Profiteering by private agencies means Education is looked upon as an means to have

commercial profit.
Educational institutions can make profit ( up to a certain extent), which has to be
ploughed back to the institution for its development.
IMPLICATIONS ON ASSESSMENT
Assessment is done to ensure that the students end up scoring well.
Malpractices in the process of assessment.
Assessment is restricted only to scoring marks irrespective of the teaching or learning.
Outcome of assessment is only judged in terms of scores not in terms of learning levels of
students.