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Week02 Bracketing Methods

This document provides an overview of different numerical methods for finding the roots or zeros of equations, including graphical methods, the bisection method, and the false position method. It includes examples of using each method to solve specific equations. The bisection method works by repeatedly bisecting the interval between two guesses that bracket the root, while the false position method takes into account the relative magnitudes of the function values at the guesses to improve the estimated root location. Exercises are provided to apply the methods to solving polynomial equations and transcendental equations.

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Dhiyyah Mardhiyyah
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
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97 views

Week02 Bracketing Methods

This document provides an overview of different numerical methods for finding the roots or zeros of equations, including graphical methods, the bisection method, and the false position method. It includes examples of using each method to solve specific equations. The bisection method works by repeatedly bisecting the interval between two guesses that bracket the root, while the false position method takes into account the relative magnitudes of the function values at the guesses to improve the estimated root location. Exercises are provided to apply the methods to solving polynomial equations and transcendental equations.

Uploaded by

Dhiyyah Mardhiyyah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 8

9/14/2012

WEEK 2

Roots of Equations: Bracketing method


Graphical method
Bisection method
False Position method
2

LESSON OUTCOMES
At the end of this topic, the students will be able:
To identify and apply the bracketing methods to
solve roots of equations

9/14/2012

Roots of Equation
Root of equation is obtained at value of x when the f(x)=0
Before digital computers, root of algebraic and transcendental
equations could be found by
direct method that can be solved analytically, but not easy for complex
function
plot function and determine where it crosses the x axis, but it lacks of
precision

Why?

ax 2 bx c 0 x
But

b b 2 4ac
2a

ax 5 bx 4 cx 3 dx 2 ex f 0 x ?
sin x x 0 x ?
4

Roots of Equations

Bracketing methods
Methods start with two
initial guesses that bracket
(or contain) the root and
then systematically reduce
the width of the bracket.

Open methods
Methods involve systematic
trial-and-error iterations but
no need for the initial
guesses to bracket the root.

Graphical Methods
This is a simple method to get an estimate of the root of the
equation f(x) =0.
The function f(x) is plotted against x and the location(s)
where it crosses the x axis (i.e. f(x) = 0) provides a rough
approximation of the root(s).
Graphical techniques are limited practical value (not precise).
It can be utilized to obtain rough estimates of roots.
These estimates can be used as initial guesses for advanced
numerical methods.

9/14/2012

Example
Use the graphical approach to determine the drag coefficient c needed
for a parachutist of mass m = 68.1kg to have a velocity of 40m/s after free
falling for time t=10s. Note: acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2.
Solution
From equation that derived
from Newtons second law
for the parachutists velocity:

It can be expressed in the


form of f(c) = 0.
gm
f (c )
(1 e ( c / m ) t ) v
c

Inserting all
parameters:
f (c )

the

known

667.38
(1 e 0.146843c ) 40
c

Various values of c can be


inserted into the right hand
side of eq. to calculate f(c)

The resulting curve crosses


the c axis between 12 and 16.
Visual inspection of the plot
provides a rough estimate of
the root at 14.75.
c

f(c)

34.115

17.653

12

6.067

16

-2.269

20

-8.401

Upper bound,
f(xu)

f(xl) and f(xu) have

Lower bound,
f(xl)

different signs then,

f(xl) f(xu) < 0

f(x)

f(x)

Xl

Xu

x
Xl

Xu

a. f(xl) and f(xu) have the same sign, no


roots or even number of roots in interval
f(x)

c. f(xl) and f(xu) have the same sign, no


roots or even number of roots in interval
f(x)

Xu

*
*

Xl

*
x

Xl

b. Function has different signs at the end


points, there will be an odd number of
roots in the interval

Xu

d. Function has different signs at the end


points, there will be an odd number of
roots in the interval

9/14/2012

Bisection Method
From the graphical method, we found that when a function f(x) is continuous
and real in the interval from xl to xu , and f(xl) and f(xu) have opposite signs,

f(xl) f(xu) < 0


then there is at least one real root between xl and xu.

10

Procedure for bisection method

Choose xl and xu guesses point, and ensure f(xl)f(xu) < 0

Estimate the root, xr by

If f(xl) f(xr) <0 the root lies in the lower subinterval, then
set xr as xu, and repeat to find new xr
If f(xl) f(xr) >0 the root lies in the upper subinterval, then

set xr as xl, and repeat to find new xr


If f(xl)f(xr)=0 the root equals to xr, STOP!!
Compare s with a.If a< s, stop.

Otherwise repeat the process.

xrnew xrold
100 %
xrnew

Example
Use the bisection method to determine the drag coefficient c needed for a
parachutist of mass m = 68.1kg to have a velocity of 40m/s after free falling
for time t=10s. Note: acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2. Given s=0.5%
and true value = 14.7802.
667.38
f (c )
(1 e 0.146843c ) 40
c

Solution

Guess two values of the unknown that give values for f(c) with different signs.
From previous example, f(c) changes sign between 12 and 16. Therefore,
set xl = 12 and xu = 16.
Estimate the root,

xr

xl xu 12 16

14
2
2

Compute the product of function value at lower bound and at midpoint,

f ( xl ) f ( xr ) f (12) f (14) 6.067(1.569) 9.519 0


No sign change occurs between lower bound and midpoint. Thus, root must be
located between 14 and 16. Set xl = 14 and xu = 16.
12

9/14/2012

Calculate new xr,

xr

xl xu 14 16

15
2
2

Compare a with s.

xrnew xrold
15 14
100 %
100 % 6.667% s
xrnew
15

Compute the product of function value at lower bound and at midpoint,

f ( xl ) f ( xr ) f (14) f (15) 1.569(0.425) 0.667 0


The root is between 14 and 15. Set xl = 14 and xu = 15.
Calculate new xr,

xr

xl xu 14 15

14.5
2
2

Compare a with s.

xrnew xrold
14.5 15
100 %
100 % 3.448% s
xrnew
14.5

13

Repeat the calculation until termination criteria is met.


a(%)

t(%)

Iteration

xl

xu

xr

12

16

14

14

16

15

6.667

1.487

14

15

14.5

3.448

1.896

14.5

15

14.75

1.695

0.204

14.75

15

14.875

0.840

0.641

14.75

14.875

14.8125

0.422

0.219

5.279

14

Exercise
Find the root of the 3rd-order polynomial using bisection
f ( x) x3 x 2 10 x 8 0

in the interval [3.75,5]. The tolerance s is 0.5%.

15

9/14/2012

False Position Method


The false-position method takes into account the
magnitudes of the function at the lower and upper
bounds, f(xl) and f(xu).
For example, if f(xl) is closer to zero than f(xu) then
xl is likely to be closer to the root xr than xu is.
This results in an improved estimate of the root.

16

If a real root is bounded by xl


and xu of f(x) = 0, then we can
approximate the solution by
doing a linear interpolation
between the points [xl, f(xl)] and
[xu, f(xu)] to find the xr value
such that l(xr) = 0, l(x) is the
linear approximation of f(x).
Thus, using similar triangle we
can write,

l(xr)

f ( xl )
f ( xu )

xr xl xr xu
Solving for xr ,

xr xu

f ( xu )( xl xu )
f ( xl ) f ( xu )

Derivation of method: page 125


17

Procedure for false position method

Choose xl and xu guesses point, , and ensure f(xl)f(xu) < 0


Estimate the root, xr from

xr xu

f ( xu )( xl xu )
f ( xl ) f ( xu )

Evaluate f(xr), replace xr whichever of xl or xu yields a


function value with the same sign as f(xr).
If f(xr) = 0 the root equals to xr, terminate the computation
Compare s with a If a< s, stop. Otherwise repeat the process.

9/14/2012

Example
Use the false position method with guess of xl = 12 and xu = 16 to determine
the drag coefficient c needed for a parachutist of mass m = 68.1kg to have a
velocity of 40m/s after free falling for time t=10s. Note: acceleration due to
gravity is 9.8 m/s2. Given s=0.5% and true value = 14.7802.
f (c )

667.38
(1 e 0.146843c ) 40
c

First iteration

xl 12

f ( xl ) 6.0669

xu 16

f ( xu ) 2.2688

x r 16

2.2688(12 16)
6.0669 ( 2.2688)

14.9113

19

Second iteration

f ( xl ) f ( x r ) ( 6.0669)( 0.2543) 1.5428


xl 12

f ( xl ) 6.0669

xu 14.9113 f ( xu ) 0.2543
x r 14.9113

[ xu replace by x r ]

0.2543(12 14.9113)
6.0669 ( 0.2543)

14.7942 14.9113
14.7942

14.7942

100% 0.79%

20

Third iteration

f ( xl ) f ( x r ) ( 6.0669)( 0.0273) 0.1656


xl 12

f ( xl ) 6.0669

xu 14.7942 f ( xu ) 0.0273
x r 14.7942

[ xu replace by x r ]

0.0273(12 14.7942)
6.0669 ( 0.0273)

14.7817 14.7942
14.7817

14.7817

100% 0.0846%

21

9/14/2012

Exercise
Find the root of the 3rd-order polynomial using FP
f ( x) x3 x 2 10 x 8 0

in the interval [3.75,5]. The tolerance s is 0.5%.

22

Lets try
Use both the bisection and false-position method to find the
root of

f ( x) x 4 2 0

in the interval [0, 2] until the approximate percent relative


error is less than 5%.

23

Exercise
(5.4) Determine the roots of f(x) = -12 21x +18x2 2.75x3
with
a) Bisection
b) False position
Using initial guess of xl = -1 and xu = 0 and stopping criterion
of 1%.
(5.6) Determine the positive real root of ln(x4)=0.7
a) Using three iterations of the bisection method with
initial guesses of xl = 0.5 and xu = 2,
b) Using three iterations of the false position method with
same initial guesses as in (a).

24

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