THEOREM 5 (Principle of Path Independence) Let F (Z) Be A Function That Is Analytic
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Ammar AjmalTHEOREM 5 (Principle of Path Independence) Let F (Z) Be A Function That Is Analytic
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Ammar AjmalComplex Variables 4.
4 Path Independence, Indefinite Integrals,
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus in the Complex Plane
THEOREM 5 (Principle of Path Independence) Let f(z) be a function that is analytic
throughoutz a simply connected domain D, and let we use contours lying in D, the
value of z f ( z )dz will not depend on the particular contour used to connect z1 and z2.
2
For two non-intersecting contours C1 and C2 we use the Cauchy-Goursat theorem:
z2
z1
f ( z )dz
along C2
z1
f ( z )dz 0
z2
along C1
z2
z1
f ( z )dz
z1
f ( z )dz
z2
along C1
along C2
z2
z1
f ( z )dz
along C2
z2
z1
f ( z )dz
along C1
EXAMPLE 1 Compute 1 z 1dz , where the integration is along the arc C1, which is the
portion of x4 + y4 = 1 lying in the first quadrant (see Fig).
Solution (a simple way to compute). f(z) = z-1 is analytic if we
exclude z = 0. So, w exclude z = 0 can deform C1 to C2: |z|=1, 0 arg z /2 and :
z
C1
dz z 1dz
C2
z ei ; dz d iz; z 1 e i
z 1dz i
C2
dz i
Complex Variables
For real functions:
dF ( x)
dF ( x)
f ( x) f ( x)dx
dx dF F (b) F (a)
dx
dx
a
a
a
Let F(z) be analytic function and dF/dz = f(z) in a domain D. Compute
z
z f ( z)dz along a smooth (piecewise smooth )arc C lying in D and connecting z1 and
z2.
We use a parametric representation: z(t ) x(t ) iy(t ); t1 t t2 ; z(t1 ) z1; z(t2 ) z2
2
z2
z1
t2
t2
t2
dz(t )
dF dz
dF
f ( z )dz f ( z (t ))
dt
dt
dt
dt
dz
dt
dt
t
t
t
F ( z (t 2 )) F ( z (t1 )) F ( z 2 ) F ( z1 )
THEOREM 6 (Integration of Functions that are the Derivatives of Analytic
Functions) Let F(z) be analytic function and dF/dz = f(z) in a domain D. Then, if z1 and
z
z2 are in D.
2
f ( z)dz F ( z ) F ( z )
2
z1
Some real function table integrals can be applied to complex functions.
2 2i
2 2i
d z3
z3
z
dz
dz
3
1 i
1 i dz 3
2 2i
1 i
1
2 2i 3 1 i 3 14 1 i
3
3
2
Complex Variables
EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate
z 1dz
along the contour C shown in Fig.
Solution. Recall: In a domain where
log z is analytic (analytic branch):
d
log z z 1 F ( z ) log z
dz
and we can use the contour C. So:
Note:
z 1dz log z i Log z i arg z
i
i
and
z i Log i 0
z i arg z
z i arg z
2k
2k
z 1dz i
But, always use appropriate branches when compute by Integral Tables!
Complex Variables
For real functions (fundamental theorem of real calculus):
d x
f (w)dw f ( x) if
dx a
F ( x) f ( w)dw, then
a
dF
f ( x).
dx
How about complex calculus?
Let w be a dummy variable and f(w) be analytic a simply connected domain D in
complex w-plane, a and z points in D.
z
F ( z)
f ( w)dw
Consider the contour C
F ( z z )
dF
f ( z)
dz
z z
z z
f (w)dw F ( z z) F ( z) f (w)dw
We can choose z as a straight line path, so
F z z F ( z )
1
f ( z)
z
z
1
z
1
z z
f (w)dw f ( z)z
z
z z
z z
f (w)dw f ( z) dw
z z
f (w) f ( z)dw
z
Complex Variables
f(z) is analytic (continuous): for any we have a circle of radius centered at z,
that inside the circle:
f (w) f ( z )
ML inequality: M = and L=|z|!
F z z F ( z )
1
f ( z)
z
z
z z
f (w) f ( z)dw
z
1
z 0
z
This proofs the following
THEOREM 7 (Fundamental Theorem of the Calculus of Analytic Functions) If
f(w) is analytic in a simply connected domain D of the w-plane, then the integral
z
f ( w)dw performed along any contour in D defines an analytic function of z
satisfying
d
f ( w)dw f ( z )
dz a
Thus, within the constraints of the theorem,
the integral of an analytic function along a contour terminating at z is an
analytic function of z.
5
Complex Variables
Anti-derivative:
dF ( z )
f ( z ) f ( w)dw F1 ( z ) F ( z ) C
dz
a
In addition:
fdg fg gdf
EXAMPLE 3
a) Find the anti-derivatives of zez.
ze dz zd e ze e dz ze e C
b) Use the result of (a) to find we dw
we dw ze e C 0 C ie e
z
z i
we w dw ze z e z ie i ei
i
c) Verify Theorem 8 for the integral in part (b).
z
d
d
we w dw
ze z e z ie i ei ze z
dz i
dz
d) Use the result of (a) to find
ze dz
z
i
1
F ( z ) ze z e z C ze z e z C iei ei
i
